Arminiya

Ostikanate of Arminiya Հայաստանի Օստիկանություն
654–884
Arabic
Religion	Christianity (Armenian Apostolic Church, Paulicianism) Sunni Islam (state)
Government	Monarchy
Historical era	Middle Ages
• Established	654
• Disestablished	884
ISO 3166 code	AM
Preceded by Succeeded by Persian Armenia Byzantine Armenia Albania (satrapy) Principality of Iberia Principality of Hamamshen Bagratid Armenia Bagratid Iberia Kaysites

Historical Arab states and dynasties
Ancient Arab states Kingdom of Qedar 800 BC–300 BC Kingdom of Lihyan 600 BC–100 BC Nabataean Kingdom 400 BC–106 AD Kingdom of Osroene 132 BC–244 AD Emesene Dynasty 64 BC–300s AD Kingdom of Hatra 100s–241 AD Tanukhids 196–1100 AD Ghassanids 220–638 AD Salihids 300s–500s AD Lakhmids 300s–602 AD Kingdom of Kinda 450 AD–550 AD
Arab empires and caliphates Rashidun 632–661 Umayyads 661–750 Abbasids 750–1258 Fatimids 909–1171
Eastern dynasties Emirate of Armenia 654–884 Shirvanshah 861–1538 Alavids 864–928 Hamdanids 890–1004 Rawadids 955–1071 Mazyadids 961–1150 Jarrahids 970–1107 Uqaylids 990–1096 Numayrids 990–1081 Mirdasids 1024–1080 Munqidhites 1025–1157 Ma'nids 1517–1697 Turabays 1480–1677 Harfushs 1517–1865 Shihabs 1697–1842
Western dynasties and caliphates Senussids 1837–1969
Arabian Peninsula Mutawakkilite Kingdom 1926–1970
East Africa Tippu Tip's State 1860–1887
Current monarchies Umm al-Quwain) 1775–present Al Khalifa (Bahrain) 1783–present Al Nuaimi (Ajman) 1810–present Al Maktoum (Dubai) 1833–present Al Thani (Qatar) 1868–present Al Sharqi (Fujairah) 1900–present Hashemites (Jordan) 1921–present
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Arminiya, also known as the Ostikanate of Arminiya (

covering much of southern Caucasia and the subsequent Kūst-i Kapkōh of the Sāsānians).

Part of a series on the
History of Armenia
Prehistory Shulaveri–Shomu culture Kura–Araxes culture Legend of Hayk Trialeti–Vanadzor culture Armani Lchashen–Metsamor culture Hayasa-Azzi Arme–Shupria Mushki Urumu Nairi Confederation Urartu (Kingdom of Van) Etiuni
Antiquity Satrapy of Armenia Armenia Minor Kingdom of Armenia Armenian Empire Roman Armenia Christianization of Armenia Kingdom of Sophene Commagene Byzantine Armenia Sasanian Armenia Muslim conquest of Armenia
Middle Ages Emirate of Armenia Principality of Hamamshen Kingdom of Armenia Kingdom of Vaspurakan Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget Kingdom of Syunik Kingdom of Artsakh Zakarid Armenia Principality of Khachen Mongol Armenia Kingdom of Cilicia
Early modern age Iranian Armenia Five Melikdoms Ottoman Armenia Russian Armenia Armenian Oblast Armenian question Armenian genocide Western Armenia National movement
Modern age First Republic of Armenia Armenian S.S.R. Republic of Mountainous Armenia Contemporary Armenia Republic of Artsakh
Timeline • Origins • Etymology
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History

Early period: the Arab conquest of Armenia

The details of the early conquest of Armenia by the Arabs are uncertain, as the various Arabic sources conflict with the Greek and Armenian sources, both in chronology and in the details of the events. However, the broad thrust of the Arab campaigns is consistent between the sources, allowing for a reconstruction of events by modern scholars.^[3]

According to the Arabic sources, the first Arab expedition reached Armenia in 639/640, on the heels of their

