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Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Map of British Empire in 1921

Colonialism

Colonialism is the phenomenon where the state exploits and collects resources of a colony that was forcibly taken by either physical or economic means for that state. The controlling state holds power over local indigenous populations in order to maintain political and economic control over the region.

Definition

The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines colonialism as "1; the quality or state of being colonial 2; something characteristic of a colony 3; a)control by one power over a dependent area or people b)  a policy advocating or based on such control"[1]

The Oxford Dictionary defines colonialism as "The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically"

British Empire

The British

Australian continent, Europe and Asia
.

British Crown Colonies

James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie Governor General of British India 1848-1856

British

Crown Colonies were colonies controlled by Governors under the British Monarch.[2]
Local Governors were responsible for maintaining the economic, political and military systems within colonies and ensuring that the steady flow of resources from their respective colonies continued to be exported home to Britain.

Chart of British Crown Colonies[3]

Name of colony from to Reason for change of status Bermuda 1684 1981 Became British Dependent Territory in 1981
Natal 1843 1910 Became part of the Union of South Africa in 1910.
British Columbia 1866 1871 Became part of the Dominion of Canada in 1871.
British Guiana 1831 1966 Became independent as Guyana in 1966.
British Honduras (renamed Belize in 1964) 1884 1981 Became independent (as Belize) in 1981.
British Burma 1824 1948 Separated from British India in 1937 and became a Crown Colony.
Cape Colony 1806 1910 Became part of the Union of South Africa in 1910.
Cayman Islands 1962 1981 Became British Dependent Territory in 1981
Aden 1937 1967 Became part of the Federation of South Arabia.
Cyprus 1914 1960 Became independent as Cyprus in 1960.
Ceylon 1815 1948 Became independent as Ceylon in 1948.
Newfoundland 1583 1907 Became the Dominion of Newfoundland in 1907, and later joined the Dominion of Canada in 1949.
Falkland Islands 1841 1981 Became a British Dependent Territory in 1981.
Sierra Leone 1808 1961 Became independent as Sierra Leone in 1961.
Vancouver Island 1848 1866 Merged with the Colony of British Columbia in 1866
Gibraltar 1713 1981 Became British Dependent Territory in 1981
Gold Coast (British Colony) 1821 1957 Became independent in 1957 as Ghana.
Hong Kong 1841 1981 Became British Dependent Territory in 1981. Became a self-governing special administrative region when sovereignty transferred to China in 1997 .[9]
Jamaica 1865 1962 Became independent in 1962 as Jamaica.
Kenya 1920 1963 United with the Kenya Protectorate in 1963 to form the independent country of Kenya
Connecticut 1636 1776 Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
Delaware 1664 1776 Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
East Florida 1763 1783 Ceded to Spain. Later became part of the United States.
Georgia 1732 1776 Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
Maryland 1632 1776 Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
Massachusetts Bay 1692 1776 Became part of the United States of America in 1776 as the state of Massachusetts.
New Hampshire 1692 1776 Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
New Jersey 1702 1776 Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
New York 1691 1776 Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
North Carolina 1729 1776 Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
Pennsylvania 1681 1776 Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
Quebec 1763 1791 Divided between Upper and Lower Canada and the Northwest Territory.
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 1706 1776 Became part of the United States of America in 1776 as the state of Rhode Island.
South Carolina 1729 1776 Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
Virginia 1624 1776 Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
West Florida 1763 1783 Ceded to Spain. Later became part of the United States.
Labuan 1846 1890 Administered by British North Borneo Company from 1890-1904
Labuan 1906 1946 Incorporated in the Straits Settlements on 30 October 1906
Labuan 1946 1963 Incorporated in North Borneo on 15 July 1946. Became part of Malaysia in 1963[10]
Basutoland 1884 1964 Became British protectorate in 1964; then became independent as Lesotho in 1966.
Malta 1813 1964 Became independent in 1964 as the State of Malta.
British Mauritius 1903 1968 Became independent as Seychelles in 1968.
New South Wales 1788 1901 Became part of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.
New Zealand 1841 1907 Became a Dominion in 1907.
Colonial Nigeria 1914 1960 Became independent as Nigeria in 1963.
Norfolk Island 1788 1914 Placed under administration of Australia in 1914 as a non-self governing territory. Became self-governing in 1979.
North Borneo 1946 1963 Became part of Malaysia in 1963 as Sabah. Labuan separated from Sabah in 1984 to became a Federal Territory.[10]
Queensland 1824 1901 Became part of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.
Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla 1980 1981 Became British Dependent Territory in 1981
Sarawak 1946 1963 Became part of Malaysia in 1963[10]
South Australia 1834 1901 Became part of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.
Southern Rhodesia 1923 1980 Became independent in 1980 as Zimbabwe.
Straits Settlements 1786 1946 Penang became part of the Malayan Union in 1946, which was re-organised as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and became independent in 1957;[11] later became part of Malaysia in 1963[10]
Straits Settlements 1826 1963 Singapore became part of Malaysia in 1963;[10] then became independent as the Republic of Singapore in 1965.[12]
Straits Settlements 1826 1946 Malacca became part of Malayan Union in 1946, which reorganised as the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and became independent in 1957;[11] later became part of Malaysia in 1963[10]
Straits Settlements 1857 1955 Cocos (Keeling) Islands was transferred to Australia in 1955.[13]
Straits Settlements 1874 1937 Dinding became part of the Federated Malay States in 1937, which later became part of the Malayan Union in 1946; the Malayan Union became the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and became independent in 1957
Straits Settlements 1888 1957 Christmas Island was transferred to Australia in 1957.[14]
Straits Settlements 1906 1946 Labuan was incorporated into North Borneo on 15 July 1946, which became part of Malaysia in 1963[10]
Tasmania 1803 1901 Van Diemen's Land from 1803 to 1856; Formerly part of New South Wales from 1803 to 1825, when made an independent colony. Became part of theCommonwealth of Australia in 1901.
Gambia Colony and Protectorate 1888 1965 Became independent as The Gambia in 1965.
British Bechuanaland 1885 1895 Became part of British Cape Colony in 1895
Lower Canada 1791 1841 Became part of Province of Canada in 1841.
United Province of Canada 1841 1867 Became part of the Dominion of Canada in 1867.
Upper Canada 1791 1841 Became part of Province of Canada in 1841.
Victoria 1851 1901 Became part of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.
Western Australia 1829 1901 Swan River Colony from 1829 to 1832. Became part of the Commonwealth of Australia in 1901.

