Chechens

The Chechens (

The North Caucasus has been invaded numerous times throughout history. Its isolated terrain and the strategic value outsiders have placed on the areas settled by Chechens has contributed much to the Chechen community ethos and helped shape its national character.

Chechen society is largely egalitarian and organized around tribal autonomous local clans, called teips, informally organized into loose confederations called tukkhums.

According to popular tradition, the Russian term Chechency (Чеченцы) comes from central Chechnya, which had several important villages and towns named after the word Chechen. These places include Chechan, Nana-Checha ("Mother Checha") and Yokkh Chechen ("Greater Chechena").^[29] The name Chechen occurs in Russian sources in the late 16th century as "Chachana", which is mentioned as a land owned by the Chechen Prince Shikh Murza.^[30] The etymology is of Nakh origin and originates from the word Che ("inside") attached to the suffix - cha/chan, which altogether can be translated as "inside territory". The villages and towns named Chechan were always situated in the Chechan-are ("Chechen flatlands or plains") located in contemporary central Chechnya.^[31][32]

The name "Chechens" is an exoethnonym that entered the Georgian and Western European ethnonymic tradition through the Russian language in the 18th century.^[33]

From the middle of the 19th century to the first few years of the Soviet state, some researchers united all Chechens and Ingush under the name "Chechens".^[34][35] In modern science, another term is used for this community — "the Vainakh people".

Although Chechan (Chechen) was a term used by Chechens to denote a certain geographic area (central Chechnya), Chechens called themselves Nakhchiy (highland dialects) or Nokhchiy (lowland dialects). The oldest mention of Nakhchiy occurred in 1310 by the

The Chechens are mainly inhabitants of

Outside Russia, countries with significant diaspora populations are

The Chechens are one of the Nakh peoples, who have lived in the highlands of the North Caucasus region since prehistory.^[42] There is archeological evidence of historical continuity dating back to 3000 B.C.^[43][42] as well as evidence pointing to their ancestors' migration from the Fertile Crescent c. 10,000–8,000 B.C.^[43]

The discussion of their origins is intertwined with the discussion of the mysterious origins of Nakh peoples as a whole. The only three surviving Nakh peoples are Chechens, Ingush and Bats, but they are thought by some scholars to be the remnants of what was once a larger family of peoples.^{[citation needed]}

They are thought to be descended from the original settlers of the Caucasus (North and/or South).^[44][45]

Ancestors of the modern Chechens and Ingush were known as Durdzuks. According to The Georgian Chronicles, before his death, Targamos [Togarmah] divided the country amongst his sons, with Kavkasos [Caucas] receiving the Central Caucasus. Kavkasos engendered the Chechen tribes, and his descendant, Durdzuk, who took up residence in a mountainous region, later called "Dzurdzuketia" after him, established a strong state in the fourth and third centuries BC.^[46] Among the Chechen teips, the teip Zurzakoy, consonant with the ethnonym Dzurdzuk, lives in the Itum-Kale region of Chechnya.

Georgian historian Giorgi Melikishvili posited that although there was evidence of Nakh settlement in the Southern Caucasus areas, this did not rule out the possibility that they also lived in the North Caucasus.^[47]

The state of Durdzuketi has been recorded since the 4th century BC.^[23] The Armenian Chronicles mention that the Durdzuks defeated the Scythians and became a significant power in the region in the first millennium BC.^[23]

The Vainakh in the east had an affinity with Georgia, while the Malkh Kingdom of the west looked to the new Greek kingdom of Bosporus on the Black Sea coast (though it may have also had relations with Georgia).^[23] According to legend, Adermalkh, chief of the Malkh state, married the daughter of the Bosporan king in 480 BCE.^[23] Malkhi is one of the Chechen tukkhums.^{[48][49][50][51][52][53][54]}

During the

According to the missionary Pian de Carpine, a part of the Alans had successfully resisted a Mongol siege on a mountain for 12 years:^[59]

When they (the Mongols) begin to besiege a fortress, they besiege it for many years, as it happens today with one mountain in the land of the Alans. We believe they have been besieging it for twelve years and they (the Alans) put up courageous resistance and killed many Tatars, including many noble ones.

— Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, report from 1250

This twelve-year-old siege is not found in any other report, however, the Russian historian A. I. Krasnov connected this battle with two Chechen folktales he recorded in 1967 that spoke of an old hunter named Idig who with his companions defended the Dakuoh mountain for 12 years against Tatar-Mongols. He also reported to have found several arrowheads and spears from the 13th century near the very mountain the battle took place at:^[60]

The next year, with the onset of summer, the enemy hordes came again to destroy the highlanders. But even this year they failed to capture the mountain, on which the brave Chechens settled down. The battle lasted twelve years. The main wealth of the Chechens – livestock – was stolen by the enemies. Tired of the long years of hard struggle, the Chechens, believing the assurances of mercy by the enemy, descended from the mountain, but the Mongol-Tatars treacherously killed the majority, and the rest were taken into slavery. This fate was escaped only by Idig and a few of his companions who did not trust the nomads and remained on the mountain. They managed to escape and leave Mount Dakuoh after 12 years of siege.

— Amin Tesaev, The Legend and struggle of the Chechen hero Idig (1238–1250)

Tamerlane's late 14th-century invasions of the Caucasus were especially costly to the Chechen kingdom of

The

In the late 18th and 19th centuries, Russia embarked on full-scale conquest of the North Caucasus in the

Since then, there have been various Chechen rebellions against Russian/Soviet power in 1865–66, 1877, during the

war with the new Russian state, starting in 1994.

Twenty-first century

This section needs expansion. You can help by making an edit requestadding to it . (April 2025)

Language

The main language of the Chechen people is

Most Chechens living in their homeland can understand Ingush with ease. The two languages are not truly mutually intelligible, but it is easy for Chechens to learn how to understand the Ingush language and vice versa over time after hearing it for a while.^[citation needed]

In 1989, 73.4% spoke Russian,

Some researchers suggest a linguistic relationship between the Nakhsk-Dagestani languages and the Urarto-Hurrians.^{[80][81][82][83][84]}

Other scholars, however, doubt that the language families are related,

Russian military historian and Lieutenant General Vasily Potto describes the appearance of the Chechens as follows: "The Chechen is handsome and strong. Tall, brunette, slender, with sharp features and a quick, determined look, he amazes with his mobility, agility, dexterity."^[102]

According to a 2021

Prior to the adoption of Islam, the Chechens practiced a unique blend of religious traditions and beliefs. Their code of honor is known as quonahalla. They partook in numerous rites and rituals, many of them pertaining to farming; these included rain rites, a celebration that occurred on the first day of plowing, as well as the Day of the Thunderer Sela and the Day of the Goddess Tusholi. In addition to sparse written record from the Middle Ages, Chechens traditionally remember history through the illesh, a collection of epic poems and stories.

teips, or clans. The teips are based more on land and one-side lineage than on blood (as exogamy is prevalent and encouraged), and are bonded together to form the Chechen nation. Teips are further subdivided into gar (branches), and gars into nekye (patronymic families). The Chechen social code is called nokhchallah (where Nokhchuo stands for "Chechen") and may be loosely translated as "Chechen character". The Chechen code of honor and customary law (adat) implies moral and ethical behaviour, generosity and the will to safeguard the honor of women. The traditional Chechen saying goes that the members of Chechen society, like its teips, are (ideally) "free and equal like wolves".^[104][105]

Chechens have a strong sense of community, which is enforced by the old clan network and nokhchalla – the obligation to clan, tukkhum, etc. This is often combined with old values transmuted into a modern sense. They are mythically descended from the epic hero, Turpalo-Nokhchuo ("Chechen Hero"). There is a strong theme of representing the nation with its

national animal, the wolf. Due to their strong dependence on the land, its farms and its forests (and indeed, the national equation with the wolf), Chechens have a strong affection for nature. According to Chechen philosopher Apty Bisultanov, ruining an ant-hill or hunting Caucasian goats during their mating season was considered extremely sinful.^[106] The glasnost era Chechen independence movement Bart (unity) originated as a simple environmentalist organization in the republic's capital of Grozny.^[107]