Although Arab sources imply that the country was henceforth effectively under Arab rule, modern historians generally consider the contemporary account of the Armenian bishop Sebeos, partly corroborated by the Byzantine chronicler Theophanes the Confessor more reliable, and have proposed different reconstructions of the early Arab raids between 640 and 650, based on a critical reading of the sources; it is clear, however, that the country did not submit to Arab rule at this time.^[5]

Armenian histories report that the Arabs first arrived in 642, penetrating the central region of

In 661, however, Mu'awiya, now the victor of the Muslim civil war, ordered the Armenian princes to re-submit to his authority and pay tribute. To avoid another war, the princes complied.[7] The Arab policy of demanding that the tribute be paid in money affected the Armenian economy and society. Coins were struck in Dvin. The Armenians were forced to produce a surplus of food and manufactured goods for sale. A strong urban life was developed in Caucasia as the economy revived.

Establishment of direct Muslim control

For most of the second half of the 7th century, Arab presence and control in Armenia was minimal. Armenia was considered conquered land by the Arabs but enjoyed de facto autonomy, regulated by the treaty signed between Rhstuni and Mu'awiya. Indeed, as Aram Ter-Ghewondyan comments, under Arab suzerainty "the country enjoyed a degree of independence such as it had not known since the fall of the Arsacids" in the 5th century.^[8] According to the terms of the treaty, the Armenian princes were submitted to—relatively low—taxation and the obligation to provide soldiers when requested, for which the princes were to be paid an annual subsidy of 100,000 dirhams. In exchange, no Arab garrison or official was installed in Armenian lands, and Arab assistance was even promised in the event of a Byzantine attack.^[8][9]

The situation changed in the reign of the caliph Abd al-Malik (r. 685–705). Beginning in 700, the Caliph's brother and governor of Arran, Muhammad ibn Marwan, subdued the country in a series of campaigns. Although the Armenians rebelled in 703 and received Byzantine aid, Muhammad ibn Marwan defeated them and sealed the failure of the revolt by executing the rebel princes in 705.^[8][10] Armenia, along with the principalities of Caucasian Albania and Iberia (modern Georgia) was grouped into one vast province called al-Arminiya (الارمينيا), with its capital at Dvin (Arabic Dabil), which was rebuilt by the Arabs and served as the seat of the governor (ostikan) and of an Arab garrison.^[10][11] For much of the remaining Umayyad period, Arminiya was usually grouped with Arran and the Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia) under a single governor into an ad hoc super-province.^[12]

Arminiya was governed by an emir or

A census and survey of Arminiya was undertaken c. 725, followed by a significant increase in taxation so as to finance the Caliphate's increasing military needs in various fronts.

Second Arab–Khazar War in the 720s and 730s. As a result, in 732, governor Marwan ibn Muhammad (the future Caliph Marwan II) named Ashot III Bagratuni as the presiding prince of Armenia, an act which essentially re-confirmed the country's autonomy within the Caliphate.^[16]

Abbasid period until 884

With the establishment of the

Bagratuni in the north.^[18][19]

Despite several insurrections, the Emirate of Armenia lasted until 884, when the Bagratuni Ashot I, who had managed to win control over most of its area, declared himself "King of the Armenians". He received recognition by Caliph Al-Mu'tamid of the Abbasid dynasty in 885 and Byzantine Emperor Basil I of the Macedonian dynasty in 886.

Ashot was swiftly able to expand his power. Through family links with the two next most important princely families, the Artsruni and the Siwnis, and through a cautious policy towards the Abbasids and the Arab emirates of Armenia, by the 860s he had succeeded in becoming in fact, if not yet in name, an autonomous king. ^[20]

Arab governors of Armenia

Early governors

These are reported as governors under the Caliphs Uthman (r. 644–656) and Ali (r. 656–661), as well as the early Umayyads:

• Hudhayfah ibn al-Yaman^{[citation needed]}
• Mughira ibn Shu'ba^{[citation needed}
  ]
• Al-Qasim ibn Rabi'a ibn Umayya ibn Abi al-Salt al-Thaqafi^{[citation needed]}
• Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri^{[citation needed]}
• Al-Ash'ath ibn Qays al-Kindi (ca. 657)^{[citation needed]}
• Al-Muhallab ibn Abi Sufra (ca. 686)^{[citation needed]}

Emirs (Ostikans)

