Ulster Volunteers

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Ulster Volunteer Force
Succeeded by
Absorbed into the Ulster Special Constabulary
Ulster Volunteer Force in 1914

The Ulster Volunteers was an Irish

First World War. Much of the UVF enlisted with the British Army's 36th (Ulster) Division and went to fight on the Western Front
.

After the war, the British Government decided to

Southern Ireland. However, by 1920 the Irish War of Independence was raging and the Irish Republican Army (IRA) was launching attacks on British forces in Ireland. In response, the UVF was revived. It was involved in some sectarian clashes and minor actions against the IRA. However, this revival was largely unsuccessful and the UVF was absorbed into the Ulster Special Constabulary
(USC), the new reserve police force of Northern Ireland.

A loyalist paramilitary group calling itself the Ulster Volunteer Force was formed in 1966. It claims to be a direct descendant of the older organisation and uses the same logo, but there are no organisational links between the two.[1]

Before World War I

By 1912, the

Protestants were the majority in Ulster and in Great Britain. Many Ulster Protestants feared being governed by a Catholic-dominated parliament in Dublin and losing their local supremacy and strong links with Britain.[2]

The two key figures in the creation of the Ulster Volunteers were

British War Office. At the start of 1912, leading unionists and members of the Orange Order (a Protestant fraternity) began forming small local militias and drilling. On 9 April Carson and Bonar Law, leader of the Conservative & Unionist Party, reviewed 100,000 Ulster Volunteers marching in columns.[3] On 28 September, 218,206[4] men signed the Ulster Covenant, vowing to use "all means which may be found necessary to defeat the present conspiracy to set up a Home Rule Parliament in Ireland", with the support of 234,046 women.[5]

In January 1913, the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) was formally established by the

Sir George Richardson KCB.[7] William Gibson was the first commander of the 3rd East Belfast Regiment of the Ulster Volunteers.[8]

The Ulster Unionists enjoyed the wholehearted support of the British Conservative Party, even when threatening rebellion against the British government. On 23 September 1913, the 500 delegates of the Ulster Unionist Council met to discuss the practicalities of setting up a provisional government for Ulster, should Home Rule be implemented.[9]

On 25 November 1913, partly in response to the formation of the UVF,

Irish nationalists formed the Irish Volunteers – a militia whose role was to safeguard Home Rule.[10]

In March 1914, the British Army's

Larne gunrunning
.

The Ulster Volunteers were a continuation of what has been described as the "Protestant volunteering tradition, in Ireland", which since 1666 spans the various Irish Protestant militias founded to defend Ireland from foreign threat.[11] References to the most prominent of these militias, the Irish Volunteers, was frequently made, and there were also attempts to link the activities of the two.[11]

World War I

A mural in Belfast showing four recipients of the Victoria Cross from the 36th (Ulster) Division, with the UVF logo in the middle

The third Home Rule Bill was eventually passed despite the objections of the

Battle of Gallipoli. Both of the remaining divisions suffered heavy casualties in July 1916 during the Battle of the Somme and were largely wiped out in 1918 during the German spring offensive.[15]

Although many UVF officers left to join the British Army during the war, the unionist leadership wanted to preserve the UVF as a viable force, aware that the issue of Home Rule and partition would be revisited when the war ended. There were also fears of a German naval raid on Ulster and so much of the UVF was recast as a home defence force.[16]

World War I ended in November 1918. On 1 May 1919, the UVF was 'demobilised' when Richardson stood down as its

General Officer Commanding. In Richardson's last orders to the UVF, he stated:

Existing conditions call for the demobilisation of the Ulster Volunteers. The Force was organised, to protect the interests of the Province of Ulster, at a time when trouble threatened. The success of the organisation speaks for itself, as a page of history, in the records of Ulster that will never fade.[17]

During Partition

In the

Southern Ireland. The unionist-dominated Parliament of Northern Ireland
chose to remain a part of the United Kingdom.

As a response to IRA attacks within Ulster, the

Lieutenant Colonel Wilfrid Spender as the UVF's Officer Commanding.[18] At the same time, announcements were printed in unionist newspapers calling on all former UVF members to report for duty.[18] However, this call met with limited success; for example, each Belfast battalion drew little more than 100 men each and they were left mostly unarmed.[18] The UVF's revival also met with little backing from unionists in Great Britain.[18]

During the conflict, loyalists set up small independent "vigilance groups" in many parts of Ulster. Most of these groups would patrol their areas and report anything untoward to the RIC. Some of them were armed with UVF rifles from 1914.[19] There were also a number of small loyalist paramilitary groups, the most notable of which was the Ulster Imperial Guards, who may have overreached the UVF in terms of membership.[19] Historian Peter Hart wrote the following of these groups:

