USS Stewart (DD-224)
USS Stewart underway before WWII
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History | |
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United States | |
Name | USS Stewart |
Namesake | Charles Stewart |
Builder | William Cramp & Sons, Philadelphia[1] |
Yard number | 490 |
Laid down | 9 September 1919 |
Launched | 4 March 1920 |
Sponsored by | Mrs. Margaretta Stewart Stevens |
Commissioned | 15 September 1920 |
Stricken | 25 March 1942 |
Identification | DD-224 |
Honors and awards | 2 battle stars |
Fate | Scuttled at Surabaya, Java, 2 March 1942; later raised and commissioned into Imperial Japanese Navy |
Reacquired | August 1945 |
Renamed | DD-224 |
Recommissioned | 29 October 1945 |
Decommissioned | 23 May 1946 |
Stricken | 17 April 1946 |
Fate | Sunk as a target, 24 May 1946 |
Japan | |
Name | Patrol boat No.102 (Dai-102-Gō shōkaitei)[1] |
Builder | 102nd Naval Construction Department at Surabaya |
Acquired | February 1943 (raised) |
Commissioned | 20 September 1943 |
Fate | Surrendered, August 1945 |
General characteristics (as Clemson-class destroyer) | |
Class and type | Clemson-class destroyer |
Displacement | 1,215 long tons (1,234 t) |
Length | 314 ft 5 in (95.83 m) |
Beam | 31 ft 9 in (9.68 m) |
Draft | 9 ft 4 in (2.84 m) |
Propulsion | geared turbines |
Speed | 35 knots (65 km/h) |
Complement | 101 officers and enlisted |
Armament |
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General characteristics (as Patrol Boat No. 102[2]) | |
Class and type | none |
Displacement | 1,680 long tons (1,707 t) standard [3] |
Length | 98.70 m (323 ft 10 in) overall [3] |
Draft | 3.50 m (11 ft 6 in) [3] |
Propulsion | |
Speed | 26.0 knots (29.9 mph; 48.2 km/h) [3] |
Endurance | 2,400 nautical miles @ 12 knots (4,400 km @ 22 km/h) [3] |
Complement | 110 (September 1943) |
Sensors and processing systems |
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Electronic warfare & decoys |
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Armament |
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USS Stewart (DD-224) was a
Design and construction
The Clemson-class was a modified version of the previous Wickes class (itself a faster version of the Caldwell class) with more fuel, as many of the Wickes-class had poor fuel economy and hence endurance. Like the Wickes-class ships, the Clemsonss had flush decks and four funnels and were ordered in very large numbers to meet the US Navy's need for ships to counter German U-boats as well as to operate with the fleet.[7][8]
Stewart was 314 ft 4+1⁄2 in (95.82 m)
Main gun armament consisted of four
Stewart was one of a batch of 25 Clemson-class destroyers ordered from
Service history
Between the wars
On commissioning, Stewart was assigned to Destroyer
Stewart arrived at the Asiatic Fleet's base at
In early 1924, Stewart carried out surveying operations using her echo sounder.[19] From 25 May to 16 June 1924, Stewart supported the flight of four US Army Douglas World Cruiser aircraft around the world, operating first in Japan and then at Shanghai.[12]
Between 1924 and 1928, there were outbreaks of anti-foreign disturbances at Shanghai and
On 18 February 1927, Stewart and the destroyer
Stewart was off coast of China, near the
In January 1934, Stewart started an overhaul and repair period at Cavite alongside the Black Hawk, with work including inspecting and repairing the ship's port turbines.[27] A fire broke out aboard on 10 February 1934 which was quickly extinguished.[28] The overhaul continued into March, with Stewart demonstrating a speed of 32 kn (37 mph; 59 km/h) during post repair sea trials.[27] On 14 July 1934, Stewart dragged her anchor while at Chefoo, colliding with the Chinese warship Chuyku, but only sustained minor damage.[27]
After
World War II
On 27 November 1941,[12][32][a] Admiral Thomas C. Hart, commander of the Asiatic Fleet, after receiving a war warning from the Chief of Naval Operations, ordered the major warships of the Asiatic Fleet to disperse to ports in the southern Philippines and the Dutch East Indies to minimise the potential for the fleet to be knocked out by Japanese air attack in the event of war, and to ease potential link up with Dutch forces. Stewart, along with the cruiser Marblehead and the destroyers Barker, Bulmer, Paul Jones and Parrott, was ordered to Tarakan in Borneo, arriving there on 29 November.[34][33] Stewart was still at Tarakan when news of the outbreak of hostilities with Japan arrived on 8 December.[12]
During the final weeks of 1941, she escorted naval auxiliaries from the Philippines to Port Darwin, Australia. On 9 January 1942 Stewart was one of five destroyers in an escort composed of the cruisers Boise and Marblehead, with the other destroyers Bulmer, Pope, Parrott, and Barker departing from Darwin to Surabaya escorting the transport Bloemfontein.[35] That transport had been part of the Pensacola Convoy and had left Brisbane 30 December 1941 with Army reinforcements composed of the 26th Field Artillery Brigade and Headquarters Battery, the 1st Battalion, 131st Field Artillery and supplies from that convoy destined for Java.[36]
On 30 January, Stewart joined Marblehead and sortied with her from
Stewart joined Admiral Karel Doorman's striking force under the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command on 14 February for an attack on Japanese forces advancing along the northern coast of Sumatra. During the approach, Stewart had to back her engines to avoid a Dutch destroyer ahead of her which had run aground on a reef in Stolze Strait, and, on the following day, 15 February, she survived numerous air attacks in the Bangka Strait. Although they damaged no Allied ships, the air attacks convinced Admiral Doorman that further advance without air cover would be foolhardy, and the Allied force retired. Stewart was detached on 16 February to fuel at Ratai Bay in Sumatra.
