Kingdom of the Netherlands
Kingdom of the Netherlands Koninkrijk der Nederlanden ( Papiamento ) | ||
---|---|---|
Motto: "Je maintiendrai" ( Limburgish | ||
Demonym(s) | Dutch | |
Countries (non‑sovereign parts) | ||
parliamentary constitutional monarchy | ||
• Monarch | Willem-Alexander | |
Dick Schoof | ||
Guillfred Besaril | ||
Carlson Manuel[8] | ||
Rene Violenus[9] | ||
Independence from colonial inclusion ) | 15 December 1954 | |
Population | ||
• 2023 estimate | 17,821,419[11] (64th) | |
• Density | 532/km2 (1,377.9/sq mi) | |
Currency | 4 currencies
| |
Time zone | European Netherlands: UTC +2) (DST)
Caribbean Netherlands:Calling code | 4 codes
|
ISO 3166 code | NL | |
Internet TLD |
The Kingdom of the Netherlands (
The four subdivisions of the Kingdom—Aruba, Curaçao, the Netherlands, and Sint Maarten—are constituent countries (landen in Dutch; singular: land) and participate on a basis of equality as partners in the Kingdom.[12] In practice, however, most of the Kingdom's affairs are administered by the Netherlands—which comprises roughly 98% of the Kingdom's land area and population—on behalf of the entire Kingdom. Consequently, Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten are dependent on the Netherlands for matters like foreign policy and defence, but are autonomous to a certain degree, with their own parliaments.
The vast majority of land area of the constituent country of the Netherlands is in Europe, while its three special municipalities (Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius) are located in the Caribbean, as are the other three constituent countries. The Kingdom has a population in the Netherlands of 17,821,419 (as of January 2023[update]),[11] and of 29,418 (as of November 2023[update]) in Bonaire, Saba, and Sint Eustatius.[13]
History
The Kingdom of the Netherlands originated in the aftermath of French Emperor
In March 1815, amidst the turmoil of the
Belgium and Luxembourg independence
In 1830, the southerners, calling themselves Belgians, seceded from the Kingdom, a step that was recognised by the Netherlands only in 1839 in the Treaty of London. At that point, Luxembourg became a fully independent country in a personal union with the Netherlands. Luxembourg also lost more than half of its territory to Belgium. To compensate the German Confederation for that loss, the remainder of the Dutch province of Limburg received the same status that Luxembourg had enjoyed before, as a Dutch province that at the same time formed a Duchy of the German Confederation. That status was reversed when the German Confederation ceased to exist in 1867, when Limburg became an ordinary Dutch province.[citation needed]
Decolonisation
The Netherlands abolished slavery in its colonies in 1863.[15]
The Kingdom's 1954 administrative reform was sparked by the 1941
With Indonesia's independence, a
Before the
Suriname was a constituent country within the Kingdom from 1954 to 1975, while the Netherlands Antilles was a constituent country from 1954 until 2010. Suriname has since become an independent republic, and the Netherlands Antilles was divided into six. Three are constituent countries: Aruba (since 1986), Curaçao and Sint Maarten (since 2010); three are special municipalities of the Netherlands proper: Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba. Netherlands New Guinea was a dependent territory of the Kingdom until 1962, followed by seven-month transitional period when it was annexed by Indonesia.[18][19] It was not an autonomous country, and was not mentioned in the Charter.[citation needed]
In 1955, Queen
In 1969, an unorganised strike on the Antillean island of
In 1973, a new Dutch cabinet under Labour leader Joop den Uyl assumed power. In the government policy statement, the cabinet declared a wish to determine a date for the independence of Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles with the governments of those nations. The Antillean government was non-committal; the same held for the Surinamese Sedney cabinet (1969–1973). Suriname's 1973 elections brought the National Party Combination (Nationale Partij Kombinatie) to power, with Henck Arron as prime minister. The new government declared that Suriname would be independent before 1976. This was remarkable, as independence had not been an issue during the election campaign. The Den Uyl government in The Hague now had a willing partner in Paramaribo to realise its plans for Surinamese independence. Despite vehement and emotional resistance by the Surinamese opposition, Den Uyl and Arron reached an agreement, and, on 25 November 1975, Suriname became independent.[21]
In January 1986, Aruba seceded from the Netherlands Antilles, becoming a constituent country of the Kingdom in its own right. In October 2010, the Netherlands Antilles was dissolved and Curaçao and Sint Maarten became the newest constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands.[citation needed]
Modern events
The Kingdom celebrated its bicentennial in a series of festive occasions spanning from 2013 to 2015, the last being the year of the actual 200th anniversary of the Kingdom.[22][23]