Other Historic Colonial Powers

Other examples of Colonial powers include[4]

Roman Empire

Greek Empire

Spanish Empire

Russian Empire

Kingdom of the Netherlands

French Empire

Ottoman Empire

Persian Empire

Kingdom of Belgium

Denmark

Portugal

Map of World Colonies

Colonialism in Africa

Map of Colonized Africa

In the late 1800s European powers were battling for control over the

The United States, Portugal, Italy and Spain gathered together to draw boundaries and divide Africa between these countries in order to prevent the European Countries from warring[5] this meeting became known as the Berlin Conference. By the end of the conference most of Africa had been divided with only Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and Liberia retaining their independence.[6]

Neo-Colonialism

Definition

The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines Neo-Colonialism as "the economic and political policies by which a great power indirectly maintains or extends its influence over other areas or people"[7]

The Oxford English Dictionary defines it as "The use of economic, political, cultural, or other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies."[8]

Real World Use

neo-colonialism is the practice of maintaining control over country using economic means often by utilizing colonial era treaties that exploit the population of the weaker country for the gain of the greater power. Neo-colonialism often finds its place in developing countries that are now ex-colonies and by sing economic means rather than military stronger countries face fewer of the risks that traditional colonialism did such as bloody wars, spread out militaries or high costs to keep colonies operational or obedient[9]

References

  1. ^ "Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Retrieved March 31, 2015.
  2. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1944.tb01070.x. Retrieved March 31, 2015. {{cite journal}}: line feed character in |title= at position 32 (help
    )
  3. ^ "Crown Colony". Wikipedia. Retrieved March 31, 2015.
  4. ^ "List of Former European Colonies". Wikipedia. Retrieved March 31, 2015.
  5. ^ "Cartography and Empire Building in Nineteenth-Century West Africa". Geographical Review. July, 1994. Retrieved April 1, 2015. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  6. ^ "Scramble For Africa". Wikipedia. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
  7. ^ "Neo-Colonialism". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
  8. ^ "Neo-Colonialism". Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved April 1, 2015.
  9. doi:10.1177/004711789301100405. Retrieved April 1, 2015. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help
    )
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