User:Frzzl/Esperanto
This is where I'm going to try remodelling the history section of Esperanto - good luck, me.
First to do:
Read.
- [1] - available on De Gruyter
- [2] - available on the Internet Archive
- [3]
- [4] - available on De Gruyter
Reread.
- [5] - available on SpringerLink
- also use Bridge of Words
History
give a maybe 400-500 word summary of history
Early history
Esperanto was created in the late 1870s and early 1880s by L. L. Zamenhof, a Polish-Jewish ophthalmologist from Białystok, then part of the Russian Empire, but now part of Poland. In the 1870s, just a few years before Zamenhof created Esperanto, Polish was banned in public places in Białystok.[6][7]
According to Zamenhof, he created the language to reduce the "time and labor we spend in learning foreign tongues", and to foster harmony between people from different countries: "Were there but an international language, all translations would be made into it alone ... and all nations would be united in a common brotherhood."[8] His feelings and the situation in Białystok may be gleaned from an extract from his letter to Nikolai Borovko:[9]
Zamenhof's goal was to create an easy and flexible language that would serve as a universal second language, to foster world peace and international understanding, and to build a "community of speakers".[10]
His original title for the language was simply "the international language" (la lingvo internacia), but early speakers grew fond of the name Esperanto, and began to use it as the name for the language just two years after its creation. The name quickly gained prominence, and has been used as an official name ever since.[11]
In 1905, Zamenhof published the
Zamenhof wrote that he wanted mankind to "learn and use ... en masse ... the proposed language as a living one".[8] The goal for Esperanto to become a global auxiliary language was not Zamenhof's only goal; he also wanted to "enable the learner to make direct use of his knowledge with persons of any nationality, whether the language be universally accepted or not; in other words, the language is to be directly a means of international communication."[8]
After some ten years of development, which Zamenhof spent translating literature into Esperanto, as well as writing original prose and verse, the first book of Esperanto grammar was published in Warsaw on July 26, 1887. The number of speakers grew rapidly over the next few decades; at first, primarily in the Russian Empire and Central Europe, then in other parts of Europe, the Americas, China, and Japan. In the early years before the world congresses, speakers of Esperanto kept in contact primarily through correspondence and periodicals.
Zamenhof's name for the language was simply Internacia Lingvo ("International Language").[12] December 15, Zamenhof's birthday, is now regarded as Zamenhof Day or Esperanto Book Day.[13]
20th century
The autonomous territory of Neutral Moresnet, between what is today Belgium and Germany, had a sizable proportion of Esperanto-speaking citizens among its small, diverse population. There was a proposal to make Esperanto its official language.
However, neither Belgium nor Germany had surrendered their claims to the region, with the latter having adopted a more aggressive stance towards pursuing its claim around the turn of the century, even being accused of sabotage and administrative obstruction to force the issue. The outbreak of World War I would bring about the end of neutrality, with Moresnet initially left as "an oasis in a desert of destruction" following the German invasion of Belgium.[14] The territory was formally annexed by Prussia in 1915, though without international recognition.
After the war, a great opportunity for Esperanto seemingly presented itself, when the Iranian delegation to the
Fran Novljan was one of the chief promoters of Esperanto in the former Kingdom of Yugoslavia. He was among the founders of the Croatian Prosvjetni savez (Educational Alliance), of which he was the first secretary, and organized Esperanto institutions in Zagreb. Novljan collaborated with Esperanto newspapers and magazines, and was the author of the Esperanto textbook Internacia lingvo esperanto i Esperanto en tridek lecionoj.[20][21]
In 1920s
Repression
this should look at persecution of Esperantists in USSR, Germany etc.