Chechen culture strongly values freedom.^{[citation needed]} This asserts itself in multiple ways. A large majority of the nation's national heroes fought for independence (or otherwise, like the legendary Zelimkhan, robbed from the Russian oppressors in order to feed Chechen children in a Robin Hood-like fashion). A common greeting in the Chechen language, marsha oylla, is literally translated as "enter in freedom". The word for freedom also encompasses notions of peace and prosperity.

Religion

Chechnya is predominantly

Naqshbandiyya and the Qadiriyya (the Naqshbandiyya is particularly strong in Dagestan and eastern Chechnya, whereas the Qadiriyya has most of its adherents in the rest of Chechnya and Ingushetia).^[108] There are also small Christian and atheist minorities, although their numbers are unknown in Chechnya; in Kazakhstan, they are roughly 3% and 2% of the Chechen population respectively.^[112]

A stereotype of an average Chechen being a fundamentalist Muslim is incorrect and misleading.

Islamization of the republic, with the government and the Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of the Chechen Republic actively promoting and enforcing their own version of a so-called "traditional Islam", including introducing elements of Sharia that replaced Russian official laws.^{[115][116][117][118]}

See also

• List of Chechen people
• Teip (Nakh clans)
• Nakh peoples
• North Caucasian peoples
• Islam in Russia
• Chechens in Jordan
• Chechens in Syria
• Chechens in Turkey
• Chechens in Iraq
• Chechens in France

Notes

1. ^ The total figure is merely an estimation; sum of all the referenced populations only.^{[original research?]}
2. ^ The actual number of Chechens living in the United States may be higher, as they are categorized as Russians in censuses.

