Thomas Mann
Thomas Mann | |
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Modernism | |
Years active | 1896–1954 |
Employers | |
Notable works | Buddenbrooks, The Magic Mountain, Death in Venice, Joseph and His Brothers, Doctor Faustus |
Notable awards |
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Spouse | Katia Pringsheim |
Children | Erika, Klaus, Golo, Monika, Elisabeth, Michael |
Relatives | Thomas Johann Heinrich Mann (father) Júlia da Silva Bruhns (mother) Heinrich Mann (brother) |
Signature | |
Paul Thomas Mann (UK: /ˈmæn/ MAN, US: /ˈmɑːn/ MAHN;[1] German pronunciation: [ˈtoːmas ˈman] ⓘ; 6 June 1875 – 12 August 1955) was a German novelist, short story writer, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and the 1929 Nobel Prize in Literature laureate. His highly symbolic and ironic epic novels and novellas are noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and the intellectual. His analysis and critique of the European and German soul used modernized versions of German and Biblical stories, as well as the ideas of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Arthur Schopenhauer.
Mann was a member of the
Life
Paul Thomas Mann was born to a
Name | Birth | Death |
---|---|---|
Erika | 9 November 1905 | 27 August 1969 |
Klaus | 18 November 1906 | 21 May 1949 |
Golo | 29 March 1909 | 7 April 1994 |
Monika | 7 June 1910 | 17 March 1992 |
Elisabeth | 24 April 1918 | 8 February 2002 |
Michael | 21 April 1919 | 1 January 1977 |
Mann lived in Munich from 1891 until 1933,[
In 1905, Mann married
Pre-war and Second World War period
In 1912, he and his wife moved to a
In 1929, Mann had a cottage built in the fishing village of Nidden, Memel Territory (now Nida, Lithuania) on the Curonian Spit, where there was a German art colony and where he spent the summers of 1930–1932 working on Joseph and His Brothers. Today, the cottage is a cultural center dedicated to him, with a small memorial exhibition.
In 1933, while travelling in the
Anti-Nazi broadcasts
The outbreak of World War II, on 1 September 1939, prompted Mann to offer anti-Nazi speeches (in German) to the German people via the
Mann was one of the few publicly active opponents of Nazism among German expatriates in the U.S.[10] In a BBC broadcast of 30 December 1945, Mann expressed understanding as to why those peoples that had suffered from the Nazi regime would embrace the idea of German collective guilt. But he also thought that many enemies might now have second thoughts about "revenge". And he expressed regret that such judgement cannot be based on the individual:
Those, whose world became grey a long time ago when they realized what mountains of hate towered over Germany; those, who a long time ago imagined during sleepless nights how terrible would be the revenge on Germany for the inhuman deeds of the Nazis, cannot help but view with wretchedness all that is being done to Germans by the Russians, Poles, or Czechs as nothing other than a mechanical and inevitable reaction to the crimes that the people have committed as a nation, in which unfortunately individual justice, or the guilt or innocence of the individual, can play no part.[11]
Last years
With the start of the
Along with
Death
Following his 80th birthday, Mann went on vacation to
Legacy
Mann's work influenced many later authors, such as Yukio Mishima. Joseph Campbell also stated in an interview with Bill Moyers that Mann was one of his mentors.[20] Many institutions are named in his honour, for instance the Thomas Mann Gymnasium of Budapest.
