Battle of Cambrai (1917)
Battle of Cambrai (1917) | |||||||||
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Part of the First World War | |||||||||
German soldiers recovering a British Mark IV tank | |||||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||||
France United States (30 November) | Germany | ||||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
Georg von der Marwitz Otto von Moser Hugo von Kathen | |||||||||
Strength | |||||||||
2 corps 476 tanks (378 combat tanks) | 1 corps | ||||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||||
75,681 (10,042 killed) 180 tanks | 54,720 (8,817 killed) |
The Battle of Cambrai (Battle of Cambrai, 1917, First Battle of Cambrai and Schlacht von Cambrai) was a British attack in the
After a big British success on the first day, mechanical unreliability, German artillery and infantry defences exposed the frailties of the
Prelude
British plan
Proposals for an operation in the Cambrai area using a large number of tanks originated from Brigadier
Tudor's plan sought to test new methods in
Air support
Two weeks before the start of the battle, the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) began to train its pilots in ground-attack tactics. Before the ground offensive, the RFC was assigned sets of targets to attack, including trenches, supply points and enemy airfields.[10]
Battle
Third Army
The battle began at dawn, approximately 06:30 on 20 November, with a predicted bombardment by 1,003 guns on German defences, followed by smoke and a creeping barrage at 300 yd (270 m) ahead to cover the first advances. Despite efforts to preserve secrecy, the Germans had received sufficient intelligence to be on moderate alert: an attack on Havrincourt was anticipated, as was the use of tanks. The attacking force was six infantry divisions of the
On the IV Corps front, the 51st (Highland) Division (Major-General George Harper) was held at Flesquières, its first objective, which left the attacking divisions on each flank exposed to enfilade fire. Harper had used a local variation of the tank drill instead of the standard one laid down by the Tank Corps.[b] Flesquières was one of the most fortified points in the German line and was flanked by other strong points. Its defenders under Major Krebs acquitted themselves well against the tanks, almost forty being knocked out by the artillery in the vicinity.[c] The Lone gunner of Flesquières (a common explanation of the "mythical" German officer) ignored the fact that the British tanks were opposed by a specialist anti-tank unit benefiting from the experience against French tanks in the Nivelle Offensive. The Germans abandoned Flesquières during the night.[16]
To the west of Flesquières, the
The effort was aimed at
The 40th Division attack reached the crest of the ridge but were held there and suffered more than 4,000 casualties in three days. More British troops were pushed in to move beyond the woods but the British reserves were rapidly depleted and more German reinforcements were arriving.[24] The final British effort was on 27 November by the 62nd Division aided by 30 tanks. Early success was soon reversed by a German counter-attack. The British now held a salient roughly 6.8 mi × 5.9 mi (11 km × 9.5 km) with its front along the crest of the ridge.[25] On 28 November, the offensive was stopped and the British troops were ordered to lay wire and dig in. The Germans were quick to concentrate their artillery on the new British positions. On 28 November, more than 16,000 shells were fired into the wood.[26]
German 2nd Army
As the British took the ridge, German reinforcements began to arrive. By 23 November, the German command felt that a British breakthrough had been prevented and began to consider a counter-stroke and twenty divisions were assembled in the Cambrai area.[27] The Germans planned to retake the Bourlon salient and also to attack around Havrincourt, with diversionary attacks to hold IV Corps; it was hoped to at least reach the old positions on the Hindenburg Line. The Germans intended to employ the new tactics of a short, intense period of shelling followed by a rapid assault using Hutier infiltration tactics, leading elements attacking in groups rather than waves and bypassing strong opposition. Three divisions of Gruppe Arras (Generalleutnant Otto von Moser) were to conduct the initial assault at Bourlon.[28] On the eastern flank of the British salient, Gruppe Caudry was to attack from Bantouzelle to Rumilly to capture Marcoing.[29] Gruppe Busigny advanced from Banteux. The two Gruppen had seven infantry divisions.[28]
