Umayyad conquest of Sindh

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Umayyad conquest of Sindh
Part of Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent

The state of Sindh in 700 AD
Date711 AD
Location
Sindh and Multan
Result Umayyad victory
Territorial
changes		 Sindh becomes a caliphal province
Belligerents
Umayyad Empire
 Brahmin dynasty of Sindh
Commanders and leaders

Muhammad Bin Qasim

Supported by

Buddhist Jats

Raja Dahir

Hindu Jats[1]

The Umayyad conquest of Sindh took place in 711 AD against the ruling

Raja Dahir.[2]

Background

Although there was no connection between Arabia and Sindh, the war being started was due to events of piracy that plagued the Arabian Sea, at the time the caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate offered Raja Dahir protection and sovereignty if he would help him in quelling the piracy.

Raja Dahir of Sindh had refused to return Arab rebels from Sindh

Muhammad bin Qasim to Sindh. His artillery of five catapults (manj'neeqs) were sent to Debal by sea.[10]

Invasion

See also: Siege of Debal and Battle of Aror

After conquering

Brahman dynasty and offering honours and awards to their religious leaders and scholars.[11] This arrangement with local Brahman elites resulted in the continued persecution of Jatts, with Bin Qasim confirming the existing Brahman regulation forbidding them from wearing anything but coarse clothing and requiring them to always walk barefoot accompanied by dogs.[11]

Hindu and Buddhist response

Majority of

Hindu, but a significant minority adhered to Buddhism as well.[12]

Buddhists collaborated and sided[13][14] with the Arabs, before the invasion even began,[15][16] something that the primary sources describe as well.[17][18][16]

Soviet historian, Yu V. Gankovsky, writes that the Arab invasions were only made successful, because leaders of the

Buddhist community of Sindh, despised and opposed the Brahmin ruler, hence sympathizing with the Arab invaders and even helping them in times.[19]

On the other hand,

Hindu Brahmin resistance against the Arabs continued for much longer, both in upper Sindh and Multan.[20]

The eastern Hindu

Lohanas. Chronicles such as the Chach Nama, Zainul-Akhbar and Tarikh-I-Baihaqi have recorded battles between Hindu Jats and forces of Muhammad ibn Qasim.[1]

Aftermath

Following his success in Sindh,

Muhammad bin Qasim wrote to `the kings of Hind' calling upon them to surrender and accept the faith of Islam.[21] He dispatched a force against al-Baylaman (Bhinmal), which is said to have offered submission. The Mid people of Surast (Maitrakas of Vallabhi) also made peace.[22] Bin Qasim then sent a cavalry of 10,000 to Kanauj, along with a decree from the Caliph. He himself went with an army to the prevailing frontier of Kashmir called panj-māhīyāt (in west Punjab).[23] Nothing is known of the Kanauj expedition. The frontier of Kashmir might be what is referred to as al-Kiraj in later records (Kira kingdom in Kangra Valley, Himachal Pradesh),[24] which was apparently subdued.[25]

Bin Qasim was recalled in 715 CE and died en route.

Umar II (r. 717–720) was relatively peaceful. Umar invited the kings of "al-Hind" to convert to Islam and become his subjects, in return for which they would continue to remain kings. Hullishah of Sindh and other kings accepted the offer and adopted Arab names.[26]

The Umayyad conquest brought the region into the cosmopolitan network of Islam. Many Sindhi Muslims played an important part during the

Abu Mashar Sindhi and Abu Raja Sindhi. Famous jurist Abd al-Rahman al-Awza'i is also reported by Al-Dhahabi to be originally from Sindh.[27]