References

1. ^ "Russian Census of 2021". (in Russian)
2. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Russian Census of 2021 (in Russian)
3. ^ As Hit Men Strike, Concern Grows Among Chechen Exiles, RFE/RL, March 12, 2009
4. ^ ^{a b} Chechens in the Middle East: Between Original and Host Cultures Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine, Event Report, Caspian Studies Program
5. ^ Kristiina Markkanen: Chechen refugee came to Finland via Baku and Istanbul Archived 2011-11-21 at the Wayback Machine
6. ^ "Итоги Национальной переписи населения 2021 года в Республике Казахстан". stat.gov.kz. Archived from the original on 2022-09-02. Retrieved 2022-09-02.
7. ^ Ahmet Katav; Bilgay Duman (November 2012). "Iraqi Circassians (Chechens, Dagestanis, Adyghes)" (PDF). ORSAM Reports (134). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2013.
8. ^ "Jordan willing to assist Chechnya – King". Reliefweb.int. 2007-08-28. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
9. ^ "Én av åtte «norske» fremmedkrigere fra Nord-Kaukasus". 20 August 2015.
10. ISBN 978-0-415-32328-4
11. ^ "Circassian, Ossetian, Chechen Minorities Solicit Russian Help To Leave Syria". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 12 August 2012. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
12. ^ "Ethnic composition of Georgia 2014". Population Statistics Eastern Europe and former USSR. Retrieved 2024-06-13.
13. ^ Project, Joshua. "Chechen in Azerbaijan". joshuaproject.net. Retrieved 2024-12-08.
14. ^ "About number and composition population of Ukraine by data All-Ukrainian census of the population 2001". Ukraine Census 2001. State Statistics Committee of Ukraine. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
15. The Jamestown Foundation
    , January 24, 2008
16. ^ "Национальный состав населения (оценка на начало года, человек)". Национальный статистический комитет Кыргызской Республики. Retrieved 2020-10-19.
17. ^ "Population 31.12. By Origin, Background country, Language, Year, Age, Sex and Information".
18. ^ Andrew Meier (April 19, 2013). "The Chechens in America: Why They're Here and Who They Are". The Daily Beast. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
19. ^ "Population by ethnicity at the beginning of year – Time period and Ethnicity | National Statistical System of Latvia". data.stat.gov.lv.
20. ^ Latvijas iedzīvotāju sadalījums pēc nacionālā sastāva un valstiskās piederības, 01.01.2023. – PMLP
21. ISBN 0-550-10105-5
    .
22. ^ "Chechen | people | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2025-04-20.
23. ^ ^{a b c d e} Jaimoukha, Amjad. The Chechens.
24. ISBN 978-0-7922-7528-2
    . "Europe" (pp. 68–69); "Asia" (pp. 90–91): "A commonly accepted division between Asia and Europe ... is formed by the Ural Mountains, Ural River, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountains, and the Black Sea with its outlets, the Bosporus and Dardanelles."
25. ^ "Russian Census of 2021".
26. ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Chechenzes" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 21.
27. ^ Berge, Adolf (1859). Чечня и Чеченцы. Тифлис. pp. 65–66. Вот исчисление всех племен, на которые принято делить Чеченцев. В строгом же смысле деление это не имеет основания. Самим Чеченцам оно совершенно неизвестно. Они сами себя называют Нахче, т.е. "народ" и это относится до всего народа, говорящего на Чеченском языке и его наречиях. Упомянутые же названия им были даны или от аулов, как Цори, Галгай, Шатой и др., или от рек и гор, как Мичиковцы и Качкалыки. Весьма вероятно, что рано или поздно все или большая часть приведенных нами имен исчезнут и Чеченцы удержат за собою одно общее наименование.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
28. ^ ^{a b} "The George Washington University – Washington, D.C." (PDF). Gwu.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
29. ^ "Миграционные и урбанизационные процессы в ходе ста (Амин Тесаев) / Проза.ру". proza.ru.
30. ^ "декларация" (PDF). orsthoy.ru (in Russian). February 1951. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
31. ^ "РУССКО-ЧЕЧЕНСКИЕ ОТНОШЕНИЯ ВТОРАЯ ПОЛОВИНА XVI-XVII в. DrevLit.Ru – библиотека древних рукописей". drevlit.ru.
32. ^ ^{a b} ""Вайнахи и аланы" Руслан Арсанукаев о происхождении названий и самоназваний Чеченцев и Ингушей". ignorik.ru. Archived from the original on 2022-01-24. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
33. ^ Волкова. Этнонимы и племенные названия Северного Кавказа [Ethnonyms and tribal names of the North Caucasus] (in Russian). Наука. p. 144.
34. ^ Берже. Чечня и чеченцы / Подгот. текста и предисл. Я. З. Ахмадова и И. Б. Мунаева, ред. Е. А. Куприянова [Chechnya and chechenz. Ja. Z. Akhmadova and I. B. Munayeva, red. Well. A. Kuprianova.] (in Russian). p. 112.
35. ^ Далгат. Родовой быт и обычное право чеченцев и ингушей [Ancestral life and customary law of Chechens and Ingush]. p. 382.
36. ^ ""Вайнахи и аланы" Руслан Арсанукаев о происхождении названий и самоназваний Чеченцев и Ингушей". Archived from the original on 2022-01-24. Retrieved 2020-11-06.