British VII Corps (Lieutenant-General Thomas Snow), to the south of the threatened area, warned III Corps of German preparations. The German attack began at 7:00 a.m. on 30 November; almost immediately, the majority of III Corps divisions were heavily engaged.[d] The German infantry advance in the south was unexpectedly swift. The commanders of the 12th (Eastern) Division and 29th Division were almost captured, with Brigadier-General Berkeley Vincent having to fight his way out of his headquarters and grab men from retreating units to try to halt the Germans. In the south, the German advance spread across 8.1 mi (13 km) and came within a few miles of the village of Metz and its link to Bourlon.[31]
At Bourlon, the Germans suffered many casualties.[32] British units displayed reckless determination; one group of eight British machine-guns fired over 70,000 rounds against the German advance. The concentration of British effort to hold the ridge was effective but allowed the German advance elsewhere greater opportunity. Only counter-attacks by the Guards Division, the arrival of British tanks and the fall of night allowed the line to be held. By the following day, the impetus of the German advance was lost but pressure on 3 December led to the German capture of La Vacquerie and a British withdrawal on the east bank of the St Quentin canal. The Germans had reached a line curving from Quentin Ridge to near Marcoing. The German capture of Bonavis ridge made the British hold on Bourlon precarious.[33] On 3 December, Haig ordered a partial retreat from the north salient and by 7 December, the British gains were abandoned except for a portion of the Hindenburg line around Havrincourt, Ribécourt and Flesquières. The Germans had exchanged this territorial loss for a slightly smaller sector to the south of Welsh Ridge.[34]
Aftermath
Analysis
The first day of success was greeted in Britain by the ringing of church bells.[35] The massed use of tanks, despite being a further increase on previous deployments, was not entirely new but the success of the attack and the resulting Allied press enthusiasm,[citation needed] including in the United States, were unprecedented.[4] The particular effectiveness of the tanks at Cambrai was the initial passage through barbed wire defences, which had been previously "supposed by the Germans to be impregnable".[36]
The initial British success showed that even the strongest trench defences could be overcome by a surprise attack, using a combination of new methods and equipment, reflecting a general increase in the British capacity to combine infantry, artillery, tanks and aircraft in attacks.[37] The German revival after the shock of the British attack improved German morale but the potential for similar attacks meant that the Germans had to divert resources to anti-tank defences and weapons, an extra demand that the Germans could ill afford to meet,
Wherever the ground offers suitable going for tanks, surprise attacks like this may be expected. That being the case, there can be no more mention, therefore, of quiet fronts.
The German counter-attack showed the effectiveness of artillery, trench mortars and evolving stormtrooper tactics, adopted from a pattern introduced by General Hutier against the Russians.[39][page needed][37] From the German perspective, questions arose regarding battlefield supply beyond railheads and the suitability of the MG 08 machine gun for rapid movement.[40][page needed] By the end of the battle, the British retained some of the ground captured in the north and the Germans a smaller amount taken in the south. The British conducted several investigations, including a Court of Enquiry.[39][page needed]
Casualties