Constituent countries
The Kingdom of the Netherlands consists of four constituent countries: the Netherlands, Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten. There is a difference between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Netherlands: the Kingdom of the Netherlands is the comprehensive sovereign state, while the Netherlands is one of its four constituent countries. Three Caribbean islands (Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten) are the three remaining constituent countries. Three other Caribbean islands (Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba) are special municipalities within the country of the Netherlands. Until its dissolution in 2010, the islands had formed the Netherlands Antilles, with the exception of Aruba, which left the grouping in 1986.[citation needed]
Country | Population[24] (as of November 2019) |
Percentage of Kingdom's population |
Area[10][25] | Percentage of Kingdom's area |
Population density | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subdivision | |||||||
Netherlands[j] | 17,424,978 | 98.24% | 41,873 km2 (16,167 sq mi) | 98.45% | 516/km2 (1,340/sq mi) | ||
Mainland provinces | 17,399,821 | 98.10% | 41,545 km2 (16,041 sq mi) | 97.68% | 521/km2 (1,350/sq mi) | ||
Bonaire†‡ | 20,104 | 0.11% | 288 km2 (111 sq mi) | 0.69% | 69/km2 (180/sq mi) | ||
Sint Eustatius†‡ | 3,138 | 0.02% | 21 km2 (8.1 sq mi) | 0.05% | 150/km2 (390/sq mi) | ||
Saba†‡ | 1,915 | 0.01% | 13 km2 (5.0 sq mi) | 0.03% | 148/km2 (380/sq mi) | ||
Aruba† | 112,309 | 0.63% | 180 km2 (69 sq mi) | 0.42% | 624/km2 (1,620/sq mi) | ||
Curaçao† | 158,665 | 0.89% | 444 km2 (171 sq mi) | 1.04% | 358/km2 (930/sq mi) | ||
Sint Maarten† | 41,486 | 0.23% | 34 km2 (13 sq mi) | 0.08% | 1,221/km2 (3,160/sq mi) | ||
Kingdom of the Netherlands | 17,737,438 | 100.00% | 42,525 km2 (16,419 sq mi) | 100.00% | 515/km2 (1,330/sq mi) | ||
† Forms a part of the Dutch Caribbean. ‡ Forms a part of the Caribbean Netherlands. |
Comparison table
Subdivision | Currency | Major languages | Major religions |
---|---|---|---|
Netherlands | Euro | Dutch | No religion, Christianity |
Bonaire | US dollar | Papiamento, Dutch (official) | Catholic, Protestant |
Sint Eustatius | US dollar | English, Dutch (official) | Protestant, Catholic |
Aruba | Aruban florin | Papiamento, Dutch (official), Spanish | Catholic |
Saba | US dollar | English, Dutch (official) | Catholic |
Curaçao | Netherlands Antillean guilder | Papiamento, Dutch (official) | Catholic |
Sint Maarten | Netherlands Antillean guilder | English, Dutch (official), Spanish | Catholic, Protestant |
Netherlands
The
Caribbean Netherlands: Bonaire, Sint Eustatius, and Saba
The
Aruba
Aruba, with its own constitution, is a representative parliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state. Its administration consists of the Governor, who represents the Monarch, and the (Aruban) Council of Ministers, headed by a Prime Minister. The sovereign people of Aruba are represented by 21 parliamentarians in the Parliament of Aruba. The Governor of Aruba is Alfonso Boekhoudt, and the Prime Minister is Evelyn Wever-Croes. It has its own Central Bank and currency, the Aruban florin, linked to the U.S. dollar; the U.S. dollar is accepted almost everywhere on the island. Aruba has two official languages: its own national language Papiamento and the Kingdom of the Netherlands' Dutch language.[29]
Curaçao
Sint Maarten
Sint Maarten is a centralised unitary state, with similar administrative characteristics to Aruba. It has the Antillean Guilder as its currency. Unlike the other Dutch Caribbean countries and special municipalities, Sint Maarten covers only part of an island. It consists of roughly the southern half of the divided island of Saint Martin. The northern half of the island is the French Collectivity of Saint Martin.[citation needed]
Institutions
This section needs additional citations for verification. (September 2021) |
Charter and constitutions
Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten regulate the governance of their respective countries, but are subordinate to the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The Netherlands is ruled by the provisions and institutions of the Constitution for the Kingdom of the Netherlands that also constitutes and regulates the institutions of the Kingdom as a whole as mentioned in the Charter. The Constitution is also subordinate to the Charter. The provisions in the Charter for some of these institutions are additional and are applicable only for those affairs of the Kingdom, as described in the Charter, when they affect Aruba, Curaçao, or Sint Maarten directly. In cases where affairs of the Kingdom do not affect Aruba, Curaçao, or Sint Maarten, they are dealt with according to the provisions laid down in the Constitution. In these cases the Netherlands, the jurisdiction ruled directly by the Constitution for the Kingdom of the Netherlands, acts alone, according to its constitution and in its capacity as the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The other three countries cannot do the same for affairs of the Kingdom that only pertain to them and not to the Netherlands proper. In these cases, the provisions of the Charter prevail.[citation needed]