Career
Blanche Knopf of Alfred A. Knopf publishing house was introduced to Mann by H.L. Mencken while on a book-buying trip to Europe.[21] Knopf became Mann's American publisher, and Blanche hired scholar Helen Tracy Lowe-Porter to translate Mann's books in 1924.[22] Lowe-Porter subsequently translated Mann's complete works.[21] Blanche Knopf continued to look after Mann. After Buddenbrooks proved successful in its first year, the Knopfs sent him an unexpected bonus. Later in the 1930s, Blanche helped arrange for Mann and his family to emigrate to America.[21]
Nobel Prize in Literature
Mann was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1929, after he had been nominated by Anders Österling, member of the Swedish Academy, principally in recognition of his popular achievements with Buddenbrooks (1901), The Magic Mountain (Der Zauberberg, 1924), and his numerous short stories.[23] (Due to the personal taste of an influential committee member, only Buddenbrooks was cited at any great length.)[24] Based on Mann's own family, Buddenbrooks relates the decline of a merchant family in Lübeck over the course of four generations. The Magic Mountain (Der Zauberberg, 1924) follows an engineering student who, planning to visit his tubercular cousin at a Swiss sanatorium for only three weeks, finds his departure from the sanatorium delayed. During that time, he confronts medicine and the way it looks at the body and encounters a variety of characters, who play out ideological conflicts and discontents of contemporary European civilization. The tetralogy Joseph and His Brothers is an epic novel written over a period of sixteen years and is one of the largest and most significant works in Mann's oeuvre. Later novels included Lotte in Weimar (1939), in which Mann returned to the world of Goethe's novel The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774); Doctor Faustus (1947), the story of the fictitious composer Adrian Leverkühn and the corruption of German culture in the years before and during World War II; and Confessions of Felix Krull (Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull, 1954), which was unfinished at Mann's death. These later works prompted two members of the Swedish Academy to nominate Mann for the Nobel Prize in Literature a second time, in 1948.[25]
Influence
Throughout Mann's
Sexuality
Mann's diaries reveal his struggles with his homosexuality, which found reflection in his works, most prominently through the obsession of the elderly Aschenbach for the 14-year-old Polish boy Tadzio in the novella Death in Venice (Der Tod in Venedig, 1912).[28]
Mann was a friend of the violinist and painter Paul Ehrenberg, for whom he had feelings as a young man (at least until around 1903 when there is evidence that those feelings had cooled). The attraction that he felt for Ehrenberg, which is corroborated by notebook entries, caused Mann difficulty and discomfort and may have been an obstacle to his marrying an English woman, Mary Smith, whom he met in 1901.[30] In 1950, Mann met the 19-year-old waiter Franz Westermeier, confiding to his diary "Once again this, once again love".[31] In 1975, when Mann's diaries were published, creating a national sensation in Germany, the retired Westermeier was tracked down in the United States: he was flattered to learn he had been the object of Mann's obsession, but also shocked at its depth.[32]
Although Mann had always denied his novels had autobiographical components, the unsealing of his diaries revealing how consumed his life had been with unrequited and sublimated passion resulted in a reappraisal of his work.[32][33] Thomas's son Klaus Mann dealt openly from the beginning with his own homosexuality in his literary work and open lifestyle, referring critically to his father's "sublimation" in his diary. On the other hand, Thomas's daughter Erika Mann and his son Golo Mann came out only later in their lives.
Cultural references
The Magic Mountain
Several literary and other works make reference to Mann's book The Magic Mountain, including:
- Frederic Tuten's 1993 novel Tintin in the New World features many characters (such as Clavdia Chauchat, Mynheer Peeperkorn and others) from The Magic Mountain interacting with Tintin in Peru.
- Andrew Crumey's novel Mobius Dick (2004) imagines an alternative universe where an author named Behring has written novels resembling Mann's. These include a version of The Magic Mountain with Erwin Schrödinger in place of Castorp.
- Haruki Murakami's novel Norwegian Wood (1987), in which the main character is criticized for reading The Magic Mountain while visiting a friend in a sanatorium.
- The song "Magic Mountain" by the band Blonde Redhead.
- The painting Magic Mountain (after Thomas Mann) by Christiaan Tonnis (1987). "The Magic Mountain" is also a chapter in Tonnis's 2006 book Krankheit als Symbol ("Illness as a Symbol").[34]
- The 1941 film 49th Parallel, in which the character Philip Armstrong Scott unknowingly praises Mann's work to an escaped World War II Nazi U-boat commander, who later responds by burning Scott's copy of The Magic Mountain.
- In Ken Kesey's novel Sometimes a Great Notion (1964), character Indian Jenny purchases a Thomas Mann novel and tries to find out "just where was this mountain full of magic..." (p. 578).
- Hayao Miyazaki's 2013 film The Wind Rises, in which an unnamed German man at a mountain resort invokes the novel as cover for furtively condemning the rapidly arming Hitler and Hirohito regimes. After he flees to escape the Japanese secret police, the protagonist, who fears his own mail is being read, refers to him as the novel's Mr. Castorp. The film is partly based on another Japanese novel, set like The Magic Mountain in a tuberculosis sanatorium.
- Father John Misty's 2017 album Pure Comedy contains a song titled "So I'm Growing Old on Magic Mountain", in which a man, near death, reflects on the passing of time and the disappearance of his Dionysian youth in homage to the themes in Mann's novel.[35]
- Viktor Frankl's book Man's Search for Meaning relates the "time-experience" of Holocaust prisoners to TB patients in The Magic Mountain: "How paradoxical was our time-experience! In this connection we are reminded of Thomas Mann's The Magic Mountain, which contains some very pointed psychological remarks. Mann studies the spiritual development of people who are in an analogous psychological position, i.e., tuberculosis patients in a sanatorium who also know no date for their release. They experience a similar existence—without a future and without a goal."