According to the Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire during the Great War, British forces in the period of the Battle of Cambrai suffered 75,681 casualties, 10,042 killed or died of wounds, 48,702 wounded and 16,987 missing or prisoners of war.[41] Nearly 180 tanks were destroyed.[42] According to the German Army Medical report in the World War 1914–1918 German forces suffered 54,720 casualties at Cambrai, 8,817 killed and died of wounds, 22,931 wounded and 22,972 missing and prisoners of war.[43] The British recorded casualties on the basis of a daily head count and the Germans counted the number of patients in hospital every ten days, which omitted lightly wounded, expected to return to service in a few days, not evacuated from the corps area.[citation needed]
Memorials and cemeteries
The Battle of Cambrai is commemorated annually by the Royal Tank Regiment on Cambrai Day, a major event in the regiment's calendar. The contributions of the
British burial sites
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission has four Memorials with the names or remains of 9,100 Commonwealth servicemen dead during the Battle of Cambrai:
- Cambrai Memorial to the Missing – the monument lists 7,048[46] missing soldiers of the United Kingdom and South Africa who died and have no known graves.[47]
- Flesquieres Hill British Cemetery – 900 servicemen were buried, one third unidentified.[48]
- Orival Wood Cemetery – 200 servicemen buried.[48]
- Hermies Hill British Cemetery – 1,000 servicemen buried.[48]
German burial sites
The German War Cemetery on the Route de Solesmes was established before the offensive in May 1917, currently it accommodates the remains of 10,685 German and 501 British soldiers.[49]
Notes
- ^ The battle is sometimes described as the first use of large numbers of tanks in combat or even as the first use of tanks at all. Although it was the first big combined arms operation, tanks had been used since the Battle of Flers–Courcelette on the Somme in September 1916.[3]
- ^ Hammond rebutted claims that Harper's changes contributed to the British failure and wrote that they had been exaggerated by Wilfrid Miles, Christopher Baker-Carr and others. The attack was the sixth occasion when the division operated with tanks and the ground in the 51st (Highland) Division area had far more small fortifications. The methods chosen had been tested in training and were not the cause of the check at Flesquières, which was due to the presence in the German 54th Division of Field Artillery Regiment 108 (FAR 108), specially trained in anti-tank tactics and the reluctance of Harper, to commit his reserve brigade.[13]
- ^ Some accounts claim five were knocked out by an artillery officer, Theodor Krüger, of FAR 108. Haig's dispatch praised the gunner's bravery in his diary.[14] There is little evidence for Krüger's actions, although it is possible that he may have been responsible for as many as nine tanks. Twenty-eight tanks were lost in the action, through German artillery-fire and breakdowns. Haig concluded that skirmishing infantry was needed, to bring the artillery crews under small-arms fire to allow the tanks to operate.[15]
- ^ US troops played a slight role in the fighting on 30 November, when a detachment of the 11th Engineer (Railway) Regiment, working on construction behind British lines, dug reserve trenches at the village of Fins; they were later engaged in combat and suffered 28 casualties.[30]
References
- ^ "Indian Army on the Western Front". Retrieved 10 August 2020.
- ^ "Newfoundlanders in the Battle of Cambrai, 1917". Retrieved 10 May 2021.
- ^ Harris 1995, p. 62–63.
- ^ a b Littledale 1918, pp. 836–848.
- ^ Hammond 2009, pp. 429–430.
- ^ Miles 1991, pp. 291, 173–249.
- ^ Miles 1991, pp. 4–6.
- ^ a b Miles 1991, pp. 17–30.
- ^ Hammond 2009, p. 57.
- ^ McNab 2012, p. 72.
- ^ Miles 1991, p. 69.
- ^ Miles 1991, pp. 66–67.
- ^ Hammond 2009, pp. 83–86, 435.
- ^ Sheffield & Bourne 2005, p. 348.
- ^ Hammond 2009, p. 233.
- ^ Miles 1991, pp. 59, 108.
- ^ Miles 1991, p. 90.
- ^ Miles 1991, p. 88.
- ^ Miles 1991, pp. 98–100.
- ^ Miles 1991, pp. 101–107.
- ^ Miles 1991, pp. 88–93.
- ^ Miles 1991, pp. 108–114.
- ^ Miles 1991, pp. 115–136.
- ^ Miles 1991, pp. 126–136.
- ^ Miles 1991, pp. 144–161.
- ^ Miles 1991, pp. 162–175.
- ^ Rogers 2010, p. 180; Sheldon 2009, pp. 188–207.
- ^ a b Sheldon 2009, p. 208.
- ^ Sheldon 2009, p. 207.
- ^ Miles 1991, p. 187.
- ^ Sheldon 2009, pp. 234–242.
- ^ Sheldon 2009, pp. 255–268.
- ^ Sheldon 2009, pp. 273–297.
- ^ Miles 1991, pp. 257–258, 275–277.
- ^ Miles 1991, p. 278.
- ^ Sheldon 2009, p. 9–10.
- ^ a b Sheldon 2009, p. ix.
- ^ Sheldon 2009, p. 312.
- ^ a b Hammond 2009.
- ^ Sheldon 2009.
- ^ Stat 1922, p. 326.