Changes in the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands can only be made when all constituent countries agree.[citation needed]
Government
The Monarch and the
In December 2007, a Deputy Council for Kingdom Relations was established.[32][33] This deputy council prepares the meetings of the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom. The establishment of such a Council has long been advocated by the Council of State of the Kingdom.[34]
The Government and the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom, along with the monarchy itself, are subject to Article 5 of the Charter that refers their regulation mainly to the Constitution for the Kingdom of the Netherlands as far as the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands does not provide for that.[citation needed]
Two legal instruments are available at the Kingdom level: the Kingdom act (Dutch: Rijkswet) and the Order-in-Council for the Kingdom (Dutch: Algemene maatregel van Rijksbestuur). An example of a Kingdom act is the "Kingdom Act regarding Dutch citizenship" (Dutch: Rijkswet op het Nederlanderschap).[citation needed]
The Monarch of the Netherlands is the head of state of the Kingdom. The Monarch is represented in Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten by a governor.[citation needed]
Defense
The Netherlands Armed Forces (Dutch: Nederlandse krijgsmacht) are the shared military services of all countries in the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and fall under the Ministry of Defense.[citation needed]
Legislature
The legislature of the Kingdom consists of the States General of the Netherlands and the Government. Articles 14, 16 and 17 of the Charter give some participation to the parliaments of the Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten.[citation needed]
Council of State
Article 13 of the Charter specifies that there is a Council of State of the Kingdom. It is (as all institutions of the Kingdom) regulated in the Constitution, but the Charter implies that at the request of Aruba, Curaçao, or Sint Maarten, a member from each of these islands can be included in the Council of State.[30] Aruba is currently exercising this right.[31] This has not always been the case; the Netherlands Antilles had no member until 1987 and Aruba had none until 2000.[35] Sint Maarten's first member of the Council of State will be former Lieutenant Governor Dennis Richardson.[36]
Judiciary
The
According to Article 39 of the Charter, "civil and commercial law, the law of civil procedure, criminal law, the law of criminal procedure, copyright, industrial property, the office of notary, and provisions concerning weights and measures shall be regulated as far as possible in a similar manner in the Netherlands, Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten". The Article further stipulates that when a drastic amendment of the existing legislation in regard to these matters is proposed, the proposal shall not be submitted to or considered by a representative assembly until the Governments in the other countries have had the opportunity to express their views on the matter.[30]
Mutual arbitration between the constituent countries and the Kingdom
In case of a conflict between a constituent country and the Kingdom, Article 12 of the Charter prescribes an administrative reconciliation procedure. This was often deemed a democratic deficit of the Kingdom, leading to the adoption of an amendment to the Charter, which entered into force on 10 October 2010. The new Article 12a specifies that in addition to the administrative reconciliation procedure, "by Kingdom Act measures shall be made allowing for the arbitration of certain conflicts, as specified by Kingdom Act, between the Kingdom and the countries."[30] The imperative formulation was the result of an amendment in the Chamber of Representatives by special delegates Evelyna Wever-Croes and J.E. Thijsen of Aruba; the original formulation was "by Kingdom Act measures can be made".[38]
The new Article 38a allows for measures to be made for arbitration between countries as well. In contrast with Article 12a, this article is not imperatively formulated.[30]
Kingdom affairs
Article 3 of the Charter specifies the Affairs of the Kingdom:
- Maintenance of the independence and the defence of the Kingdom;
- Foreign relations;
- Netherlands nationality;
- Regulation of the orders of chivalry, the flag and the coat of arms of the Kingdom;
- Regulation of the nationality of vessels and the standards required for the safety and navigation of seagoing vessels flying the flag of the Kingdom, with the exception of sailing ships;
- Supervision of the general rules governing the admission and expulsion of Netherlands nationals;
- General conditions for the admission and expulsion of aliens;
- Extradition.
One additional Kingdom affair is specified in article 43(2):
- The safeguarding of fundamental human rights and freedoms, legal certaintyand good governance shall be a Kingdom affair.