Admiral Doorman's forces were scattered when the Japanese landed on Bali on 19 February, and he threw his ships against the enemy in three groups on the night of 19 and 20 February in the Battle of Badung Strait. Stewart was lead ship in the second group and, in several brief but furious night engagements, came under extremely accurate fire from Japanese destroyers. Her boats were shot away, her torpedo racks and galley were hit, and a crippling shot hit the destroyer aft below her water line, opening her seams and flooding the steering engine room. However, the steering engine continued to operate under 2 feet (610 mm) of water; and the destroyer was able to maintain her station in column and return to Surabaya the next morning.
Scuttling
Stewart, as the most severely damaged ship, was the first to enter the floating drydock at Surabaya on 22 February. However, she was inadequately supported in the dock, and as the dock rose, the ship fell off the keel blocks onto her side in 12 feet (3.7 m) of water, bending her propeller shafts and causing further hull damage. With the port under enemy air attack and in danger of falling to the enemy, the ship could not be repaired. Responsibility for the destruction of the ship was given to naval authorities ashore, and Stewart's last crew members left the embattled port on the afternoon of 22 February.
Subsequently, demolition charges were set off within the ship, a Japanese bomb hit amidships further damaged her, and before the port was evacuated on 2 March, the drydock containing her was scuttled. Her name was struck from the Navy list on 25 March 1942 and was soon assigned to a new destroyer escort, USS Stewart (DE-238).
Later in the war, American pilots began reporting an American warship operating far within enemy waters. The ship had a Japanese trunked funnel but the lines of her four-piper hull were unmistakable. After almost a year under water, Stewart had been raised by the Japanese in February 1943 and commissioned into the
In an emotional ceremony on 29 October 1945, the ship was recommissioned in the United States Navy at Kure. Although officially called simply DD-224, she was nicknamed by her crew "RAMP-224," standing for "Recovered Allied Military Personnel". On the trip home, her engines gave out near Guam, and she arrived at
Five Navy F6F Hellcat fighters[37] hit her with 18 rockets and thousands of rounds of 50 calibre ammunition but she refused to go down despite the damage. She was finally sunk by USS PC-799 which finished her off with twelve 40-mm and 17 three-inch shells fired from a range of 300 yards.[38]
Awards
- China Service Medal
- American Defense Service Medal with "FLEET" clasp
- battle stars
- World War II Victory Medal
- Navy Occupation Medalwith "ASIA" clasp
- Philippine Defense Medal
Notes
Citations
- ^ ISBN 0-306-81069-7.
- ^ Characteristics for Japanese career are from documentation provided by the Japanese to the United States when the ship was returned to the U.S. Navy on 15 October 1945.
- ^ a b c d e f JCAHR (C08011350100), Japanese text: p. 3–14, English text: p. 15–36
- ^ a b Ships of the World (1996), p. 104
- ^ Rekishi Gunzō, p. 140
- ^ Rekishi Gunzō, p. 148–149
- ^ a b Gardiner & Gray 1985, pp. 124–125.
- ^ Friedman 1982, pp. 39–42.
- ^ a b c d Klar 1988a, p. 380.
- ^ Lenton 1971, pp. 22–23.
- ^ Klar 1988a, pp. 376–377.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "Stewart (Destroyer No. 224)". Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. Navy Department, Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
- ^ Klar 1988a, pp. 377, 379.
- ^ Klar 1988a, p. 379.
- ^ a b c Klar 1988b, p. 385.
- ^ Klar 1988b, pp. 385–386.
- ^ Klar 1988b, p. 384.
- ^ a b Klar 1988b, p. 387.
- ^ Klar 1988b, pp. 387–388.
- ^ Klar 1988b, p. 389.
- ^ a b c d e Klar 1988b, p. 391.
- ^ "More Gunboats Fired On. American Sailors Wounded". The Times. No. 44374. 11 September 1926. p. 10.
- ^ "U.S. Gunboats Engaged". The Times. No. 44376. 14 September 1926. p. 14.
- ^ "I.—Steamers & Motorships: Missing" (PDF). Statistical Summary of ships of 100 tons and upwards, Totally Lost, Condemned, &c., during the year 1927. London: Lloyds Register of Shipping. July 1928. p. 6. Retrieved 14 March 2022.
- ^ "Warships at Shanghai: Vessels of Eight Nations". The Times. No. 44538. 24 March 1927. p. 13.