- The movie A Cure For Wellness, directed by Gore Verbinski, was inspired by and is somewhat a modernization, somewhat a parody, of The Magic Mountain.[36]In one scene, an orderly at the asylum can be seen reading Der Zauberberg.
- The album cover for P.D.Q. Bach's "Bluegrass Cantata" shows an illustration of the 18th Century German bluegrass ensemble Tommy Mann and his Magic Mountain Boys.
Death in Venice
Many literary and other works make reference to Death in Venice, including:
- Luchino Visconti's 1971 film version of Mann's novella.
- Benjamin Britten's 1973 operatic adaptation in two acts of Mann's novella.
- Woody Allen's film Annie Hall (1977) refers to the novella.
- Joseph Heller's 1994 novel, Closing Time, which makes several references to Thomas Mann and Death in Venice.
- Alexander McCall Smith's novel Portuguese Irregular Verbs (1997) has a final chapter entitled "Death in Venice" and refers to Thomas Mann by name in that chapter.
- Philip Roth's novel The Human Stain (2000).
- Rufus Wainwright's 2001 song "Grey Gardens", which mentions the character Tadzio in the refrain.
- Alan Bennett's 2009 play The Habit of Art, in which Benjamin Britten is imagined paying a visit to W. H. Auden about the possibility of Auden writing the libretto for Britten's opera Death in Venice.
- David Rakoff's essay "Shrimp", which appears in his 2010 collection Half Empty, makes a humorous comparison between Mann's Aschenbach and E. B. White's Stuart Little.
- Two main characters in Me and Earl and the Dying Girl make a spoof film titled Death in Tennis.
- 'A Good Year' 2006 film.
- In the MTV animated series Daria, Daria Morgendorffer receives from Tom Sloane a first-edition English translation as a present ("One J at a Time, Season 5, Episode 8, 2001) and is ridiculed by her sister, Quinn, for having a boyfriend who only gives her "a used book".
Other
- Hayavadana (1972), a play by American Music Theater Festival in Philadelphia and the Lincoln Centerin New York in 1988.
- Mann's 1896 short story "Disillusionment" is the basis for the
- In a 1994 essay, Umberto Eco suggests that the media discuss "Whether reading Thomas Mann gives one erections" as an alternative to "Whether Joyce is boring".[39]
- Mann's life in California during World War II, including his relationships with his older brother Heinrich Mann and Bertolt Brecht is a subject of Christopher Hampton's play Tales from Hollywood.[40]
- Colm Tóibín's 2021 fictionalised biography The Magician is a portrait of Mann in the context of his family and political events.[41]
Political views
This article is part of a series on |
Conservatism in Germany |
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During World War I, Mann supported the conservatism of
In "
Mann initially gave his support to the left-liberal
During the war, Mann made a series of anti-Nazi radio-speeches, published as
Views on Soviet communism and Nazi-fascism
Mann expressed his belief in the collection of letters written in exile, Listen, Germany! (Deutsche Hörer!), that equating
Literary works
Short stories
- 1893: "A Vision (Prose Sketch)"
- 1894: "Fallen" ("Gefallen")
- 1896: "The Will to Happiness"
- 1896: "Disillusionment" ("Enttäuschung")
- 1896: "Little Herr Friedemann" ("Der kleine Herr Friedemann")
- 1897: "Death" ("Der Tod")
- 1897: "The Clown" ("Der Bajazzo")
- 1897: "The Dilettante"
- 1897: "Luischen" ("Little Lizzy") – published in 1900
- 1898: "Tobias Mindernickel"
- 1899: "The Wardrobe" ("Der Kleiderschrank")
- 1899: "Avenged (Study for a Novella)" ("Gerächt")
- 1900: "The Road to the Churchyard/The Way to the Churchyard" ("Der Weg zum Friedhof")
- 1903: "The Hungry/The Starvelings"
- 1903: "The Child Prodigy/The Infant Prodigy/The Wunderkind" ("Das Wunderkind")
- 1904: "A Gleam"
- 1904: "At the Prophet's"
- 1905: "A Weary Hour/Hour of Hardship/Harsh Hour"
- 1907: "Railway Accident"
- 1908: "Anecdote" ("Anekdote")