Paragraph 2 of Article 3 specifies that "other matters may be declared to be Kingdom affairs in consultation".[30]
These Kingdom affairs are only taken care of by the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, if the affair affects Aruba, Curaçao or St. Maarten. Article 14, paragraph 3, of the Charter, foresees the handling of Kingdom affairs in all other cases by the Netherlands.[30]
On the basis of Article 38, the countries of the Kingdom can decide to adopt a Kingdom Act outside of the scope of the aforementioned Kingdom affairs. Such acts are referred to as Consensus Kingdom Acts, as they require the consent of the parliaments of Aruba, Curaçao and St. Maarten.[30]
Foreign relations
The Kingdom negotiates and concludes international treaties and agreements. Those that do not affect Aruba, Curaçao, or Sint Maarten directly are dealt with by the provisions of the Constitution (in fact by the Netherlands alone). Article 24 of the Charter specifies that when an international treaty or agreement affects Aruba, Curaçao, or Sint Maarten, the treaty or agreement concerned shall be submitted to their representative assemblies. The article further specifies that when such a treaty or agreement is submitted for the tacit approval of the States General of the Netherlands (Dutch: Staten-Generaal der Nederlanden), the Ministers Plenipotentiary may communicate their wish that the treaty or agreement concerned shall be subject to the express approval of the States General.[30]
Article 25 gives Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten the opportunity to opt out from an international treaty or agreement.[30] The treaty or agreement concerned then has to specify that the treaty or agreement does not apply to Aruba, Curaçao, or Sint Maarten.
Article 26 specifies that when Aruba, Curaçao, or Sint Maarten communicate their wish for the conclusion of an international economic or financial agreement that applies solely to the country concerned, the Government of the Kingdom shall assist in the conclusion of such an agreement, unless this would be inconsistent with the country's ties with the Kingdom.[30]
Article 27 specifies the involvement of Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten in the preparations for a treaty or agreement that affects them and Article 28 specifies that Aruba, Curaçao, or Sint Maarten may, if they so desire, accede to membership of international organisations.[30]
Among other affiliations, the kingdom is also a founding member of
Constitutional nature
Most scholars agree that it is difficult to group the constitutional arrangements of the Kingdom in one of the traditional models of state organisation, and consider the Kingdom to be a sui generis arrangement.[35][39] Instead, the Kingdom is said to have characteristics of a federal state, a confederation, a federacy, and a devolved unitary state.
The Kingdom's federal characteristics include the delineation of Kingdom affairs in the Charter, the enumeration of the constituting parts of the Kingdom in the Charter, the fact that the Charter subordinates the law of the constituting countries to the law of the Kingdom, the establishment of Kingdom institutions in the Charter, and the fact that the Kingdom has its own legislative instruments: the Kingdom act and the Order-in-Council for the Kingdom.[citation needed]
Its confederal characteristics include the fact that the Charter can only be amended by consensus among the constituent countries.[35]
Characteristics that point more or less to a federacy include the fact that the functioning of the institutions of the Kingdom is governed by the Constitution of the Netherlands where the Charter does not provide for them. The Charter also does not provide a procedure for the enactment of Kingdom acts; articles 81 to 88 of the Constitution of the Netherlands also apply for Kingdom acts, but with some additions and corrections stipulated in articles 15 to 22 of the Charter. The only Kingdom institution that requires the participation of the Caribbean countries in a mandatory way is the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom; both the Supreme Court and the Council of State of the Kingdom only include Caribbean members if one or more Caribbean countries ask for it, and the Caribbean countries are almost completely excluded from participating in the Kingdom's legislature. They can, however, participate in the drafting of a Kingdom act and their Ministers Plenipotentiary can oppose a Kingdom act otherwise supported by the Kingdom government in front of the Kingdom's parliament. Furthermore, according to article 15 of the Charter, the Ministers Plenipotentiary can request the Kingdom parliament to introduce a draft Kingdom act.[35] Last, but not least, the Netherlands can, according to article 14 of the Charter, conduct Kingdom affairs on its own if conducting such affairs does not affect Aruba, Curaçao, or Sint Maarten. Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten do not have this right.[35]
A characteristic that points to a devolved unitary state is the ability of the Kingdom government, according to article 50 of the Charter, to render a legislative or administrative measure of one of the Caribbean countries void if it is inconsistent with the Charter, an international agreement, a Kingdom act, an Order-in-Council for the Kingdom, or if it regulates an otherwise Kingdom affair.[35]