References

  1. ^
    ISBN 9781351558242
    . Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  2. ISBN 9780674660113
    .
  3. ^ Fredunbeg, Mirza Kalichbeg, "The Chachnama: An Ancient History of Sind", pp57
  4. ^ El Hareir & M'Baye 2011, pp. 604–605
  5. ^ a b c Wink (2002), pg.164
  6. ^ Gier, Nicholas F. (May 2006). From Mongols to Mughals: Religious Violence in India 9th-18th Centuries. Pacific Northwest Regional Meeting American Academy of Religion. Gonzaga University. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012.
  7. ^ Berzin, Alexander. "The Historical Interaction between the Buddhist and Islamic Cultures before the Mongol Empire: First Muslim Incursion into the Indian Subcontinent". Study Buddhism. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
  8. ^ al-Balādhurī 1924, p. 216
  9. ^ Fredunbeg, Mirza Kalichbeg, "The Chachnama: An Ancient History of Sind", pp69
  10. ^ a b Wink (2004) pg 201–205
  11. ^
    JSTOR 41289417
    .
  12. ISBN 9789047441816
    . Retrieved September 8, 2023. Sind's majority population followed Hindu traditions but a substantial minority was Buddhist.
  13. ^ Nizam, Muhammad Huzaifa (January 15, 2023). "HOW THE INDUS VALLEY FED ISLAM'S GOLDEN AGE". DAWN. Archived from the original on January 15, 2023. Retrieved September 8, 2023. The mercantile Sindhi Buddhists largely cooperated with the Muslims both during and after the conquest
  14. ^ Jabewal, Jagjit Singh (November 1, 2004). "The Arab conquest of Sindh and Ismaili missionary work". The Milli Gazette. Archived from the original on September 8, 2023. Retrieved September 8, 2023. There is overwhelming evidence suggesting Buddhist connivance in the Arab conquest of Sindh. They were not averse to the Arab conquest and they cooperated with the invaders.
  15. ISBN 9780415580618
    . Retrieved September 8, 2023. It is quite likely therefore that some form of Buddhist collaboration with the Arabs may have begun even before the Arab invasion.
  16. ^
    ISBN 9789004085510. Archived
    from the original on March 2, 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2023. Buddhists tended to collaborate to a significantly greater extent and at an earlier date than did Hindus.... Where the primary sources refer to religious affiliation,Buddhist conmunities (as opposed to individuals) are always (there is no exception) mentioned in terms of collaboration.... Furthermore, Buddhists generally collaborated early in the campaign before the major conquest of Sind had been achieved and even before the conquest of towns in which they were resident and which were held by strong garrisons.
  17. JSTOR 26609161
    . Retrieved September 8, 2023. The primary sources indicate that the Buddhists tended to collaborate with the invading Arabs at an early date
  18. ISBN 9788190891806
    . Retrieved September 8, 2023. At the time of the Arab invasion, the Buddhists repudiated their allegiance to Dahir and decided to cooperate with his enemy.
  19. ^ Gankovsky, Yu. V.; Gavrilov, Igor (1973). "The Peoples of Pakistan: An Ethnic History". Nauka Publishing House. pp. 116–117. Retrieved September 8, 2023. ....the invasion of Sind was all the easier because the leaders of the Buddhist community were in opposition to the Hindu rulers and sympathized with the Arabic [sic] invaders and sometimes even helped them.
  20. ISBN 9780226340500
    . Retrieved September 8, 2023. While the results of Buddhist collaboration in Sind were short-lived, the history of Hinduism there continued in multiple forms, first with Brahman-led resistance continuing in upper Sind around Multan...
  21. ^ Wink 2002, p. 206: "And Al-Qasim wrote letters `to the kings of Hind (bi-mulūk-i-hind) calling upon them all to surrender and accept the faith of Islam (bi-muṭāwa`at-o-islām)'. Ten thousand-strong cavalries were sent to Kannauj from Multan, with a decree of the caliph, inviting the people `to share in the blessings of Islam, to submit and do homage and pay tribute'."
  22. ^ Al-Baladhuri 1924, p. 223.
  23. ^ Wink 2002, p. 206.
  24. ^ Tripathi 1989, p. 218.
  25. ^ Blankinship 1994, p. 132.
  26. ^ Wink 2002, p. 207.
  27. ^ The Voice of Islam. Jamiyat-ul-Falah. 1967. p. 96. The origin of al - Awza'i is traced from Sind , wherefrom he or his parents came to Syria...
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