Tsanars
Tsanars.
Nomenclature
The name may be present in the
Contemporaneous documentation
Early mentions
Tsanars were known to Ptolemy.[3][4] Pliny the Elder mentioned Tsanars (Σαναροι) in the first century as a people who occupied Darial Gorge and the territory to the south. The seventh-century work Ashkharhatsuyts mentions Tsanars as Tsanar(k') (Ծանար(ք)), the neighbours of Tushs and Dvals, and on whose land were the mountain passes of Alans and Tselkans.[5]
Arab invasions
In
According to the story of eighth-century historian Al-Baladhuri, Yazid ibn Asid marched to the Bāb al-Lān (Gates of Alans) and defeated rebelling Tsanars, afterwards imposing kharaj ('land tax') on them. Historians Mikhail Artamonov and Aram Ter-Ghevondyan relate this battle and other events to the first period of the reign of Yazid ibn Asid in Arminiya (c. 752 – 754). This dating is dismissed by Arsen Shaginyan who notes in the story of Al-Baladhuri, the battle happened "when al-Mansur became the caliph".[8]
According to the story of al-Ya'qubi, Amr ibn Ismail arrived at the request of the ruler of Arminiya and led a 20,000-strong army against Tsanars, killing 16,000 of them in one day and moving to Tbilisi.[6] He also mentions under the rule of al-'Abbas ibn Zufar al-Hilali, who was appointed by Harun al-Rashid, Tsanars again rebelled.[9] According to the story Kitabul Futuh by Ibn A'tham al-Kufi, al-Hasan ibn Qahtab led a 30,000-strong army against Tsanars, killing 10,000 of them. He then marched on and conquered the rebellious inhabitants of Javakhit (Javakheti-Javakhk).[6]
After the death of
Tovma Artsruni does not mention any outside help but according to
Ethnicity and localization
Historians debate the ethnicity of Tsanars.
Historians also debate the territory of the Tsanars, who were mostly localized in Kakheti (Georgia) and Shakki (Caucasian Albania). Al-Masudi places them between Tbilisi and Bāb al-Lān (modern day Darial Gorge[27]) Apparently referring to al-Masudi, the anonymous author of Hudud al-'Alam places Tsanars between Tbilisi and Shaki; the length of their country is measured as 20 farsakhs.[d][25] According to the Darband-nāmeh, they lived in Jurzān, a term that usually refers to Kartli (Georgia).[28] Historian Cyril Toumanoff notes the word Ṣanāriya "was used by Arabs to designate Kaxetia in general ... In Georgian sources, on the other hand, the Canars are encountered only in the narrow sense of the term".[29] Vladimir Minorsky said Tsanars originally inhabited Darial Gorge but later expanded eastwards into Kakheti.[30] In the ninth and tenth centuries, the centres of Tsanars moved eastwards to the region near Shakki and the passes connecting Kakheti with Dagestan [3]
Notes
- : ts'anari
- ^ Historian Josef Markwart considers this the earliest mention of a Slavic State in history.[14]
- ^ Novoseltsev 1990, p. 107 (see the citation 94 on p. 156), referring to Minorsky 1963, p. 211; Novoseltsev, Pashuto & Cherepnin 1972, p. 40.
- ^ Farsakh—measure of length, varying depending on the area from 6 to 8 km (3.7 to 5.0 mi).[25]
References
- ^ Volkova 1973, pp. 125–126.
- ^ Volkova 1973, pp. 126–127.
- ^ a b Minorsky 1953, p. 506 (note 3).
- ^ Rapp 2003, p. 399.
- ^ Volkova 1973, p. 125.
- ^ a b c Shaginyan 2008a, p. 82.
- ^ Shaginyan 2008a, p. 87 (citation 27).
- ^ Shaginyan 2008a, p. 78.
- ^ Shaginyan 2008a, p. 85.
- ^ Minorsky 1958, p. 19.
- ^ Shaginyan 2008b, p. 112.
- ^ a b c Vacca 2017, pp. 85–86.
- ^ Minorsky 1953, p. 512.
- ^ Minorsky 1958, p. 110 (note 2).
- ^ a b c Novoseltsev 1990, p. 107.