The constitutional structure of the Kingdom is summarised by constitutional scholar C. Borman, in an often-cited definition, as follows:
a voluntary association of autonomous countries in a sovereign Kingdom that is placed above them, in which the institutions of the Kingdom largely coincide with the institutions of the largest country, in which on the level of the Kingdom only a few affairs are governed, and in which from the level of the Kingdom a limited influence can be exerted on the smaller countries.[40]
Constitutional scholar C. A. J. M. Kortmann speaks of an "association of countries that has characteristics of a federation, yet one of its own kind."[41] Belinfante and De Reede do speak about a "federal association" without any reservations.[42]
Comparisons
Despite being of a
Other states also have multiple territories, but such territories are distinct. Some states, such as the United Kingdom and its overseas territories, as well as the United States and its insular areas, do not consider their external territories as integral parts of the state.[citation needed]
Other states, such as the
Relationship with the European Union
The Kingdom of the Netherlands is a founding member state of the
The Caribbean islands, including the
Constitutional reform of the Netherlands Antilles
In 2004, a joint commission proposed major reforms for the Netherlands Antilles. On 11 October and 2 November 2006, agreements were signed between the Dutch government and the governments of each island that would put into effect the commission's findings by 15 December 2008.[46] The reform took effect on 10 October 2010. Under these reforms, the Netherlands Antilles were dissolved and Curaçao and Sint Maarten became constituent countries within the Kingdom of the Netherlands, obtaining the same status as Aruba which seceded from the Netherlands Antilles in 1986.[citation needed]
The
The special municipalities will be represented in the affairs of the Kingdom by the Netherlands, as they vote for the
The Netherlands has proposed to conducted a study on the BES islands acquiring the
Distinction between the Netherlands and the Kingdom
Outside the Kingdom of the Netherlands, "Netherlands" is used as the English short-form name to describe the Kingdom of the Netherlands. At the United Nations, for example, the Kingdom was, until 2023, identified in the General Assembly by its English short-form name "Netherlands", whereas the English long-form name "Kingdom of the Netherlands" was used in place of the name "Netherlands" in formal UN documentation. In 2023, at the request of the Dutch government, the UN adopted "Kingdom of the Netherlands" as the official short form, which in alphabetical lists appears as "Netherlands (Kingdom of the)". The new form appears in the terminology database of the United Nations: UNTERM.
Apart from the fact that referring to the Kingdom of the Netherlands as the "Netherlands" can be confusing, the term "Kingdom" is also used to prevent any feelings of ill will that could be associated with the use of the term "Netherlands." The use of the term "Netherlands" for the Kingdom as a whole might imply that Aruba, Curaçao, and Sint Maarten are not equal to the Kingdom's country in Europe and that the three island countries have no say in affairs pertaining to the Kingdom but are instead subordinate to the European country. Though the influence of the islands in Kingdom affairs is limited, it certainly exists.[citation needed]
Talking about the negotiation tactics of then Minister for Kingdom Affairs
Geography
The Kingdom of the Netherlands covers a total area of 42,531 km2 (16,421 sq mi); and a land area of 34,467 km2 (13,308 sq mi). The Kingdom of the Netherlands has
About one quarter of the Netherlands lies below sea level, as much land has been reclaimed from the sea.
The Caribbean parts of the Kingdom consist of two zones with different geographic origins, both in the
The Caribbean islands have a tropical climate, with warm weather all year round. The Leeward Islands are subject to hurricanes in the summer months. The European part of the Netherlands has a moderate maritime climate, with cool summers and mild winters.
Timeline of constituent countries
Time | Countries | Changes |
---|---|---|
1954–1975 | Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands signed | |
1975–1986 | Suriname gained independence and became the Republic of Suriname | |
1986–2010 | Aruba seceded from the Netherlands Antilles to become a constituent country in its own right | |
2010–present | The Netherlands Antilles was dissolved. Curaçao and Sint Maarten became constituent countries, while the BES islands became special municipalities of the Netherlands. |
See also
- Koninkrijksdag
- Netherlands-Indonesia Union – a confederation between the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the United States of Indonesia
- West Indies Federation (1958–1962) – made up of 10 provinces of the UK
Notes
- ^ The official motto is in French. The Dutch translation is Ik zal handhaven.
- ^ The literal translation into English is "I will maintain"; a better translation, however, is "I will hold firm" or "I will uphold" (namely, the integrity and independence of the territory).[original research?]
- ^ a b Amsterdam is the constitutional capital of the kingdom and the Netherlands, while The Hague is the seat of the government representing both; Oranjestad is the capital of Aruba; Willemstad is the capital of Curaçao; and Philipsburg is the capital of Sint Maarten.