- 1911: "The Fight between Jappe and the Do Escobar"
Novellas
- 1902: Gladius Dei]
- 1903: Tristan
- 1903: Tonio Kröger
- 1905: The Blood of the Walsungs (Wӓlsungenblut) (2nd Edition: 1921)[51]
- 1911: Felix Krull (Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull) – published in 1922
- 1912: Death in Venice (Der Tod in Venedig)
- 1918: A Man and His Dog/Bashan and I (Herr und Hund)
- 1925: Disorder and Early Sorrow/Chaotic World and Childhood Sorrow (Unordnung und frühes Leid)
- 1930: Mario and the Magician (Mario und der Zauberer)
- 1940: The Transposed Heads (Die vertauschten Köpfe – Eine indische Legende)
- 1944: The Tables of the Law (Das Gesetz) – a contribution for the anthology The Ten Commandments edited by Armin L. Robinson
- 1954: The Black Swan (Die Betrogene: Erzählung)
Novels
Standalone novels
- 1901: Buddenbrooks (Buddenbrooks – Verfall einer Familie)
- 1909: Royal Highness (Königliche Hoheit)
- 1924: The Magic Mountain (Der Zauberberg)
- 1939: Lotte in Weimar: The Beloved Returns
- 1947: Doctor Faustus (Doktor Faustus)
- 1949: The Origin of Doctor Faustus (Die Entstehung des Doktor Faustus) – autobiographical non-fiction book about the novel
- 1951: The Holy Sinner (Der Erwählte)
- 1954: Confessions of Felix Krull (Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull. Der Memoiren erster Teil; expanded from 1911 short story), unfinished
Series
- Joseph and His Brothers (Joseph und seine Brüder) (1933–43)
- The Stories of Jacob (Die Geschichten Jaakobs) (1933)
- Young Joseph (Der junge Joseph) (1934)
- Joseph in Egypt (Joseph in Ägypten) (1936)
- Joseph the Provider (Joseph, der Ernährer) (1943)
Plays
- 1905: Fiorenza
- 1954: Luther's Marriage (Luthers Hochzeit) (fragment – unfinished)
Poetry
- 1919: The Song of the Child: An Idyll (Gesang vom Kindchen)
- 1923: Tristan and Isolde
Essays
- 1915: "Frederick and the Great Coalition" ("Friedrich und die große Koalition")
- 1918: Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man ("Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen")
- 1922: "On the German Republic" ("Von deutscher Republik")
- 1930: "A Sketch of My Life" ("Lebensabriß") – autobiographical
- 1937: "The Problem of Freedom" ("Das Problem der Freiheit"), speech
- 1938: The Coming Victory of Democracy – collection of lectures
- 1938: "This Peace" ("Dieser Friede"), pamphlet
- 1938: "Schopenhauer", philosophy and music theory on Arthur Schopenhauer
- 1940: "This War!" ("Dieser Krieg!")
- 1943: Listen, Germany! (Deutsche Hörer!) – collection of radio broadcasts
- 1947: Essays of Three Decades, translated from the German by H. T. Lowe-Porter. [1st American ed.], New York, A. A. Knopf, 1947. Reprinted as Vintage book, K55, New York, Vintage Books, 1957. Includes "Schopenhauer"
- 1948: "Nietzsche's Philosophy in the Light of Recent History"
- 1950: "Michelangelo according to his poems" ("Michelangelo in seinen Dichtungen")[52]
- 1958: Last Essays. Includes "Nietzsche's Philosophy in the Light of Recent History"
Compilations in English
- 1922: Stories of Three Decades (trans. H. T. Lowe-Porter). Includes 24 stories written from 1896 to 1922. First American edition published in 1936.
- 1963: Death in Venice and Seven Other Stories (trans. H. T. Lowe-Porter). Includes: "Death in Venice"; "Tonio Kröger"; "Mario and the Magician"; "Disorder and Early Sorrow"; "A Man and His Dog"; "The Blood of the Walsungs"; "Tristan"; "Felix Krull".
- 1970: Tonio Kröger and Other Stories (trans. David Luke). Includes: "Little Herr Friedemann"; "The Joker"; "The Road to the Churchyard"; "Gladius Dei"; "Tristan"; "Tonio Kroger".
- Republished in 1988 as "Death in Venice and Other Stories" with the addition of the eponymous story.
- 1997: Six Early Stories (trans. Peter Constantine). Includes: "A Vision: Prose Sketch"; "Fallen"; The Will to Happiness"; "Death"; "Avenged: Study for a Novella"; "Anecdote".