- ^ "The Battle of Cambrai; 'We had the sense of victory for the first time'". BBC. 17 September 2019.
- ^ Sanitätsbericht 1934, p. 55.
- ^ Nicholson 2006, p. 517.
- ^ "Darmstadt garrison bids Germany farewell".
- ^ "The Cambrai Battlefields: Louverval Memorial to the Missing". World War One Battlefields. 2011. Archived from the original on 7 September 2007. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
- ^ "CWGC Memorials". Malvern Remembers. Archived from the original on 25 December 2007. Retrieved 28 December 2007.
- ^ a b c "Battle of Cambrai". Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Archived from the original on 14 August 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
- ^ "German War Cemetery at La Route de Solesmes and Cambrai East Military Cemetery". Office de tourisme du Cambrésis. Archived from the original on 27 November 2021.
Bibliography
- Hammond, B. (2009). Cambrai 1917: The Myth of the First Great Tank Battle. London: Orion. ISBN 978-0-7538-2605-8.
- Harris, J. P. (1995). Men, Ideas and Tanks: British Military Thought and Armoured Forces, 1903–1939. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-4814-2.
- Harris, J. P. (2009) [2008]. Douglas Haig and the First World War (repr. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89802-7.
- Littledale, Harold A. (December 1918). "With the Tanks". The Atlantic. Part I Anatomy and Habitat. pp. 836–848. ISSN 1072-7825.
- McNab, Chris (2012). Battle Story: Cambrai 1917. Stroud: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-8371-9.
- Miles, W. (1991) [1991]. Military Operations France and Belgium 1917: The Battle of Cambrai. History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. III (Imperial War Museum & Battery Press ed.). ISBN 978-0-89839-162-6.
- ISBN 978-0-7735-3133-8.
- Rogers, D., ed. (2010). Landrecies to Cambrai: Case Studies of German Offensive and Defensive Operations on the Western Front 1914–17. Solihull: Helion. ISBN 978-1-906033-76-7.
- Sanitätsbericht über das Deutschen Heeres, im Weltkriege 1914–1918 Band III Die Krankenbewegung bei dem Deutschen Feld- und Besatzungsheer [Medical Services of the German Army During the World War 1914–1918 Transport of Casualties about the German Field and Garrison Armies] (in German). Vol. III. Berlin: Verlag Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. 1934. OCLC 493867080.
- Sheffield, G.; Bourne, J. (2005). Douglas Haig: War Diaries and Letters 1914–1918 (1st ed.). Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 978-0-297-84702-1.
- Sheldon, J. (2009). The German Army at Cambrai. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. ISBN 978-1-84415-944-4.
- Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire During the Great War, 1914–1920 (online scan ed.). London: HMSO. 1922. Retrieved 30 May 2021 – via Archive Foundation.
Further reading
- Fasse, A. (2007). "Chapter 9, 'From mud, through blood, to the green fields beyond'. Tanks and tank defence in the Battle at Cambrai, November–December, 1917" (PDF). Im Zeichen des "Tankdrachen". Die Kriegführung an der Westfront 1916–1918 im Spannungsverhältnis zwischen Einsatz eines neuartigen Kriegsmittels der Alliierten und deutschen Bemühungen um seine Bekämpfung [The "Tank Dragon": Warfare on the Western Front 1916–1918 and the Conflict Between a New Allied Weapon of War and German Efforts to Counter It] (PhD) (in German). Berlin: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. pp. 312–466. OCLC 724056938. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
- Hammond, C. B. (2005). The Theory and Practice of Tank Co-operation with other Arms on the Western Front during the First World War (pdf). University of Birmingham. OCLC 500192984. uk.bl.ethos.433696. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
- Smithers, A. J. (2014) [1992]. Cambrai: The First Great Tank Battle. Barnsley: Pen & Sword.
External links
- U.S. Army Center of Military History: World War I Campaigns
- The Cambrai Operations: 20 November to 7 December 1917 from the British Army in the Great War
- the battlefield today
- Map 1914–1918.net
- Photos of the battlefield taken 89 years to the month of the 1917 battle
- Lists of individual tanks and their actions at Cambrai