With the submission of Armenia to Muhammad ibn Marwan after 695, the province was formally incorporated into the Caliphate, and an Arab governor (ostikan) installed at Dvin:^[21][22]

• Muhammad ibn Marwan (c. 695–705), represented by the following deputies:
  • Uthman ibn al-Walid ibn Uqba
  • Abdallah ibn Hatim al-Bahili
• Abd al-Aziz ibn Hatim al-Bahili (706–709)
• Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik (709–721)
• Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah (721–725)
• Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik (725–729)
• Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah (729–730)
• Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik (730–732)
• Marwan ibn Muhammad
  (732–733)
• Sa'id ibn Amr al-Harashi (733–735)
• Marwan ibn Muhammad
  (735–744)
• Ishaq ibn Muslim al-Uqayli (744–750)
• Abu Ja'far Abdallah ibn Muhammad (750–753)
• Yazid ibn Asid ibn Zafir al-Sulami (753–755)
• Sulayman (755–?)
• Salih ibn Subai al-Kindi (c. 767)
• Bakkar ibn Muslim al-Uqayli (c. 769–770)
• al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba (770/771–773/774)
• Yazid ibn Asid ibn Zafir al-Sulami (773/774–778)
• Uthman ibn 'Umara ibn Khuraym (778–785)
• Khuzayma ibn Khazim (785–786)
• Yusuf ibn Rashid al-Sulami (786–787)
• Yazid ibn Mazyad al-Shaybani (787–788)
• Ubaydallah ibn al-Mahdi (788–791) (?)
• Abd al-Qadir (791)
• Al-Fadl ibn Yahya al-Barmaki (791–793)
• Umar ibn Ayyub al-Kinani (793)
• ? (793)
• Khalid ibn Yazid al-Sulami (793–794)
• Al-Abbas ibn Jarir ibn Yazid al-Bajali (794)
• Musa ibn Isa ibn Musa al-Hashimi (794–795)
• Yahya ibn Sa'id al-Harashi (795)
• Ahmad ibn Yazid ibn Usayd al-Sulami (795–797)
• Sa'id ibn Salm al-Bahili (797–799)
• Nasr ibn Habib al-Muhallabi (799)
• Ali ibn Isa ibn Mahan (799)
• Yazid ibn Mazyad al-Shaybani (799–801)
• Asad ibn Yazid al-Shaybani (801–802)
• Muhammad ibn Yazid al-Shaybani (802–803)
• Khuzayma ibn Khazim (803–?)
• Sulayman ibn Yazid (807–808)
• Asad ibn Yazid al-Shaybani (c. 810)
• Ishaq ibn Sulayman al-Hashimi (c. 813)
• Khalid ibn Yazid ibn Mazyad al-Shaybani (813–?) (828–832), (841), (c. 842–844)
• Muhammad ibn Khalid al-Shaybani (c. 842/844–?)
• Abu Sa'id Muhammad al-Marwazi (849–851)
• Yusuf ibn Abi Sa'id al-Marwazi
  (851–852)
• Bugha al-Kabir (852–855)
• Muhammad ibn Khalid al-Shaybani (857–862)
• Ali ibn Yahya al-Armani (862–863)
• al-Abbas ibn al-Musta'in (863–865)
• Abdallah ibn al-Mu'tazz (866–867)
• Abi'l-Saj Devdad
  (867–870)
• Isa ibn al-Shaykh al-Shaybani (870–875, nominally until 882/3)
• Ja'far Al-Mufawwid (875–878)
• Muhammad ibn Khalid al-Shaybani (878)