- 1998: Death in Venice and Other Tales (trans. Joachim Neugroschel). Includes: "The Will for Happiness"; "Little Herr Friedemann"; "Tobias Mindernickel"; "Little Lizzy"; "Gladius Dei"; "Tristan"; "The Starvelings: A Study"; "Tonio Kröger"; "The Wunderkind"; "Harsh Hour"; "The Blood of the Walsungs"; "Death in Venice".
- 1999: Death in Venice and Other Stories (trans. Jefferson Chase). Includes: "Tobias Mindernickel"; "Tristan"; "Tonio Kröger"; "The Child Prodigy"; "Hour of Hardship"; "Death in Venice"; "Man and Dog".
- 2023: New Selected Stories (trans. Damion Searls). Includes: "Chaotic World and Childhood Sorrow";[53] "A Day in the Life of Hanno Buddenbrook" (excerpt from Buddenbrooks); "Louisey";[54] "Death in Venice"; "Confessions of a Con Artist, by Felix Krull—Part One: My Childhood". Review by Colm Tóibín
Research
Databases
TMI Research
The metadatabase TMI-Research[55] brings together archival materials and library holdings of the network "Thomas Mann International". The network was founded in 2017 by the five houses Buddenbrookhaus/Heinrich-und-Thomas-Mann-Zentrum (Lübeck), the Monacensia im Hildebrandhaus (Munich), the Thomas Mann Archive of the ETH Zurich (Zurich/Switzerland), the Thomas Mann House (Los Angeles/USA) and the Thomo Manno kultūros centras/Thomas Mann Culture Centre (Nida/Lithuania). The houses stand for the main stations of Thomas Mann's life. The platform, which is hosted by ETH Zurich, allows research in the collections of the network partners across all houses. The database is freely accessible and contains over 165,000 records on letters, original editions, photographs, monographs and essays on Thomas Mann and the Mann family. Further links take you to the respective source databases with contact options and further information.
See also
- Erich Heller (esp. s.v. "Writings on Thomas Mann", "Life in letters")
- Patrician (post-Roman Europe)
- Terence James Reed's Thomas Mann: The Uses of Tradition (1974)
Notes
- ISBN 978-0-415-07180-2.
- ^ "Thomas Mann Autobiography". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 25 January 2008.
- ISBN 978-0-691-07069-8. Translation by Leslie Willson of Thomas Mann: Das Leben als Kunstwerk (München C. H. Bick'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1999).
- ^ "Source: Alexander Leitch, 1978".
- ^ Spiegel, Taru (1920). "Thomas Mann and the Library of Congress." Library of Congress (18 December).
- ^ Jewish Women's Archive: Salka Viertel | Jewish Women's Archive. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
- ^ Dege, Stefan (15 August 2016). "Intellectuals call on German government to rescue Thomas Mann's California villa". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 17 November 2016.
- ISBN 978-0-520-25128-1.
- ^ Deutsche Hörer 25 (recte: 55) Radiosendungen nach Deutschland. Insel Verlag, Leipzig 1970.
- ^ Boes, Tobias (2019). "Thomas Mann's War". Cornell University Press. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
- S2CID 214097654.
- ^ "Marking writer Thomas Mann's life". UPI. 12 August 2005.
- .
- ^ "Thomas Mann Biography". Cliffs Notes.
- S2CID 155039470.
- ^ Einstein, Albert; Nathan, Otto; Norden, Heinz (1968). Einstein on peace. Internet Archive. New York, Schocken Books. pp. 539, 670, 676.
- ^ "[Carta] 1950 oct. 12, Genève, [Suiza] [a] Gabriela Mistral, Santiago, Chile [manuscrito] Gerry Kraus". BND: Archivo del Escritor. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
- ^ PMID 10378317
- ^ Wilson, Scott. Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Location 29777). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.
- ISBN 978-0-8248-1631-5.
- ^ OCLC 908176194.
- ISBN 978-1-4411-6798-9
- ^ "Nomination Database". nobelprize.org. April 2020.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Literature 1929". The Nobel Prize. Retrieved 11 November 2007.
- ^ "Thomas Mann Nomination archive". nobelprize.org. April 2020.
- ^ Mann, Thomas (1950). Warner Angell, Joseph (ed.). The Thomas Mann reader. New York: Knopf. p. 440. Retrieved 15 May 2009.
- ^ Mann, Thomas (1950). Warner Angell, Joseph (ed.). The Thomas Mann reader. New York: Knopf. p. 443. Retrieved 15 May 2009.