37. ^ Volkova, N. G. (1973). Этнонимы и племенные названия Северного Кавказа [Ethnonyms and tribal names of the North Caucasus] (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. pp. 134–135.
38. ^ "Предание о происхождении чеченцев". 18 February 2017.
39. ^ Plaetschke 1929.
40. ^ Hamed-Troyansky 2024, p. 40, 74.
41. The Jamestown Foundation
    , January 24, 2008
42. ^ ^{a b} "ETHNICITY AND CONFLICT IN THE CAUCASUS(5)". Src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp. Retrieved 17 October 2018.
43. ^
    S2CID 82205296
    .
44. S2CID 82205296
    .
45. ^ Johanna Nichols (February 1997). "The Ingush (with notes on the Chechen): Background information". University of California, Berkeley. Archived from the original on March 11, 2008. Retrieved 2007-02-10.
46. ISBN 978-0-203-35643-2
    .
47. ^ Jaimoukha, Amjad. The Chechens: A Handbook. Page 24. "Also, the Georgian historian G. A. Melikishvili maintained that the formation of the Vainakh took place much earlier than the first century BC. Though evidence of Nakh settlement was found on the southern slopes of the Caucasus in the second and first millennia BC, he did not rule out the possibility of their residence in the northern and eastern regions of the Caucasus. It is traditionally accepted that the Vainakh have existed in the Caucasus, with their present territory as a nucleus of a larger domicile, for thousands of years, and that it was the ‘birthplace’ of their ethnos, to which the peoples who inhabited the Central Caucasus and the steppe lands all the way to the Volga in the northeast and the Caspian Sea to the east contributed."
48. ^ Крупнов Е. И. Древности Чечено-Ингушетии. — Изд-во Академии наук СССР, 1963. — с. 256
49. ^ Натаев Сайпуди Альвиевич. ПРОБЛЕМА ЭТНОТЕРРИТОРИАЛЬНОЙ СТРУКТУРЫ ЧЕЧНИ В XVIII–XIX ВВ. В ИСТОРИЧЕСКОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЕ.
50. ^ Марковин В. И. «В ущельях Аргуна и Фортанги». Москва, 1965 — с. 71
51. ^ Мамакаев М. «Чеченский тайп в период его разложения». Грозный, 1973.
52. ^ Шавхелишвили А. И. «Грузино-чечено-ингушские взаимоотношения». Тбилиси, 1992. — с.65, 72
53. ^ Пиотровский Б. Б. История народов Северного Кавказа с древнейших времен до конца XVIII в. — Наука, 1988. — с.239
54. ^ Н. Г. Волкова. Этнический состав населения Северного Кавказа в XVIII-начале XX века — Москва: Наука, 1974. — с.169
55. ^ "Islam: Islam in the Caucasus and the Middle Volga | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2022-03-10.
56. ISBN 1-57958-468-3
    .
57. ^ Jaimoukha pp. 33–34
58. ^ Dunlop p.3
59. ^ Tesaev, Amin (2020). "К личности и борьбе чеченского героя идига (1238–1250 гг.)". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
60. ^ Krasnov, A.I. "Копье Тебулос-Мта". Вокруг света. 9: 29.
61. ^ Tesaev, Amin (2018). "Симсим". РЕФЛЕКСИЯ. 2: 61–67.
62. ISBN 978-0-313-30984-7
    .
63. ISBN 978-1-59884-054-4
    . Retrieved 17 October 2018 – via Google Books.
64. ^ "Гази Алдамов, или Алдаман ГIеза, воевода и предвод (Амин Тесаев) / Проза.ру". proza.ru.
65. ^ Schaefer, Robert W. (2010). The Insurgency in Chechnya and the North Caucasus: From Gazavat to Jihad. Bloomsbury Academic.
    ISBN 978-0-313-38634-3
    . Retrieved 25 December 2014.
66. ^ Dunlop p.14
67. ^ Jaimoukha (p.50): "The Chechens suffered horrific losses in human life during the long war. From an estimated population of over a million in the 1840s, there were only 140,000 Chechens left in the Caucasus in 1861..."
68. ^ ^{a b c} "Who are the Chechens?" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-15. by Johanna Nichols, University of California, Berkeley.
69. ^ Dunlop p.29ff. Dunlop writes (p.30): "In 1860, according to Soviet-era figures, 81,360 Chechens left for Turkey; a second emigration took place in 1865, when an additional 22,500 Chechens left. More than 100,000 Chechens were thus ethnically 'cleansed' during this process. This was perhaps a majority of their total population..."
70. ^ Jaimoukha p.50
71. ^ Jaimoukha p.58
72. ^ Dunlop, Chapter 2 "Soviet Genocide", particularly pp. 70–71 ("How many died?")
73. ^ Jaimoukha p.60
74. ^ "But after their unification in 1934 into a single Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Region (Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic since 1936), the authorities did their best to ensure the merger of the Chechens and Ingush into a single people, for which a new name was created "Veinakhs / Vainakhs". In the 1960s–1980s. this identity was actively introduced into the consciousness of the Chechens and Ingush and gradually gained more and more popularity". V. A. Shnirel'man. Byt' alanami. Intellektualy i politika na Severnom Kavkaze v XX veke. p. 279. Archived from the original on 2021-01-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
75. ^ "Yazyki i narechiya Rossiyskoy Imperii, Statisticheskiy atlas Rossii A.F. Marksa, prilozheniye 14, Sankt-Peterburg, 1907 god". Archived from the original on 2017-12-10.
76. ^ "Kavkazskiy tolmach: (perevodchik s russkogo na glavnѣyshiye kavkazskiye yazyki)". 1891. p. 681. Archived from the original on 2021-04-28.
77. ^ "N. YA. Marr. Izbrannyye raboty". Archived from the original on 2014-12-11.