Presiding princes of Armenia

• Mjej II Gnuni
  Մժեժ Բ Գնունի, 628–635
• David Saharuni Դավիթ Սահառունի, 635–638
• Theodore Rshtuni Թէոդորոս Ռշտունի, 638–645
• Varaztirots II Bagratuni Վարազ Տիրոց Բ Բագրատունի, 645
• Theodore Rshtuni Թէոդորոս Ռշտունի, 654–655
• Mushegh IV Mamikonian Մուշէղ Բ Մամիկոնեան, 654
• Theodore Rshtuni Թէոդորոս Ռշտունի, 654–655
• Hamazasp IV Mamikonian Համազասպ Բ Մամիկոնեան, 655–658
• Gregory I Mamikonian
  Գրիգոր Ա Մամիկոնեան, 662–684/85
• Ashot II Bagratuni Աշոտ Բ Բագրատունի, 686–690
• Nerses Kamsarakan Ներսէս Կամսարական, 689–691
• Smbat VI Bagratuni Սմբատ Զ Բագրատունի, 691–711
• Ashot III Bagratuni Աշոտ Գ Բագրատունի, 732–744
• Gregory II Mamikonian Գրիգոր Բ Մամիկոնեան, 745–746
• Ashot III Bagratuni Աշոտ Գ Բագրատունի, 746–748
• Gregory II Mamikonian Գրիգոր Բ Մամիկոնեան, 748
• Mushegh VI Mamikonian Մուշէղ Բ Մամիկոնեան, 748–753
• Sahak VII Bagratuni
  Սահակ Է Բագրատունի, 755–761
• Smbat VII Bagratuni Սմբատ Է Բագրատունի, 761–775
• Ashot IV Bagratuni
  Աշոտ Դ Բագրատունի, 806–826
• Bagrat II Bagratuni Բագրատ Բ Բագրատունի, 830–851
• Ashot V Bagratuni
  Աշոտ Ա Հայոց Արքայ, Աշոտ Ե իշխան Հայոց, 862–884

See also

• Greater Armenia
• Islam in Armenia

Notes

1. ISSN 0135-0536
   .
2. ISSN 1873-9830
   .
3. ^ Canard & Cahen 1960, pp. 635–637.
4. ^ ^{a b c} Canard & Cahen 1960, p. 635.
5. ^ ^{a b} Canard & Cahen 1960, pp. 636–637.
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f g} Canard & Cahen 1960, p. 636.
7. ^ Canard & Cahen 1960, p. 637.
8. ^ ^{a b c} Ter-Ghewondyan 1976, p. 20.
9. ^ Whittow 1996, p. 211.
10. ^ ^{a b} Blankinship 1994, p. 107.
11. ^ ^{a b} Ter-Ghewondyan 1976, p. 21.
12. ^ Blankinship 1994, pp. 52–54.
13. ^ Robert H. Hewsen. Armenia: A Historical Atlas. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2001, 107, map 81.
14. ^ Jones 2007, pp. 1–2.
15. ^ Blankinship 1994, pp. 123–124.
16. ^ Blankinship 1994, p. 153.
17. ^ Whittow 1996, p. 213.
18. ^ Ter-Ghewondyan 1976, pp. 21–22.
19. ^ Whittow 1996, pp. 213–215.
20. ^ Ter-Ghewondyan 1976, pp. 53ff..
21. ^ Arab Governors (Ostikans) of Arminiya, 8th Century Archived October 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
22. ^ A. Ter-Ghevondyan's "Chronology of the Ostikans of Arminiya," Patma-banasirakan handes (1977) 1, pp. 117-128.

Sources

• ISBN 978-0-7914-1827-7
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• OCLC 495469456
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• Jones, Lynn (2007). Between Islam and Byzantium: Aght'amar and the Visual Construction of Medieval Armenian Rulership. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
  ISBN 978-0754638520
  .
• Laurent, Joseph L. (1919). L'Arménie entre Byzance et l'Islam: depuis la conquête arabe jusqu'en 886 (in French). Paris: De Boccard.
• Morgan, Jacques de (1918), The History of the Armenian People: From the remotest times to the present day, Barry, Ernest F., trans., Boston: Hairenik Press,
  OL 5788153M
• OCLC 490638192
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• ISBN 978-0-520-20496-6
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• Robert H. Hewsen. Armenia: A Historical Atlas. Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2001, Pp. 341.
• Garbis Armen. Historical Atlas of Armenia. A. N. E. C., New York, 1987, Pp. 52.
• George Bournoutian. A History of the Armenian People, Volume I: Pre-History to 1500 AD, Mazda Publishers, Costa Mesa, 1993, Pp. 174.
• John Douglas. The Armenians, J. J. Winthrop Corp., New York, 1992.