Hijrah
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The Hijrah or Hijra (
Early in Muhammad's preaching of Islam, his followers only included his close friends and relatives. Most of his tribesmen, the Quraysh, however, were indifferent to his activities, as they did not appear to be particularly interested in devotional meetings, and accordingly, Muhammad did not encounter any serious opposition from them; that was the case until he began to attack their beliefs, which caused tensions to arise.[9][10][11]
In May 622, after having convened twice with members of the Medinan tribes of
Etymology
Hijrah is a contemporary transliteration of the Arabic word هجرة which means primarily "a severing of ties of kinship or association."[7][8] Hajara, the verb's first stem, is defined as "to cut off someone from friendly association" or "to avoid association with." And the third stem, hājara, denotes "a mutual termination of friendly relations." The word has been mistranslated as "flight."[14] Since 1753, the word has also been used to refer to an exodus in English.[15]
Background
Medina was inhabited by both Arabs and Jews. The Arabs consisted of two tribes–the Banu Aws and Banu Khazraj. The Aws and Khazraj were constantly at war with each other, and this made traditional rules for maintaining law and order dysfunctional, and, without a neutral man with considerable authority over things, stability seemed unlikely.[16] It is also accepted by modern historians of Arabia that the Arabs of Medina had heard from their Jewish fellow citizens of the coming of a prophet.[17][18]
During
Migration
Muslims believe Muhammad waited until he received divine direction to depart from
Muhammad and Abu Bakr left the city and took shelter in a cave atop the
Aftermath and legacy
Muhammad's followers suffered from poverty after fleeing persecution in Mecca and migrating with Muhammad to Medina. Their Meccan persecutors seized their wealth and belongings left behind in Mecca.[30] Beginning in January 623, Muhammad led several raids against Meccan caravans travelling along the eastern coast of the Red Sea. Members of different tribes were thus unified by the urgency of the moment. This unity was primarily based on the bonds of kinship.[30][31][32]
The second
Several Islamic historians and scholars, including
See also
- Laylat al-Mabit(Muhammad's escape from Mecca)
- Battle of Badr
- List of Islamic terms in Arabic
- Hajj
- Prophetic biography
- List of expeditions of Muhammad
Notes
- ^ commonly known in the West as 'the' Islamic calendar, though both calendars are used by Muslims.
- medieval Muslim astronomers by projecting back in time their own tabular Islamic calendar, which had alternating 30- and 29-day months in each lunar year plus eleven leap days every 30 years. For example, al-Biruni mentioned this Julian date in the year 1000 CE.[5] Although not used by either medieval Muslim astronomers or modern scholars to determine the Islamic epoch, the thin crescent moon would have also first become visible (assuming clouds did not obscure it) shortly after the preceding sunset on the evening of 15 July, 1.5 days after the associated dark moon (astronomical new moon) on the morning of 14 July.[6]
References
- ^ Shaikh, Fazlur Rehman (2001). Chronology of Prophetic Events. London: Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd. pp. 51–52.
- ^ Marom, Roy (Fall 2017). "Approaches to the Research of Early Islam: The Hijrah in Western Historiography". Jamma'a. 23: vii.
- ^ Burnaby, Sherrard Beaumont (1901). Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars. pp. 373–5, 382–4.
- OCLC 1137352777.
- C. Edward Sachau(1000/1879) 327.
- ^ "NASA phases of the moon 601–700". Archived from the original on 8 October 2010.
- ^ a b (Schacht et al. 1998, p. 366)
- ^ a b (Holt et al. 1978, p. 40)
- ^ Buhl & Welch 1993, p. 364.
- ^ "Muhammad | Biography, History, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 24 May 2023. Retrieved 27 May 2023.
- ^ Lewis 2002, p. 35–36.
- ^ Moojan Momen (1985), An Introduction to Shi'i Islam: History and Doctrines of Twelver Shi'ism, Yale University Press, New edition 1987, p. 5.
- ^ JSTOR 20847270.
Shamsi, F. A. (1984). "The Date of Hijrah". Islamic Studies. 23 (4): 289–323.JSTOR 20847277. - ^ (Schacht et al. 1998, p. 366)
- ^ "Definition of HEGIRA". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
- ^ Holt, et al (2000), pp. 39–40.
- ^ Sirat-un-Nabi. Vol 1. Lahore.
- ^ a b Holt, et al (2000), p. 40.
- Madras: The Christian Literary Society for India. p. 70. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
- ISBN 978-0521219464.
- ISBN 978-0-85525-992-1.
- ISBN 978-0-85525-992-1
- ^ Sell (1913), p. 71.
- OCLC 41621132.
- Hitti, Philip Khuri (1946). History of the Arabs. London: Macmillan and Co. p. 116.
- ^ Khan (1980), p. 73.
- ^ Sell (1913), p. 76.
- ^ Muir, William (1861). The life of Mahomet Volume 2. pp. 258–59.
- ^ ISBN 9960899551. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
- ^ a b John Esposito, Islam, Expanded edition, Oxford University Press, pp. 4–5.
- ^ William Montgomery Watt, Muhammad at Mecca, Oxford, 1953, pp. 16–18.
- ISBN 978-0813535111. p. 224.
- ^ Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby, Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars (1901).
- ^ Caussin de Perceval writing in 1847 as reported in 1901 by Sherrard Beaumont Burnaby, Elements of the Jewish and Muhammadan calendars (London: 1901) 374–75.
Bibliography
- Holt, Peter Malcolm; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (1978). The Cambridge History of Islam. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29135-4.
- Schacht; Lewis; Pellat; Ménage, eds. (26 June 1998), Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume III (H-Iram): [Fasc. 41-60, 60a], Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-08118-5, retrieved 21 June 2023
- Lewis, Bernard (2002). The Arabs in History. Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280310-8.
- Buhl, F.; Welch, A.T. (1993). "Muḥammad". ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2.