- ^ Limburgish, Sinte Romani and Yiddish are recognised as regional or non-territorial languages in the Netherlands.[6][7]
- ^ The Prime Minister of the Netherlands is referred to as "Our Prime Minister, in his capacity as chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom" (Dutch: Onze Minister-President, in zijn hoedanigheid van voorzitter van de raad van ministers van het Koninkrijk) when he acts as a Minister of the Kingdom. An example of this can be found in article 2(3a) of the Act on financial supervision for Curaçao and Sint Maarten. Other ministers of the Netherlands are referred to with the additional line "in his capacity as Minister of the Kingdom" (Dutch: in zijn hoedanigheid van Minister van het Koninkrijk) when they act as Kingdom Ministers, as for example with "Our Minister of Justice in his capacity as Minister of the Kingdom" (Dutch: Onze Minister van Justitie in zijn hoedanigheid van minister van het Koninkrijk), except for the Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Minister of Defence, since they always act in a Kingdom capacity. For more information on this, see Borman 2005 and Borman 2010.
- ^ Also .eu, shared with other EU member states.
- ^ .bq is designated, but not in use, for the Caribbean Netherlands.
- ^ In isolation, Koninkrijk is pronounced [ˈkoːnɪŋkrɛik].
- ^ Not to be confused with the constituent country the Netherlands, which is only a part of the Kingdom. In some contexts "the Netherlands" refers to the constituent country, in more formal contexts it may refer to the Kingdom.
- ^ The population statistics of the Central Bureau of Statistics for the Netherlands do not include the Caribbean Netherlands ("Niet-gemeentelijke indelingen". Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek. Archived from the original on 9 September 2015, 2). The number given here results from adding the population statistics of the Netherlands with those of the Caribbean Netherlands.
- ^ Examples of this practice can be found in all government documents and in nearly all press reports on Kingdom affairs, as well as in institutions that are related to the Kingdom of the Netherlands: Raad van Ministers van het Koninkrijk ("Council of Ministers of the Kingdom"), Ministerie van Binnenlanse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties ("Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Affairs"), the Koninkrijksspelen ("Kingdom Games", the Dutch equivalent of the Commonwealth Games), etc.
References
- ^ a b "LANDSVERORDENING van de 28ste maart 2007 houdende vaststelling van de officiële talen (Landsverordening officiële talen)" (in Dutch). Government of the Netherlands. 10 October 2010. Archived from the original on 10 September 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
- ^ According to Art. 1 para 2. Constitution of Sint Maarten Archived 25 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine: "The official languages are Dutch and English"
- ^ a b "Invoeringswet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba" (in Dutch). wetten.nl. Archived from the original on 21 December 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
- ISBN 978-90-272-5258-6. Archivedfrom the original on 1 January 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2020.
- ^ "Wet gebruik Friese taal" (in Dutch). wetten.nl. Archived from the original on 27 December 2017. Retrieved 27 December 2017.
- ^ "Welke erkende talen heeft Nederland?" (in Dutch). Rijksoverheid. 11 January 2016. Archived from the original on 27 December 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
- (PDF) from the original on 3 July 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
- ^ Vordev. "Carlson Manuel becomes the new Minister Plenipotentiary for Curaçao in The Hague". www.curacaochronicle.com. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
- ^ Emmanuel requests letter Violenus read to Dutch govt, SMN News, 30 December 2020
- ^ a b "Oppervlakte". Archived from the original on 13 January 2020. Retrieved 10 January 2020.
- ^ a b "CBS Statline". opendata.cbs.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 30 March 2023.
- ^ The Charter of the Kingdom was fully explained in an "EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM to the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands", transmitted to the United Nations Secretary-General in compliance with the wishes expressed in General Assembly resolutions 222 (III) and 747 (VIII). New York, 30 March 1955 (* Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken, 41, Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen in de Verenigde Naties III, Staatsdrukkerij-en uitgeversbedrijf/ 's Gravenhage, 1956)
- ^ "CBS Statline". opendata.cbs.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 28 November 2023.
- ^ Edward, J.E.; Acton, D.A.; Ward, A.W.; Prothero, G.W.; Benians, E.A. (1907). The Cambridge Modern History. Vol. X: The Restoration. MacMillan. pp. 522–524.
- ^ "Dutch involvement in the transatlantic slave trade and abolition". 24 June 2013. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
- ^ a b Peter Meel, Tussen autonomie en onafhankelijkheid. Nederlands-Surinaamse betrekkingen 1954–1961 (Between Autonomy and Independence. Dutch-Surinamese Relations 1954–1961; Leiden: KITLV 1999).
- ^ "Statuut voor het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden" [Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands]. Government of the Netherlands (in Dutch). 17 November 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2024.
- ^ Paddock, Richard C. (12 December 2020). "'Free Papua Movement' Intensifies Amid Escalating Violence". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
- from the original on 25 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
- ^ Gert Oostindie, De parels en de kroon. Het koningshuis en de koloniën (The Pearls and the Crown. The Royal House and the Colonies; Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij, 2006).