- ^ Vacca 2017, p. 85.
- ^ a b Tuallagov 2018, p. 26.
- ^ Novoseltsev 1990, p. 107 (see the citation 94 on p. 156).
- ^ "batsav | prof. topchishvili on the batsbi". www.batsav.com. Retrieved 2024-02-16.
- ^ SHIOLASHVILI, PKHALADZE, AKHALADZE, BURDULI, KISTAURI. ETUDES FROM TRUSSO'S PAST (in English and Georgian). pp. http://sciencejournals.ge/index.php/HAE/article/download/378/335/.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ ITONISHVILI. "დვალეთის ისტორიის საკითხები მრუდე სარკეში" (PDF).
- ^ Chikobava, Akaki. "საქართველოს ისტორიის ნარკვევები. ტომი II. საქართველოს IV-X საუკუნეებში. თბილისი. 1973".
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(help) - ^ Japaridze, Anania (2022). ალბანეთის საკათალიკოსო და საქართველოს ეკლესიის: იურისდიქცია კახეთსა და ჰერეთში [Catholicos Church of Albania and Church of Georgia: Jurisdiction in Kakheti and Hereti] (PDF) (in Georgian). pp. 8–9.
- ^ Tsulaya 1986, p. 26 (citation 130).
- ^ a b c Volkova 1973, p. 126.
- ^ Volkova 1973, p. 127.
- ^ Dunlop 1960.
- ^ Vacca 2017, pp. 86–87.
- ^ Rapp 2003, p. 398.
- ^ Minorsky 1958, p. 162 (note 1).
Sources
- OCLC 495469456.
- Kuznetsov, V. A. (1984). Golieva, A. T. (ed.). Очерки истории алан [Essays on the history of Alans] (in Russian). Ordzhonikidze: Ir. pp. 1–303.
- .
- Minorsky, V. F (March 1958). A History of Sharvān and Darband in the 10th-11th Centuries. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons Ltd. pp. 1–187.
- Minorsky, V. F (1963). История Ширвана и Дербенда [History of Shirvan and Derbend] (in Russian). Moscow: Izd-vo vost. lit. pp. 1–266.
- Novoseltsev, A. P.; Pashuto, V. T.; Cherepnin, L. V. (1972). Пути развития феодализма (Закавказье, Средняя Азия, Русь, Прибалтика) [Paths of development of feudalism (Transcaucasia, Central Asia, Rus', Baltic states)] (PDF) (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. pp. 1–336.
- ISBN 9785020095526.
- ISSN 0070-0444.
- Shaginyan, A. K. (2008a). "Армения и Арминийа в составе 'Аббасидского Халифата во второй половине VIII и в начале IX в." [Armenia and Arminiya as part of the Abbasid Caliphate in the second half of the 8th and early 9th centuries]. Vestnik SPBU (in Russian) (3). ISSN 1812-9323.
- Shaginyan, A. K. (2008b). "Последнее восстание в Арабской провинции Арминийа (850–855 гг.)" [The last uprising in the Arab province of Arminiya (850–855)]. Vestnik SPBU (in Russian) (4–1). ISSN 1812-9323.
- Tuallagov, A. A. (2018). "Дарьял - "ворота алан"" [Darial - The Gates of Alans]. Izv. SOIGSI (in Russian). 27 (66). ISSN 2223-165X.
- Tsulaya, G. V. (1986). "Перевод, введение и примечания" [Translation, introduction and notes]. In Dzidziguri, V.; et al. (eds.). Джуаншер Джуаншериани: Жизнь Вахтанга Горгасала [Juansher Juansheriani: The Life of Vakhtang Gorgasal] (PDF). Pamyatniki Gruzinskoy istor. lit. (in Russian). Vol. 6. Tbilisi: Mentsiereba.
- Vacca, A. M. (2017-11-15). "Conflict and Community in the Medieval Caucasus". Al-ʿUṣūr al-Wusṭā. 25 (1). ISSN 1068-1051.
- Volkova, N. G. (1973). Lavrov, L. I.; et al. (eds.). Этнонимы и племенные названия Северного Кавказа [Ethnonyms and tribal names of the North Caucasus] (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. pp. 1–210.