Uk (Cyrillic)

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Uk
Ѹ ѹ
Cyrillic
TypeAlphabetic
Sound values/u/
Other
Associated numbers400 (Cyrillic numerals)
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
The Cyrillic script
Slavic letters
У̂
ӮЎӰФХЦЧ
ЏШЩꙎЪЫЬЭ
ЮЯʼˮ
Non-Slavic letters
Я̈
Ӏ
Archaic or unused letters
Я̈
Я̂Я̨ԘѤѦꙘ
ѪꙚѨꙜѬѮѰѲ
ѴѶꙞ

Uk (Ѹ ѹ; italics: Ѹ ѹ) is a

ligature
(Ꙋ ꙋ), called "monograph Uk". In modern times, ⟨оу⟩ has been replaced by the simple ⟨у⟩. Ѹ is romanized as U, Ꙋ is romanized as Ū.[1]

Development in Old East Slavic

ligature

The simplification of the digraph ⟨оу⟩ to ⟨у⟩ was first brought about in

Old East Slavic
texts and only later taken over into South Slavic languages.

One can see this development in the Novgorod

birch-bark letters: The degree to which this letter was used here differed in two positions: in word-initial position or before a vowel (except for the jers
), and after a consonant.

Before a consonant, ⟨оу⟩ was used 89% of the time in the writings before 1100. By 1200, it was used 61% of the time, with the letter ⟨у⟩ used 14% of the time; by 1300, оу had reached 28%, surpassed by ⟨у⟩ at 45%. From the late 14th century on, there are no more instances of ⟨оу⟩ being used in this position, with ⟨у⟩ appearing 95% of the time.

The decrease in usage was more gradual after a consonant. Although there are no instances of the use of ⟨у⟩ in this position before c. 1200, ⟨оу⟩ gradually decreased from 88% before 1100 to 57% by 1200. The frequency of ⟨оу⟩ remained steady between 47% and 44% until 1400, when it experienced another decrease to 32%. Meanwhile, the use of ⟨у⟩ increased from 4% in the early 13th century, to 20% by the mid-13th century, 38% by the mid 14th century, and 58% by the early 15th century.[2]

Church Slavonic

Similarly to the letter

Civil script
.

Representation on computers

The letter Uk was first represented in Unicode 1.1.0 as U+0478 and 0479, CYRILLIC CAPITAL/SMALL LETTER UK (Ѹ ѹ). It was later recognized that the glyph to be used for the letter had not been adequately specified, and it had been represented as either a digraph or monograph letter in different released fonts. There was also the difficulty that in written texts the letter may appear in lowercase (оу), uppercase (Оу), or in all caps (ОУ), which is possible to be used for heading.

To resolve this ambiguity, Unicode 5.1 has deprecated the use of the original code points, introduced U+A64A and A64B, CYRILLIC CAPITAL/SMALL LETTER MONOGRAPH UK (Ꙋ ꙋ), and recommends composing the digraph with two individual characters ⟨о⟩+⟨у⟩.[3]

Unicode 9.0 has also introduced U+1C82 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER NARROW O which can also be used for composing the digraph form (⟨ᲂ⟩+⟨у⟩) and U+1C88 CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER UNBLENDED UK (ᲈ) as a variant of monograph form.[4][5]

However, the recommended method may cause some text representation problems. The letter

У did not originally appear alone in the Old Church Slavonic orthography, and thus its code point was replaced in different Old Slavonic computer fonts with digraph or monograph forms of the Uk or with the tailed form of Izhitsa. Tailed Izhitsa
may be used as a part of the digraph, but using the shape of the monograph Uk as a part of the digraph Uk (оꙋ) is incorrect.

The minuscule monograph Uk was used in the

Ȣ ligature or Latin gamma
are occasionally used instead.

Computing codes

Character information
Preview О о ᲂ У у
Unicode name CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER O CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER O CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER NARROW O CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER U CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER U
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 1054 U+041E 1086 U+043E 7298 U+1C82 1059 U+0423 1091 U+0443
UTF-8 208 158 D0 9E 208 190 D0 BE 225 178 130 E1 B2 82 208 163 D0 A3 209 131 D1 83
Numeric character reference О О о о ᲂ ᲂ У У у у
Named character reference О о У у
Character information
Preview Ѹ ѹ Ꙋ ꙋ ᲈ
Unicode name CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER UK CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER UK CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER
MONOGRAPH UK 		CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER
MONOGRAPH UK 		CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER
UNBLENDED UK
Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex dec hex
Unicode 1144 U+0478 1145 U+0479 42570 U+A64A 42571 U+A64B 7304 U+1C88
UTF-8 209 184 D1 B8 209 185 D1 B9 234 153 138 EA 99 8A 234 153 139 EA 99 8B 225 178 136 E1 B2 88
Numeric character reference Ѹ Ѹ ѹ ѹ Ꙋ Ꙋ ꙋ ꙋ ᲈ ᲈ

See also

References

  1. ^ "Church Slavic" (PDF). Library of Congress. 2022. Retrieved 2024-08-11.
  2. ISBN 5-94457-165-9
    .
  3. ^ Everson, Michael; et al. (2007). "Proposal to encode additional Cyrillic characters in the BMP of the UCS" (application/pdf).
  4. ^ "Cyrillic Extended-C: Range: 1C80–1C8F" (PDF). The Unicode Standard, Version 9.0. 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-15.
  5. ^ "Church Slavonic Typography in Unicode" (PDF). Aleksandr Andreev, Yuri Shardt, Nikita Simmons. 2015. pp. 13–15. Retrieved 2016-07-15.

Further reading

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