- ^ Gert Oostindie and Inge Klinkers, Knellende Koninkrijksbanden. Het Nederlandse dekolonisatiebeleid in de Caraïben, 1940–2000, II, 1954–1975 (Stringent Kingdom Ties. The Dutch De-colonisation Policy in the Caribbean; Amsterdam: University Press 2001).
- ^ "Koning en Koningin bij viering 200 jaar Koninkrijk in Maastricht". Dutch Royal House. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015.
- ^ C. A. Tamse (1980). De monarchie in Nederland. Amsterdam/Brussel: Elsevier. pp. 43–44.
- ^ "CBS Statline". opendata.cbs.nl. Archived from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
- ^ Ministerie van Algemene Zaken (19 May 2015). "Waaruit bestaat het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden? - Rijksoverheid.nl". onderwerpen.
{{cite web}}
: Check|url=
value (help)[permanent dead link] - ^ "Monetary, Safety Law BES islands approved islands". The Daily Herald. 19 May 2010. Archived from the original on 10 August 2010. Retrieved 27 June 2011.
- ^ "31.954, Wet openbare lichamen Bonaire, Sint Eustatius en Saba" (in Dutch). Eerste kamer der Staten-Generaal. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
De openbare lichamen vallen rechtstreeks onder het Rijk omdat zij geen deel uitmaken van een provincie. (The public bodies (...), because they are not part of a Province)
- ^ "The Bonaire Insider – InfoBonaire". Archived from the original on 7 August 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
- ^ "Aruba and the Kingdom". Aruba Government. 5 April 2017. Archived from the original on 5 April 2017. Retrieved 4 April 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Coming Soon". www.arubaforeignaffairs.com. Archived from the original on 14 March 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
- ^ a b "Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles: Political relations within the Kingdom of the Netherlands". Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en Koninkrijksrelaties. Archived from the original on 17 February 2008. Retrieved 13 October 2007.
- ^ Wetten.overheid.nl – "Instellingsbesluit raad voor Koninkrijksrelaties". Archived 15 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ "BSD Coordinatie algemeen regeringsbeleid stcrnt 2009 63" (PDF). Nationaal Archief. p. 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2010. Retrieved 16 April 2010.
- ^ "Onderraad voor Koninkrijksrelaties". RNW. 2007. Archived from the original on 19 December 2007.
- ^ a b c d e f H.G. Hoogers (2008) "De landen en het Koninkrijk", in Schurende rechtsordes: over juridische implicates van de UPG-status voor de eilandgebieden van de Nederlandse Antillen en Aruba[permanent dead link], Groningen: Faculteit rechtsgeleerdheid van de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, pp. 119–124. This study was mandated by the Dutch State Secretary for Kingdom Relations Archived 15 February 2022 at the Wayback Machine and was used for government policy.
- ^ RNW.nl – Dennis Richardson voorgedragen voor Raad van State Archived 11 May 2011 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ In Dutch: Cassatieregeling voor de Nederlandse Antillen en Aruba, text available here "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2016. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
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: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Ikregeer.nl – Nr. 17 Amendement van de Bijzonder Gedelegeerden Wever en Thijsen Archived 25 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "De in het statuut neergelegde staatsvorm heeft een uniek karakter en is moeilijk in een bepaalde categorie onder te brengen [...] Veelal wordt dan ook geconcludeerd dat het Koninkrijk niet van een duidelijke classificate kan worden voorzien. Gesproken wordt van een quasi-, dan wel pseudo-federatie of van een constructie sui generis", in: C. Borman (2005) Het Statuut voor het Koninkrijk Archived 12 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Deventer: Kluwer, pp. 23–24.
- ^ "Een poging om de structuur van het Koninkrijk samen te vatten leidt tot de volgende omschrijving: een vrijwillig samengaan van autonome landen in een boven die landen geplaatst soeverein Koninkrijk, waarbij de organen van het Koninkrijk grotendeels samenvallen met die van het grootste land, op het niveau van het Koninkrijk slechts enkele taken worden verricht en vanwege het Koninkrijk een beperkte invloed kan worden uitgeoefend op het autonome bestuur in de kleinere landen", in: C. Borman (2005) Het Statuut voor het Koninkrijk Archived 12 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Deventer: Kluwer, p. 24.
- ^ "associatie van landen die trekken heeft van een federatie (Bondsstaat), maar wel een eigensoortige", in: C. A. J. M. Kortmann (2005) Constitutioneel recht, Deventer, p. 107.
