User:Herzen/Russophobia

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'Russophobia' (also, Russians hostility or Antirussismus

Russian culture. It is an expression of the xenophobia and is the opposite of Russophilia
.

There are a variety of stereotypes about Russia and Russians who set up partly to justified criticism, partly on prejudice [2] and as elements in political confrontation against the Soviet Union and the Russia are used [3] arguments against Russophobia are widespread in Russia in right-wing circles, be used against democratic reform efforts and serve sometimes to construct myths about the fall of the Soviet Union. [4]

The history of the connections between Russia and Western Europe [5] and the successful integration of Western Europe, in the USA and emigrated to Israel Russians suggests that there is no general Russophobia [6] the phenomenon of negative image Russia s has 500 years of tradition in the opinion of individual authors in recent times partly unnecessary false [7] or Russian national perspective to an "ideology" developed. [8]

It has also asked the question, "if not our image of Russia usually arises as a function of how Russia itself estimates ... Both types of images - external and self-images -. Have influenced the course of history of our mutual perceptions and relationships you are so far an idea provoked in a kind of symbiosis another ... What is sometimes hidden in these images of prejudice and what they can be used, has sometimes had terrible consequences. "[9]

History

Middle Ages and Early Modern Times

First negative portrayals of Russians date back to the 13th century in connection with the struggle of the

schismatics" in the east. So the Russians, for example, in the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle
are called infidels who plunder the lands of the Christians.

At the turn of the 16th century intensified

Grand Duchy of Moscow and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to the heritage of the Rus. The claim of the Rurik Prince of Moscow, ruler of all the Rus was met with resistance by the personal union combined states of Lithuania and Poland. At this time, mainly Polish scholars and authors developed an anti-Russian slant which they spread across Europe [10] In order to prevent the Russian alliances in Europe, King Sigismund I. of European rulers and to the Pope, the " Muscovite" were enemies of Christianity and were conspiring with the Turks and Tatars, to destroy Christianity [10]

In connection with the Livonian War European travelers to Russia reported on the tyranny of the Russian Tsar Ivan "the Terrible" (correct translation: the Dread), whereby the image of a highly repressive Russian domination spread. The Oprichnina was directed against the old princely families at the beginning. Later the direction of the repressive policy was expanded to counter new threats. Ruslan G. Skrynnikov compiled an account with a list of names of those executed by the Synodikon Ivan Groznyjs. [11]

Last time until the 19th century

Rise of Russian Barbarism. French Lithograph from the time of the Napoleonic Wars

Anti-Russian views were widespread in France in the 19th century. While the European intellectuals had overall a positive view of Russia,

Moscow Kremlin. After the French defeat there was increase in the negative attitude towards the Russians. Marquis de Custine visited the Russian Empire
in the 1830s and left an itinerary that included a sharp critique of autocracy and of life in contemporary Russia.

In

Anatole Leroy-Beaulieu [17] and Eugène-Melchior de Vogüé [18] a Russia that is the complete opposite of Custine. Also Jules Verne s play Michel Strogoff , which was premiered in 1880 in Paris, contributed to a reversal in French Russia. The same can be for example about say, Thomas Mann mediated Germany Russia in picture | Nietzsche
, [Rilke] [Rainer Maria Rilke].

While European Conservatives tend to see Russia as the "savior of Europe" and the stronghold of legitimate monarchy and preserver of Christian faith tradition in the first half of the 19th century, Russia is often depicted as the "Gendarme of Europe" by liberal, the notion adopted and disseminated by left revolutionary circles, including by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.[19] Numerous pamphlets by exiled Poles appear, in which the "uncultured" Russians are described as being of an Asian-Turanian origin . [20]

The fear of the

Mediterranean, and a Russian expansion into Persia and Central Asia - and possibly even India - to prevent. This British-Russian conflict of interest was calculated as Great Game known [21] and led to the Crimean War, also at the France
participated.

20th century

At the beginning of the 20th & nbsp; century France and England approached politically again Russia, whereas the relations

| Thalerhofstraße
or [Theresienstadt] [Small Fortress Terezin].

prison of nations [24] on the Tsarist Empire. The hopes raised so desssen in non-Russian border areas on independence but were not fulfilled. [25] Later the term was "prison of nations" on the Soviet Union-related. [26]

The

inter-war period
.

Soviet POWs in the Mauthausen concentration camp. Soviet prisoners were treated more cruelly than prisoners of other nations.

A

German-Soviet war with the Nazi ideology and planning (see also hunger Plan
) in connection.