Esperanto attracted the suspicion of many states. Repression was especially pronounced in
In Nazi Germany, there was a motivation to ban Esperanto because Zamenhof was Jewish, and due to the internationalist nature of Esperanto, which was perceived as "Bolshevist". In his work,
In
After the
During and after the
Modern history
In 1954, the
The development of Esperanto has continued unabated into the 21st century.[34] The advent of the Internet has had a significant impact on the language, as learning it has become increasingly accessible on platforms such as Duolingo, and as speakers have increasingly networked on platforms such as Amikumu.[35] With up to two million speakers, it is the most widely spoken constructed language in the world.[36] Although no country has adopted Esperanto officially, Esperantujo ("Esperanto-land") is the name given to the collection of places where it is spoken.[37][38]
While many of its advocates continue to hope for the day that Esperanto becomes officially recognized as the international auxiliary language, some (including raŭmistoj) have stopped focusing on this goal and instead view the Esperanto community as a stateless diasporic linguistic group based on freedom of association.[citation needed]
On May 28, 2015, the language learning platform Duolingo launched a free Esperanto course for English speakers [39] On March 25, 2016, when the first Duolingo Esperanto course completed its beta-testing phase, that course had 350,000 people registered to learn Esperanto through the medium of English. By July 2018, the number of learners had risen to 1.36 million. On July 20, 2018, Duolingo changed from recording users cumulatively to reporting only the number of "active learners" (i.e., those who are studying at the time and have not yet completed the course),[citation needed] which as of October 2022 stands at 299,000 learners.[40][non-primary source needed]
On October 26, 2016, a second Duolingo Esperanto course, for which the language of instruction is Spanish, appeared on the same platform[41][non-primary source needed] and which as of April 2021 has a further 176,000 students.[42][non-primary source needed] A third Esperanto course, taught in Brazilian Portuguese, began its beta-testing phase on May 14, 2018, and as of April 2021, 220,000 people are using this course[43][non-primary source needed] and 155,000 people in May 2022.[44][non-primary source needed] A fourth Esperanto course, taught in French, began its beta-testing phase in July 2020,[45][non-primary source needed] and as of March 2021 has 72,500 students[46][non-primary source needed] and 101,000 students in May 2022.[47][non-primary source needed]
As of October 2018, Lernu!, another online learning platform for Esperanto, has 320,000 registered users, and nearly 75,000 monthly visits.[48] 50,000 users possess at least a basic understanding of Esperanto.[citation needed]
On February 22, 2012, Google Translate added Esperanto as its 64th language.[49] On July 25, 2016, Yandex Translate added Esperanto as a language.[50]
With about 354,000 articles, Esperanto Wikipedia (Vikipedio) is the 36th-largest Wikipedia, as measured by the number of articles,[51] and is the largest Wikipedia in a constructed language.[52][53] About 150,000 users consult the Vikipedio regularly, as attested by Wikipedia's automatically aggregated log-in data, which showed that in October 2019 the website has 117,366 unique individual visitors per month, plus 33,572 who view the site on a mobile device instead.[54]
References
- ISBN 978-0-8122-4710-7.
- ISBN 978-1-4384-0780-7.
- ISBN 978-3-11-088611-5.
- ISBN 978-3-11-082456-8.
- ISBN 978-1-137-54917-4.
- ^ Antonetti, Gian Pablo (2020-09-20). "Esperanto: The Living, Changing, Conlang Community. Background and excerpts from an Esperantist perspective". Medium. Archived from the original on May 9, 2021. Retrieved 2021-05-10.
- ^ "Historia Białegostoku" [History of Białystok]. Miejski Portal Informacyjny Bstok.pl Białystok (in Polish). Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved 2021-05-10.
(transl.) Martial law was kept here [in Białystok] from 1870, and then the use of the Polish language in public places was forbidden. More persecution began.
- ^ a b c L.L.Zamenhof. International Language Archived December 22, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. Warsaw. 1887
- ^ The letter is quoted in Esperanto: The New Latin for the Church and Ecumenism Archived September 17, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, by Ulrich Matthias. Translation from Esperanto by Mike Leon and Maire Mullarney
- ^ Yaffe, Deborah (January 11, 2017). "A Language for Idealists". Princeton Alumni Weekly. Retrieved March 30, 2022.