- ISBN 978-0-333-67447-5.
- ISBN 978-0-691-07069-8.
- ^ Mundt 2004, p. 6.
- ISBN 978-1-57003-537-1.
- ^ a b Paul, James (5 August 2005). "A man's Mann". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 23 March 2021.
- ^ "Norbert Heuler – Houseboys". Schwules Museum.
- ^ Tonnis, Christiaan (2006). Krankheit als Symbol: "Der Zauberberg", Westarp Buchshop, pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-3-939533-34-4.
- ^ "Father John Misty – So I'm Growing Old on Magic Mountain".
- ^ Han, Angie (21 December 2016). "Interview: Gore Verbinski on Returning to Horror With 'A Cure for Wellness'". Retrieved 2 March 2017.
Gore Verbinski: Well, there's this book by Thomas Mann called The Magic Mountain that we're both fans of, and that book deals with people in a sanitarium in the Alps, clutching on to their sickness like a badge before the outbreak of World War I. We wanted to explore this sense of denial and say, well, what if that was a genre?
- ^ Awards: The multi-faceted playwright[usurped] Frontline, Vol. 16, No. 03, 30 January – 12 February 1999.
- ^ Peters, Tim (24 December 2014). "Time Out of Joint in Richard McGuire's Here". Harper's.
- ^ Eco, Umberto (30 September 1994). "La bustina di Minerva". L'Espresso. Archived from the original on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 29 August 2011.
- ^ "Theatre: Tales From Hollywood". The Guardian. 2 May 2001. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
- ^ Hughes-Hallett, Lucy (17 September 2021). "The Magician by Colm Tóibín review – inside the mind of Thomas Mann". The Guardian.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
- JSTOR 406568. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
- ISSN 1080-6601.
- ISBN 978-1-4725-1081-5.
- ^ Jones, Larry Eugene (2017). German Liberalism and the Dissolution of the Weimar Party System, 1918–1933. UNC Press Books. p. 212.
- S2CID 171525633.
- ^ Mann, Thomas (1942). Deutsche Hörer! – 25 Radiosendungen nach Deutschland [German listeners! – 25 radio broadcasts to Germany] (in German). Stockholm: Bermann-Fischer.[page needed]
- ^ "Soviet ideology rated over Nazi". Toledo Blade. 25 July 1949. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- ^ Kennedy, Howard (26 July 1949). "Author Thomas Mann distinguishes between Nazism, pure communism". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
- ^ "1905 – Thomas Mann, Blood of the Walsungs". Duke University. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
- ^ The original text is available here
- ^ Previously translated as "Early Sorrow" and as "Disorder and Early Sorrow"
- ^ Previously translated as "Little Lizzy"
- ^ "Research platform – Thomas Mann international". thomasmanninternational.com. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
Further reading
- Von Gronicka, André. 1970. Thomas Mann: Profile and Perspectives with Two Unpublished Letters and a Chronological List of Important Events [1St ed.] ed. New York: Random House.
- ISBN 978-0-74752-531-8
- ISBN 978-0-300-02668-9
- ISBN 978-0-521-28022-8
- Martin Mauthner, German Writers in French Exile 1933–1940, (London, 2007), ISBN 978-0-85303-540-4
- David Horton, Thomas Mann in English: A Study in Literary Translation (London, New Delhi, New York, Sydney, 2013)
- ISBN 9780241004616. A novel based on Mann's life.
- Herbert Wegener ed. Thomas Mann: Letters to Paul Amann 1915–1952 (1960)
External links
- Thomas Mann's Profile on FamousAuthors.org
- FBI File on Thomas Mann at the Wayback Machine (archived 10 August 2004)
- First prints of Thomas Mann. Collection Dr. Haack, Leipzig (Germany)
- References to Thomas Mann in European historic newspapers
- Newspaper clippings about Thomas Mann in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
- List of Works
- Thomas Mann on Nobelprize.org
- Thomas Mann Collection. Yale Collection of German Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library.
- TMI Research by Thomas Mann International: Cross-house research in the archive and library holdings of the network partners in Lübeck, Munich, Zurich and Los Angeles
Electronic editions
- Works by Thomas Mann in eBook form at Standard Ebooks
- Works by Thomas Mann at Project Gutenberg
- Works by Thomas Mann at Faded Page (Canada)
- Works by or about Thomas Mann at Internet Archive
- Works by Thomas Mann at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Works by Thomas Mann at Open Library