In

Czechoslovakia back. [27]

Especially in the era of

Russian Mafia, the image of a criminal and kleptocratic in the 1990s coined Russia. On the other hand, supported the West the course of the Russian President Boris Yeltsin and largely avoided criticism of his policies. The Russia Expert Boris Reitschuster said, Putin "is russophob, which is what he accuses others: He has a low opinion of the people in Russia, because he considers it immature and treated like children children who performed strongly. must be and sometimes want spanking "[28]

Germany

They criticize the Russia reporting in Germany is partly or mainly of a negative attitude and lack of sophistication [29][30] marked. Difficulties and misunderstandings in the correspondent activities are added. [31] In particular, the focus on Vladimir Putin Russia and the political crises in the Western media to draw some commentators a distorted picture of the actual conditions in Russland.[32][33]

Starting points of Russophobia

Russophobe ideas consist in part of a long term consistent negative thought [10]. Key policy approaches for fundamental Russia criticism based on an alleged inability to self-government and a resulting tyrannical form of government, or the people are "blind to the power of absolute power of the ruler" subordinating [10]. This is often brought also with an alleged Russian imperialism and the Russian Orthodox Church as a "religion of slaves" in connection.

Theory of Russophobia as an ideology by Oleg Nemenski

The concept of Russophobia was an integral part of the ideology Russian nationalists [34] The Russian historian Oleg Nemenski has a theory of Russophobia as ideology developed. Similar to some of the classic Normannismus the German historian of the 18th century with respect to the establishment of the Russian state or launched by Marquis de Custine conception of Russia as a "prison of the people", according to this theory founded the present Western political science and journalism, which tend to the presence of a free public opinion in Russia to deny and to attribute the view taken by the Russian majority positions of state propaganda. Traditionally, such approaches lead to inappropriate conclusions and lower prediction quality of the events in Russia [8]. Everything specifically Russian would be perceived as hostile to freedom. This would affect not only the "despotic" political power, but also the Russian Orthodox Church and Russian Orthodoxy as the "religion of slaves." The juxtaposition of "Western freedom" and the "Russian slavery" have experienced different forms in different eras. After the formation of nation-states, the Russians would be represented as a carrier of the imperial body of thought as enemies of the free National, while they are at the juxtaposition of neoliberal globalism and national sovereignty, conversely, as a carrier of the "backward" National.

However, since the era of the nation-state has not yet passed, dominated the idea of Russians as "eternal imperialists". Neighboring peoples, the Russians were under the "Russian Knute". Since absolute power by definition, qualitative and quantitative growth, ie must strive expansion, the Russians would be understood as "slavish people" as a tool in this endeavor. This was closely intertwined the conviction that the Russians sought after the conquest of Europe and not diminishing fear of Western man in front of a Russian invasion ("The Russians are coming!"). Any freedom would object as a potential destruction of the Russian tyrants and the freedom hating Russians viewed.

Russian suppression of the November Uprising 1830). Contemporary allegorical representation of Poland as the victim of an Asiatic nomad

The attempts to explain such a striking "otherness" of the Russians usually two reasoning strategies were observed: historically and genetically. According to the first, the Russian culture of tyranny and slavery as a combination of two main sources is limited, the Byzantine orthodoxy and the Tartar despotism. After a developed historical conception was claimed that Russia has inherited the Golden Horde, by having taken over the main characteristics of the political culture of the nomadic structure. Russia and the Golden Horde was the typical stereotype Russophobe, both in historical essays, as well as in journalism.

Often enough, however, it would apply to statements that make a particular genetic tendency of Russians to unfreedom responsible. Accordingly, the Russians tolerate the tyranny, because they are naturally disposed to do so. After this representation, the Russians are not just a backward people, but as genetically inferior and incapable of receiving the Western values​​. Numerous journalists alleged in the course of history, the Russian genetics was corrupted by the historical experiences of the people: bondage, war, repression, revolution, etc. Experimental results of such a perception were felt not only in World War II, but certainly also today. Thrust of the US attorneys who specialize in deaths of Russian adopted children in American families, often based on the supposedly special genetic inclinations of the Russians [8].

See also

Literature

  • Gabriela Lehmann-Carli, Yvonne Drosihn, Ulrike sweatshop-Sowitzki, Hilmar Preuss: Russia between East and West Poised ?: national identity . Frank & Timme, Berlin 2010, ISBN 978-3-86596-338-3.