- ISBN 978-1-4299-4341-3.
- ^ "Dr. Esperanto' International Language". L. Samenhof. Archived from the original on August 9, 2018. Retrieved April 15, 2016. Facsimile of the title page of the First Book in English, 1889. "Esperanto". Ling.ohio-state.edu. January 25, 2003. Archived from the original on 2011-06-22. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
- ^ Keller, Stefano. "Zamenhof-Day / Esperanto Book Day, 15 December". Translated by Moon, Brian. Universal Esperanto Association. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
- ^ Musgrave, George Clarke. Under Four Flags for France, 1918, p. 8
- ^ "New EAI pages". esperanto.ie. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
- ^ Dumas, John (December 19, 2014). "Imp of the Diverse: A Dark Day for Esperanto". Archived from the original on May 29, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2019.
- ^ Dumas, John (July 16, 2014). "Imp of the Diverse: The French Say "Non" to Esperanto". Archived from the original on May 29, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2019.
- ^ a b Dumas, John (September 10, 2014). "Imp of the Diverse: The Danger of Esperanto". Archived from the original on May 29, 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2019.
- ^ "Esperanto kaj anarkiismo". www.nodo50.org. Archived from the original on April 23, 2020.
Anarkiistoj estis inter la pioniroj de la disvastigo de Esperanto. En 1905 fondiĝis en Stokholmo la unua anarkiisma Esperanto-grupo. Sekvis multaj aliaj: en Bulgario, Ĉinio kaj aliaj landoj. Anarkiistoj kaj anarki-sindikatistoj, kiuj antaŭ la Unua Mondmilito apartenis al la nombre plej granda grupo inter la proletaj esperantistoj, fondis en 1906 la internacian ligon Paco-Libereco, kiu eldonis la Internacian Socian Revuon. Paco-libereco unuiĝis en 1910 kun alia progresema asocio, Esperantista Laboristaro. La komuna organizaĵo nomiĝis Liberiga Stelo. Ĝis 1914 tiu organizaĵo eldonis multe da revolucia literaturo en Esperanto, interalie ankaŭ anarkiisma. Tial povis evolui en la jaroj antaŭ la Unua Mondmilito ekzemple vigla korespondado inter eŭropaj kaj japanaj anarkiistoj. En 1907 la Internacia Anarkiisma Kongreso en Amsterdamo faris rezolucion pri la afero de internacia lingvo, kaj venis dum la postaj jaroj similaj kongresaj rezolucioj. Esperantistoj, kiuj partoprenis tiujn kongresojn, okupiĝis precipe pri la internaciaj rilatoj de la anarkiistoj.
- ^ Istarska enciklopedija Archived February 10, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Josip Šiklić: Novljan, Fran (pristupljeno 23. ožujka 2020.)
- ISBN 953-96975-0-6
- from the original on February 7, 2022. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
- ISBN 978-1-59569-090-6. Archivedfrom the original on July 22, 2016. Retrieved February 29, 2016.
Hitler specifically attacked Esperanto as a threat in a speech in Munich (1922) and in Mein Kampf itself (1925). The Nazi Minister for Education banned the teaching of Esperanto on May 17, 1935. […] all Esperantists were essentially enemies of the state – serving, through their language, Jewish-internationalist aims.
- ^ "About ESW and the Holocaust Museum". Esperantodc.org. December 5, 1995. Archived from the original on November 25, 2010. Retrieved December 5, 2010.
- ISBN 3-88350-023-2.
- ISSN 0272-2690. Archived from the original(PDF) on December 22, 2012. Retrieved July 2, 2012.
- ^ "Donald J. Harlow, The Esperanto Book, chapter 7". Literaturo.org. Archived from the original on October 2, 2016. Retrieved September 29, 2016.
