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Hejaz

Result Muslim victoryTerritorial
changes Muhammad

Makkah

Belligerents Muslims of Madinah

Makkah

Commanders and leaders

az-Zubayr ibn al-'Awwam
Khalid ibn al-Walid

()

Umayyah ibn Khalaf †
Abu Sufyan ibn Harb

Khalid ibn al-Walid

(–627)Strength 313-317 at Badr to 10,000 in the Conquest of MakkahCasualties and losses 100 1000

Muhammad's campaign against the Quraish

Muhammad's campaign against the Quraish (624–629 or 630), is the six-year-long military and religious conflict between the early Muslims led by Muhammad, and the Arab pagan Quraysh tribe.

Muslims believe Muhammad began receiving revelation around 610. He preached Islam in secret for three years, before openly preaching the religion. Subsequently, the early Muslims of Mecca faced persecution at the hands of the Quraysh. After being threatened with murder by the Quraysh, Muhammad received pledges of protection from the Ansar of Yathrib. He then allowed his followers to emigrate to the city, before leaving for Yathrib in 624 himself. Following his migration, Muhammad took to intercepting the caravans of the Quraysh as a means of retaliation and compensation for the wealth lost by his Meccan companions.

The conflict began with the

kunyah Abu Jahl by Muhammad. Abu Jahl, among several other leaders of the Quraish, died at Badr, which led to the leadership of the Quraish being transferred to Abu Sufyan. The Battle of Badr was followed by a failed attempt at the invasion of Madinah by the Quraysh under Abu Sufyan which culminated in the Battle of Uhud in December 624, and later by a confederation of Arab and Jewish tribes attempting to besiege Madinah in the Battle of the Trench

in early 627.

After his victory in the

conquest of Mecca

on the premises of the violation of the treaty in late 629 or early 630.

Muhammad died just two years after the Conquest of Mecca in 632. The war holds high importance and significance in the

Early Islamic expansion throughout the Arabian Peninsula

and beyond.

Background

Muhammad was born and lived in Makkah for the first 50 years of his life (570-620 CE). Proclaiming divine revelation and

prophethood (nubuwwah) at the age of 40, he set out to spread the message of Islam to his people, the Quraish. Only around 70 of his people accepted his message and they were subject to torture and humiliation by the majority of the Quraish, who followed the traditional Arab religion of paganism

.

Fearing for the safety of his people and after receiving two delegations from the people of Yathrib, Muhammad gave his people the permission to move to Yathrib. 70 of them promptly left, followed by Muhammad and Abu Bakr.

Pre-war events

The Pledges of al-'Aqabah

First Pledge of al-'Aqabah

6 men from Yathrib came to Makkah for the pilgrimage (Hajj) in the 11th year of Muhammad's prophethood (nubuwwah). Muhammad, along with

Abu Bakr and 'Ali, met with these men at al-'Aqabah to whom Muhammad spread the message of Islam. They returned to Yathrib and came back to Makkah during the next pilgrimage season with 5 of the original 6 men and 7 new men, for a total 12 people who embraced Islam by reading the shahadah, and pledged to accept Muhammad into their community and physically protect him as one of themselves.^[1]

Second Pledge of al-'Aqabah

75 residents of Yathrib took this pledge at al-'Aqabah as a result of the first. 12 deputies among them were elected, 9 from the Khazraj and 3 from the Aws, to spread the message of Islam to the people of Madinah. They also invited Muhammad to Yathrib and proclaimed Muhammad as their leader if he were to move to Yathrib. After receiving these delegations, Muhammad gave his sahaba the permission to leave for Yathrib. 70 of them promptly did so and were followed by Muhammad and Abu Bakr.

Hijrah and subsequent events

Muhammad was warmly welcomed in Yathrib. Upon his arrival, he built the

Al Masjid an-Nabawi and renamed the city Taybah/Tabah ("The Kind"). He also drafted the Constitution of Madinah, which was adopted by all the peoples of Madinah, Arab and Jewish. Muhammad's arrival also brought an end to the wars between the Aws and Khazraj which had been taking place for more than a century before his arrival. From Madinah, Muhammad began intercepting the caravans of the Quraish that traveled close to Madinah, considering it compensation for the wealth lost by the Muhajirun

in Makkah.

Battle of Badr

In March 624 (Ramadan 2 AH), Muhammad was given news of a caravan of the Quraish travelling from the

'Amr ibn Hishām, a Makkan force of 1,300 was raised. But as the army camped at Al Juhfah (present-day Rabigh), another messenger from Abu Sufyan informed them that their merchandise was safe and that Abu Sufyan had changed his route. Upon hearing this, 300 of the Banu Zuhrah

left, leaving the Makkans numbering around 1,000.

Muhammad was not prepared for combat with an army of this size and held a

Umayyah ibn Khalaf. Historians attribute the Muslim victory to Muhammad's military genius, but Muslims believe that Allah sent down thousands of angels (mala'ikah

) to help the Muslims win the battle.

Battle of Uhud

After several leaders of the Quraish were killed in the

'Abdallah ibn Ubayy

), Muhammad camped north of the Makkans.

The battle began the same way as the Battle of Badr, with duels, showers of stones and arrows, followed by the main combat. However,

Treaty of Hudaybiyyah

In January 628, Muhammad left Medina to perform 'Umrah but was prevented from doing so by the

Treaty of Hudaybiyyah was signed as a 9-year, 9-month and 9-day armistice between Muhammad, the Quraysh

, and their allies.

However, less than two years later, the Banu Bakr, allies of the Quraysh, attacked the Banu Khuza'ah, who were allies of the Muslims. Muhammad gave the attackers 4 months

Conquest of Mecca

In Ramadan 8 AH (Dec. 629/Jan. 630), Muhammad

Aftermath

Muslim expansion

With the threat at Mecca quashed, Muhammad and the future Rashidun caliphs were free to expand their territory throughout the Arabian Peninsula and beyond.

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

^ "Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) biography - The Aqabah Pledges". Londoni. Retrieved 2020-06-30.

[2] "Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) biography - The Aqabah Pledges". Londoni. Retrieved 2020-06-30.

[1]