External links

References

  1. ^ See Heinz Gollwitzer:. From the Age of Discovery to the beginning of imperialism V & R, 1972, p. 372nd
  2. ^ Jonathan Steel: The west's new Russophobia is hypocritical - and wrong . In: the guardian of 30 June 2006 [1]
  3. ^ Johnson Forest:. Till. Post-totalitarian national identity: public memory in Germany and Russia . In: Social & Cultural Geography. . Vol. 5, no. 3, September 2004
  4. ^ Robert Horvath: The legacy of Soviet dissent: dissidents, Democratisation and radical nationalism in Russia . Psychology Press, 2005. p 262
  5. Lew Kopelew Wuppertal research project [2]. As part of a project of Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft the West-Eastern reflections were digitized in full and are available through the Bavarian Staatsbibkliothek available: [3]
    .
  6. ^ digression into history. Russians abroad /morenews.php?iditem=5937
  7. ^ a b Andrei Tsygankov , Russophobia: Anti-Russian Lobby and American Foreign Policy. Palgrave, 2009
  8. ^ a b c d Oleg Nemenski. Russophobia as an ideology // issues of nationalism № 13, 2013 (Russ.) on the website of http://vnatio.org/
  9. ^ Jutta Scherrer: 'Russia in European foreign and self images. Paper presented at the meeting in gene Hagen / Brandenburg 1.-2. December 2006 (unpag p. 1)[4]
  10. ^ a b c d Poe. Marshall T. (2001). People Born to Slavery: Russia in Early Modern European Ethnography, 1478-1748. Cornell University Press. p. ISBN 0-8014-3798-9 21
  11. ^ See. extended by the author German translation: Ruslan Grigrojewitsch Skrynnikov Ivan the Terrible and his time. With an afterword by Hans-Joachim Torke. Munich, 1992. See also the obituary of Skrynnikov of Alexandr Lavrov [5].
  12. ^ a b McNally, Raymond. The origins of Russophobia in France from 1812 to 1830. In: The American Slavic and East European Review 17 (1958), S. 173-189
  13. ^ See. Martin Malia: Russia Under Western Eyes. Cambridge / Mass. . 1999, p 102
  14. ^ Dieter Groh: Russia and the self-image of Europe , Neuwied could support 1961, p 189
  15. ^ ibid Scherrer, unpag (p. 10)
  16. ^ Abridged:. Russian shadow
  17. ^ L'Empire des tsars et les Russes . 3 vols., 1881-2 and 1889)
  18. ^ Le Roman russe . 1886
  19. ^ History of the Russophobia. World enemy in the east - to the spiritual history of the "neocons", FAZ, August 26, 2008
  20. ^ Franciszek Duchinski: peuples Arya et Tourans, agriculteurs et nomades: nécessité of réformes dans l'exposition de l'histoire des peuples Arya-Européens et Tourans, particulièrement of slaves et des Moscovites. Paris 1864 S. 22nd
  21. ^ John Howes Gleason. The genesis of Russophobia in Great Britain: a study of the interaction of policy and opinion. Octagon Books, 1972
  22. German-Russian relations
  23. ^ John M. Haar. The Russian Menace: Baltic German Public Stockists and Russophobia in World War I Germany. University Microfilms, 1986
  24. ^ Matthias Theodor Vogt, among others (Hg.): Periphery in the center of Europe . Frankfurt am Main 2009, p 126. See also Anderas Kappeler: Russia as a multiethnic empire: Entstahung - History- decay. 2nd edition Munich 2008
  25. ^ See. Helmut Akltrichter: Soviet Union: The Russian Civil War and the founding of the Soviet Union In: Universal-Lexicon [6]
  26. ^ For example, Christian Esch: USSR. The mourning to the prison of nations . In: fr-online on 25 12, 2001 [7]
  27. ^ http://archive.kremlin.ru/articles/bookchapter9.shtml homepage of the Kremlin: Interview with Vladimir Putin in 2000.
  28. ^ Boris Reitschuster: ". Putin himself is hostile russians ". Russia expert Reitschuster in an interview. [8]
  29. ^ Open letter from Mikhail Gorbachev to the German media [http: //www.petersburger-dialog. de / open-letter-of-michael-grobatschow-the-German-media]; Wenke Crudopf: Russia-stereotypes in the German media reporting . Working Papers of the East-European Institute of the Free University of Berlin. 29/2000 [9].
  30. ^ Linguist Sabine Schiffer about partisanship in the German media, Weltnetz.tv
  31. ^ See, for example, Juliane Inozemtsev: Part of intoxication. Self-critical of Germany's Eastern Europe correspondent for the "Orange Revolution" . In: Eurasian Magazine of 31 July 2008 [10]
  32. ^ Guest Comment www.derstandard.at, accessed on 11 August 2014.
  33. ^ Nobody can doubt the brutality of Putin's Russia. But the way the conflict Ukraine is covered in the west shoulderstand raise some questions , www.theguardian.com, accessed on 11 August 2014th
  34. ^ Anatoly M. Khazanov:. The nation-state in question , 2003 Princeton University Press, pages 96-97 Chapter 90.91 "A state without a nation after Russia Empire? "; "In the late 1980s and early 1990s, only russian nationalists Used the bugaboo of Russophobia"

Russia Category:Russophobia

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