78. ^ ИнфоРост, Н. П. "ГПИБ | Вып. 1 : [Терская область : археологические экскурсии Всев. Миллера]. – 1888". elib.shpl.ru. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
79. ^ Mikhailov, Valentin. Chechnya and Tatarstan
80. ISBN 978-5-04-005867-9
    .
81. ^ ""The Urartians themselves, or Alarodians, called their country and state Biainili, from which comes the modern name of Lake Van, in the basin of which the center of this state was located. Since ancient times, Urartian (Alarodian) tribes, akin to the Hurrian population of the countries to the southwest of Lake Van, lived around Lake Van and in adjacent areas. The Urartian (as well as the Hurrian) language belonged to a special linguistic family, among the modern languages the closest to them are some languages of the North Caucasus – Chechen and Ingush."". «Materialy po istorii SSSR. Dlya seminarskikh i prakticheskikh zanyatiy. Vyp. 1. Drevneyshiye narody i gosudarstva na territorii SSSR.». 1985. p. 7.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
82. ISBN 3-534-08151-X.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
83. ISBN 5-09-000551-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link
    )
84. ISBN 978-5-17-045827-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link
    )
85. ^ Smeets, Rieks (1989). "On Hurro-Urartian as an Eastern Caucasian language". Bibliotheca Orientalis. XLVI: 260–280.
86. ^ Fournet, Arnaud (2013). "About the vocalic system of Armenian words of substratic origins". Archiv Orientální. 1.
87. ISBN 9027247587
    .
88. ^ Zimansky, Paul (2011). "Urartian and Urartians". The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia. p. 556. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
89. ^ Gamkrelidze, Thomas V.; Gudava, T.E. (1998). "Caucasian Languages". Encyclopaedia Britannica.
90. ^ Kallio, Petri. "XXI. Beyond Indo-European". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthew (eds.). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 2285–2286.
91. ^ Kallio, Petri. "XXI. Beyond Indo-European". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthew (eds.). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 2285–2286.
92. ^ "LacusCurtius • Herodotus — Book VII: Chapters 57‑137". penelope.uchicago.edu.
93. ^ Zimansky, Paul "Urartian and Urartians." The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia (2011): 556. [1]
94. ^ ^{a b} I. Nasidze, E. Y. S. Ling, D. Quinque et al., "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus Archived 2011-06-08 at the Wayback Machine," Annals of Human Genetics (2004) 68, 205–221.
95. S2CID 27204150
    . Retrieved 2022-02-28.
96. ^ ^{a b c d} Oleg Balanovsky et al., "Parallel Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region," Molecular Biology and Evolution 2011
97. ^ Yunusbaev 2006
98. PMID 19107149
    .
99. ^ Yunusbaev 2006.
100. ^ ^{a b} Caciagli et al, 2009. The key role of patrilineal inheritance in the genetic variation of Dagestani highlanders.
101. ^ Nasidze et al. "Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus", Annals of Human Genetics (2004)
102. ^ "V.A. Potto. Kavkazskaya voyna v otdel'nykh ocherkakh, epizodakh, legendakh i biografiyakh". Archived from the original on 2011-11-13.
103. ^ "В Росстате рассказали об увеличении среднего роста россиян". Абzaц. 10 March 2023.
104. ^ Jaimoukha. Chechens. Page 83
105. ^ Gammer, Moshe. The Lone Wolf and the Bear: Three Centuries of Chechen Defiance of Russian Rule. London 2006. Page 4
106. ^ "Chechen Republic – History – Born to be free". Chechen.8m.com. Archived from the original on 2013-05-18. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
107. ^ Wood, Tony. Chechnya: The Case for Independence. Page 46
108. ^ ^{a b c} Roshchin & Lunkin 2005.
109. ^ McDermott, Roger. "Shafi'i and Hanafi schools of jurisprudence in Chechnya". Jamestown. Jamestown.org. Retrieved 2013-04-19.
110. ISBN 978-0-7656-2931-9
     .
111. ^ Mairbek Vatchagaev (September 8, 2006). "The Kremlin's War on Islamic Education in the North Caucasus". Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Chechnya Weekly, Volume 7, Issue 34 (September 8, 2006)
112. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on May 11, 2011. Retrieved July 24, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
113. ^ "Shattering the Al Qaeda-Chechen Myth: Part 1". Archived from the original on 2004-01-29., by Brian Glyn Williams, The Jamestown Foundation, October 2, 2003
114. ^ Wood, Tony. Chechnya: the Case for Independence. pp. 127–145.
115. ^ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. "Kadyrov Exploits Ties with Moscow to Build Islamic State". Refworld.org (UNHCR). Retrieved 2013-04-22.
116. ^ "Virtue Campaign on Women in Chechnya under Ramzan Kadyrov | Human Rights Watch". Hrw.org. 2012-10-29. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
117. ^ Garrels, Anne (3 November 2009). "Chechen Leader's Islamic Policies Stir Unease". Npr.org. Retrieved 2013-04-22.
118. ^ Tom Parfitt, Grozny, Russia (16 March 2011). "The Islamic Republic of Chechnya". Pulitzer Center. Archived from the original on 2013-06-07. Retrieved 2013-04-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Sources