Also occasionally targeted [by the IRA] were Ulster Protestants who saw the republican guerrilla campaign as an invasion of their territory, where they formed the majority. Loyalist activists responded by forming vigilante groups, which soon acquired official status as part of the Ulster Special Constabulary. These men spearheaded the wave of anti-Catholic violence that began in July 1920 and continued for two years. This onslaught was part of an Ulster Unionist counter-revolution, whose gunmen operated almost exclusively as ethnic cleansers and avengers.[20]

The UVF was involved in sectarian clashes in Derry in June 1920. Catholic homes were burned in the mainly-Protestant Waterside area, and UVF members fired on Catholics fleeing by boat across the River Foyle. UVF members fired from the Fountain neighbourhood into adjoining Catholic districts, and the IRA returned fire.[21] Thirteen Catholics and five Protestants were killed in a week of violence.[22] In August 1920, the UVF helped organise the mass burning of Catholic property in Lisburn. This was in response to the IRA assassinating an RIC Inspector in the town.[23] That October, armed UVF members drove off an IRA unit that had attacked the RIC barracks in Tempo, County Fermanagh.[24]

The sluggish recruitment to the UVF and its failure to stop IRA activities in Ulster prompted

special constabulary.[25] In October 1920, the Ulster Special Constabulary (USC) formed, intended to serve as an armed reserve force to bolster the RIC and fight the IRA. Spender encouraged UVF members to join it and many did , although the USC did not engulf the bulk of the UVF (and other loyalist paramilitary groups) until early 1922.[25] Craig hoped to "neutralise" the loyalist paramilitaries by enrolling them in the C Division of the USC, a move that was backed by the British government.[26] Historian Michael Hopkinson wrote that the USC, "amounted to an officially approved UVF".[27] Unlike the RIC, the USC was almost wholly Protestant and was greatly mistrusted by Catholics and nationalists. Following IRA attacks, the USC often carried out revenge killings and reprisals against Catholic civilians.[28]

In his book Carson's Army: the Ulster Volunteer Force 1910–22, Timothy Bowman gave the following as his last thought on the UVF during this period:

It is questionable the extent to which the UVF did actually reform in 1920. Possibly the UVF proper amounted to little more than 3,000 men in this period and it is noticeable that the UVF never had a formal disbandment ... possibly so that attention would not be drawn to the extent to which the formation of 1920–22 was such a pale shadow of that of 1913–14.[29]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ MacDermott, John (1979). An Enriching Life. Privately published. p. 42.
  2. ISBN 0856404985
    .
  3. ^ "BBC Short History of Ireland: Home Rule promised". Archived from the original on 18 May 2010.
  4. ISBN 0-85389539-2
    .
  5. ^ "HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN (from 1707)". www.historyworld.net. Archived from the original on 11 April 2007. Retrieved 27 February 2007.
  6. ^ "Ireland - The 20th-century crisis". Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 30 April 2020.
  7. ^ Martin, Francis X. (1967). Leaders and Men of the Easter Rising: Dublin 1916. Taylor & Francis. p. 72. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
  8. ^ Timothy Bowman, Carson's Army: the Ulster Volunteer Force, 1910-22, p.98
  9. ^ HM Hyde; Carson. p340-341.
  10. ISBN 978-1-84176-685-0
  11. ^
    ISBN 9780719073724
    .
  12. ^ Macardle, Dorothy (1968). The Irish Republic. Corgi Books. p. 69.
  13. ISBN 0-14-029165-2
    .
  14. ^ Fisk says 35,000 enlisted. 5,000 being killed during the attack on German lines at Thiepval on the Somme. P.15.
  15. ^ Stewart, A.T.Q. (1967). The Ulster Crisis. Faber & Faber. pp. 237–242.
  16. ^ Bowman, p.166
  17. ^ Bowman, pp.182-183
  18. ^ a b c d e Bowman, Timothy. Carson's Army: the Ulster Volunteer Force 1910–22. p.192
  19. ^ a b Bowman, p.190
  20. ^ Peter Hart in, Joost Augusteijn (ed), The Irish Revolution, p.25
  21. ^ Lawlor, Pearse. The Outrages: The IRA and the Ulster Special Constabulary in the Border Campaign. Mercier Press, 2011. pp. 16–17
  22. ^ Eunan O'Halpin & Daithí Ó Corráin. The Dead of the Irish Revolution. Yale University Press, 2020. pp.143–145
  23. ^ Lawlor, pp.115–121, 153
  24. ^ Lawlor, pp. 74–75
  25. ^ a b Bowman, p.195
  26. ^ Bowman, p.198
  27. ^ Hopkinson, Irish War of Independence, p. 158
  28. ^ Michael Hopkinson, The Irish War of Independence, p263
  29. ^ Bowman, p.201

Bibliography

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulster_Volunteers&oldid=1185804473"