- ^ Leon Trotsky. "Chapter IV: The period of reaction: Leon Trotsky: Stalin – An appraisal of the man and his influence (1940)". Marxists.org. Archived from the original on January 14, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
- ISBN 978-1137549167.)
- ^ "La utilización del esperanto durante la Guerra Civil Española". Nodo50.org. Archived from the original on January 16, 2020. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
- ISBN 9781137549174. Archivedfrom the original on April 14, 2021. Retrieved October 25, 2020.
- ^ "Records of the General Conference, Eighth Session, Montevideo 1954; Resolutions" (PDF). UNESDOC Database. UNESCO. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 2, 2011. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
- ^ Nations, United. "Official Languages". United Nations. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
There are six official languages of the UN. These are Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish.
- ^ Ferrari, Pisana (July 26, 2022). "Esperanto Day, July 26, celebrates the birth of a language aimed at fostering harmony among peoples. How is it faring today?". cApStAn. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
- ^ Salisbury, Josh (December 6, 2017). "'Saluton!': the surprise return of Esperanto". The Guardian. Archived from the original on December 28, 2017. Retrieved May 16, 2018.
- ^ Zasky, Jason (July 20, 2009), "Discouraging Words", Failure Magazine, archived from the original on November 19, 2011,
But in terms of invented languages, it's the most outlandishly successful invented language ever. It has thousands of speakers – even native speakers – and that's a major accomplishment as compared to the 900 or so other languages that have no speakers. – Arika Okrent
- ^ Esperantujo. (2022, March 17). Wiktionary, The Free Dictionary. Retrieved 19:57, May 14, 2022 from https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Esperantujo&oldid=66166890.
- ^ "Esperantujo". Esperanto Language Blog | Language and Culture of the Esperanto-Speaking World. 2009-04-30. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
- ^ "duolingo - learn Esperanto in 5 mins per day". Retrieved 4 December 2023.
- ^ Language Courses for English Speakers Archived October 23, 2022, at the Wayback Machine, October 23, 2021, Duolingo.com. Accessed October 23, 2021
- ^ "Duolingo Language Courses". Duolingo. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2019.
- ^ Language Courses for Spanish Speakers Archived April 25, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, 22 March 2021, Duolingo.com. Accessed 22 March 2021.
- ^ Language Courses for Portuguese Speakers Archived April 14, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, 22 March 2021, Duolingo.com. Accessed 22 March 2021.
- ^ "Language Learners for Porteguese Speakers". Archived from the original on May 14, 2022. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- ^ Esperanto for French Speakers Archived April 14, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, Duolingo.com. Accessed September 15, 2020.
- ^ Language Courses for French Speakers Archived April 14, 2021, at the Wayback Machine, 22 March 2021, Duolingo.com. Accessed March 22, 2021.
- ^ "Language Courses For French People". Archived from the original on May 14, 2022. Retrieved May 14, 2022.
- ^ "Lernu.net Traffic, Demographics and Competitors - Alexa". www.alexa.com. Archived from the original on May 28, 2022. Retrieved 2019-04-05.
- ^ Brants, Thorsten (February 22, 2012). "Tutmonda helplingvo por ĉiuj homoj". Google Translate Blog. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
- ^ "Яндекс.Переводчик освоил 11 новых языков — Блог Переводчика". yandex.ru. Archived from the original on August 11, 2016. Retrieved April 24, 2019.
- ^ "List of Wikipedias - Meta". meta.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 2023-04-18.
- ^ "List of Wikipedias by language group". Meta.wikimedia.org. Archived from the original on July 17, 2021. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
- ^ Gentry, Alex (2017-06-07). "The Secret of International Auxiliary Languages". Medium. Circuit Youth Slavo. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
Volapük... at one time it surpassed the Esperanto Wikipedia in number of articles, though Esperanto now has the largest Wikipedia of any constructed language.
- ^ Bonvenon al Vikipedia ("Welcome to Wikipedia"), main page of the Esperanto-language version of Wikipedia, October 4, 2019. Accessed October 4, 2019.