- ^ A.D. Belinfante, J.L. De Reede (2002) Beginselen van het Nederlandse Staatsrecht, Deventer, p. 315.
- ^ "Treaty Establishing the EEC – Protocol on the Application of the Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community to the Non-European Parts of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
The High Contracting Parties,
Anxious, at the time of signature of the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, to define the scope of the provisions of Article 227 of this Treaty in respect of the Kingdom of the Netherlands,
Have agreed upon the following provisions, which shall be annexed to this Treaty:
The Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, by reason of the constitutional structure of the Kingdom resulting from the Statute of 29 December 1954, shall, by way of derogation from Article 227, be entitled to ratify the Treaty on behalf of the Kingdom in Europe and Netherlands New Guinea only.
Done at Rome this twenty-fifth day of March in the year one thousand nine hundred and fifty-seven.", in: cvce.eu – Treaty establishing the EEC – Protocol on the application of the Treaty establishing the EEC to the non-European parts of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (1957) - ^ "The provisions of Part Four of the Treaty were applied to Surinam, by virtue of a Supplementary Act of the Kingdom of the Netherlands to complete its instrument of ratification, from 1 September 1962 to 16 July 1976.", in: eur-lex.europa.eu – Treaty establishing the European Community (consolidated version) – Text of the Treaty Archived 21 October 2021 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "The Netherlands also includes 6 overseas countries and territories in the Caribbean. These territories are not part of the EU." EU website Archived 19 December 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Agreement on division of Netherlands Antilles". Government.nl. 13 February 2007. Archived from the original on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 24 February 2007.
- ^ a b c The Daily Herald (12 October 2006). "St. Eustatius, Saba, Bonaire and The Hague Reach Historic Agreement". Archived from the original on 6 October 2007. Retrieved 21 October 2006.
- ^ André Rouvoet (12 October 2005). "Bijdrage debat Begroting Koninkrijksrelaties 2006" (in Dutch). ChristenUnie.nl. Archived from the original on 6 May 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2007.
Hoewel Minister De Grave er wat ons betreft meer vaart achter had mogen zetten, had hij onmiskenbaar de goede richting te pakken én, dat is in Koninkrijkszaken cruciaal, de goede toon. Zijn opvolger, Minister Pechtold, bleek die broodnodige prudentie te ontberen met als dieptepunt zijn brief van 24 augustus waarin hij staatkundige veranderingen afhankelijk maakte van financiële verbeteringen. Het oude verwijt dat steeds de relatie tussen Nederland en de Antillen heeft gekenmerkt, speelde onmiddellijk weer op. Nederland vereenzelvigt het Koninkrijk met Nederland en dicteert. De Nederlandse Antillen moeten slikken of stikken. Gevolg: ergernis in de West, verstoorde verhoudingen en verlies van momentum; geen frisse wind, maar meer een storm in de Caribische porseleinkast. Het zal allemaal wel te maken hebben met de behoefte van deze minister om te zeggen wat hij denkt en heilige huisjes niet te sparen, maar echt behulpzaam voor de verhoudingen in het Koninkrijk is het niet.
- ^ Werkgroep Bestuurlijke en Financiële Verhoudingen Nederlandse Antillen (8 October 2004). "Nu kan het... nu moet het! Advies Werkgroep Bestuurlijke en Financiële Verhoudingen Nederlandse Antillen" (PDF) (in Dutch). pp. 37–38. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 21 October 2007.
Aanbevelingen Koninkrijk "Nieuwe Stijl": [...] 7. De vereenzelviging van Nederland met het Koninkrijk wordt doorbroken.
- ^ Raad van State van het Koninkrijk (18 September 2006). "Voorlichting overeenkomstig artikel 18, tweede lid, van de Wet op de Raad van State inzake de hervorming van de staatkundige verhoudingen van de Antilliaanse eilanden binnen het Koninkrijk" (PDF) (in Dutch). pp. 34–35. Archived (PDF) from the original on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 21 October 2007.
Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden heeft geen adres of telefoonnummer en al evenmin een eigen budget. Als het Koninkrijk wordt gebeld, krijgt men Nederland aan de lijn. De relaties binnen het Koninkrijk zijn vooral een dynamisch onderhandelingsproces. Een democratisch gelegitimeerd centrum ontbreekt. Het duidelijkst geldt dit voor de rijksministerraad, die gewoonlijk slechts zeer kortstondig beraadslaagt, met een zeer summiere agenda en met weinig discussie over de koers van het Koninkrijk als geheel. Voor de voorbereiding is de raad vrijwel geheel afhankelijk van (voorbereidend) overleg tussen vertegenwoordigers van de drie landsregeringen.