- ^ a b c Klar 1988b, p. 392.
- ^ a b c Klar 1988b, p. 393.
- ^ Corkle, Annie B. (14 February 1934). "Cavite Notes". The Tribune. Vol. IX, no. 270. Manila. p. 9. Retrieved 13 March 2022 – via Trove.
- ^ Klar 1988b, p. 394.
- ^ Klar 1988b, p. 395.
- ^ Klar 1988b, pp. 395–396.
- ^ Cox 2014, p. 38.
- ^ a b Klar 1989, p. 139.
- ^ Cox 2014, pp. 38–39.
- ^ Gill 1957, p. 531.
- ^ Masterson 1949, p. 8.
- ^ Staff, "The End of a Unique Career", All Hands, the Bureau of Naval Personnel Information Bulletin, Washington, D.C., July 1946, Number 353, page 50.
- ^ Associated Press, "Tough Old Ship Sent to Bottom – Heavier Guns Used After Rockets Fail", The San Bernardino Sun, San Bernardino, California, Sunday 26 May 1946, Volume 52, page 1.
References
This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships. The entry can be found here.
- Alford, Lodwick H. (2008). Playing for Time. Lulu. ISBN 978-1-4357-5548-2.
- Cox, Jeffrey R. (2014). Rising Sun, Falling Skies: The Disastrous Java Sea Campaign of World War II. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4728-1060-1.
- Friedman, Norman (1982). U.S. Destroyers: An Illustrated Design History. Annapolis, Maryland, USA: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-733-X.
- Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.
- Gill, G. Hermon (1957). Royal Australian Navy 1939-1942. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 2 – Navy. Vol. 1. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 15 March 2011. Retrieved 1 July 2013.
- "Japan Center for Asian Historical Records". (JCAHR), National Archives of Japan
- Reference code: C08030630400, "Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from September 21, 1943 to May 31, 1944, Patrol Boat No. 102 (1)"
- Reference code: C08030630500, "Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from September 21, 1943 to May 31, 1944, Patrol Boat No. 102 (2)"
- Reference code: C08030630600, "Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from September 21, 1943 to May 31, 1944, Patrol Boat No. 102 (3)"
- Reference code: C08030630700, "Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from September 21, 1943 to May 31, 1944, Patrol Boat No. 102 (4)"
- Reference code: C08030630800, "Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from September 21, 1943 to May 31, 1944, Patrol Boat No. 102 (5)"
- Reference code: C08030630900, "Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from September 21, 1943 to May 31, 1944, Patrol Boat No. 102 (6)"
- Reference code: C08030631200, "Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from June 1, 1944 to June 30, 1945, Patrol Boat No. 102 (1)"
- Reference code: C08030631300, "Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from June 1, 1944 to June 30, 1945, Patrol Boat No. 102 (2)"
- Reference code: C08030631400, "Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from June 1, 1944 to June 30, 1945, Patrol Boat No. 102 (3)"
- Reference code: C08030631500, "Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from June 1, 1944 to June 30, 1945, Patrol Boat No. 102 (4)"
- Reference code: C08030631600, "Detailed engagement report and wartime log book from June 1, 1944 to June 30, 1945, Patrol Boat No. 102 (5)"
- Reference code: C08011350100, "Patrol Special Service Craft No.102 delivery list"
- Klar, John W. (1988a). "USS Stewart (DD-224) Design and Construction, Part I". Warship International. XXV (4): 376–383. JSTOR 44892026.
- Klar, John W. (1988b). "History of USS Stewart (DD-224) 1920–1941, Part II". Warship International. XXV (4): 384–398. JSTOR 44892027.
- Klar, John W. (1989). "World War II Operational History of USS Stewart (DD-224), Part III". Warship International. XXVI (2): 139–167. JSTOR 44892087.
- Klar, John W (1990). "USS DD-224 (ex-Stewart)–The Voyage Home". Warship International. XXVII (1): 74–82. ISSN 0043-0374.
- Lenton, H. T. (1971). Navies of the Second World War: American Fleet and Escort Destroyers Volume One. London: Macdonald & Co. ISBN 0-356-03005-9.
- "Rekishi Gunzō"., History of Pacific War Vol.45 "Truth histories of the Imperial Japanese Naval Vessels", ISBN 4-05-603412-5
- Masterson, Dr. James R. (1949). U. S. Army Transportation In The Southwest Pacific Area 1941–1947. Washington, D. C.: Transportation Unit, Historical Division, Special Staff, U. S. Army.
- Toshio, Tamura (2015). "The Career of the Imperial Japanese Navy Patrol Boat No. 102 (ex-USS Stewart, DD-224)". Warship International. LII (3): 227–254. ISSN 0043-0374.
- Monthly Ships of the World, Special issue Vol.45, "Escort Vessels of the Imperial Japanese Navy", "Kaijinsha"., (Japan), February 1996
- The Maru Special, Japanese Naval Vessels No.49 "Japanese Subchasers and Patrol boats", Ushio Shobō (Japan), March 1981, Book code 68343-51
37°44′56″N 122°43′44″W / 37.749°N 122.729°W