• Dunlop, John B. (1998). Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict. Cambridge University Press.
• Ilyasov, Lechi (2009). The Diversity of the Chechen Culture: From Historical Roots to the Present. Moscow (in Russian).
• Hamed-Troyansky, Vladimir (2024). Empire of Refugees: North Caucasian Muslims and the Late Ottoman State. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
  ISBN 978-1-5036-3696-5
  .
• Jaimoukha, Amjad (2005). The Chechens: A Handbook. London; New York: Routledge.
• Plaetschke, Bruno (1929). Die Tschetschenen: Forschungen zur Völkerkunde des nordöstlichen Kaukasus auf Grund von Reisen in den Jahren 1918—20 und 1927/28 [The Chechens]. Veröffentlichungen des Geographischen Instituts der Universität Königsberg Pr., 11 (in German). Hamburg: Friedrichsen, de Gruyter & Co m. b. H. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
• Roshchin, Mikhail; Lunkin, Roman (2005). "Ислам в Чеченской Республике" [Islam in the Chechen Republic]. In Bourdeaux, Michael; Filatov, Sergei (eds.). Современная религиозная жизнь России. Опыт систематического описания [Contemporary Religious Life of Russia. Systematic description experience] (in Russian). Vol. 3. Moscow:
  ISBN 5-98704-044-2
  .

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chechen people.

• Traditional Social Organisation of Chechen peopleArchived 2011-07-19 at the Wayback Machine