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Daga Language
Daga | |
---|---|
Native to | Papua New Guinea |
Region | Milne Bay Province |
Native speakers | 9,000 (2007)[1] |
Trans–New Guinea
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | dgz |
Glottolog | daga1275 |
Daga (Dimuga, Nawp) is a non-Austronesian language of Papua New Guinea. Daga is spoken by about 9,000 people as of 2007[2] . The peoples that speak Daga are located in the Rabaraba subdistrict of Milne Bay district, and in the Abau subdistrict of the Central district of Papua New Guinea[3].
Speakers
The people who speak Daga live in the Rabaraba subdistrict of the Milne Bay Province on Papua New Guinea. This province is about 5,405.4 sq mi (14,000km2) with a population of 209,054 people. The
Economy of the province is brought by tourism, palm oil, and gold mining on Misima Island.
During World War II, the Battle of Milne Bay took place in the province giving it some other significance.
The
The people of Milne Bay while distinct from, are still in culture sync with Papua New Guinea. The remote, wild, and pristine lands of Papua New guinea holds a lot of diversity. There are over 7000 different cultures in Papua New Guinea although there is only about 7 million people living there[5]. The people of Papua New Guinea have strong ties to music having spontaneous and coordinated acts of musical expression throughout the year.
Phonology
Daga has thirteen consonants and five vowels[3].
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
Close | i | u |
Mid | o | |
Open | e | a |
Bilabial | Bilabial Rounded | Labiodental | Dental | Alveolar | Velar | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stop
|
p b | t | d | k g | ||
Nasal | m | n | ||||
Semivowel | w | y | ||||
Lateral | r | |||||
Fricative
|
v | s |
Grammar
Morphemes
In Daga, there are some rules for how to make morphemes. some include, the ending of stems other than G, R, S, and W add /a/ if the next suffix is a consonant-initial suffix. If the the final consonant of a prefix is before a consonant-initial stem, the manner of articulation of the final consonant of the prefix is changed to match the manner of articulation of the initial consonant of the stem. When the morpheme has initial phoneme /w/ is comes before the vowel /o/ or /u/, the /w/ is lost in the final word. When the final phoneme of a preceding morpheme and the initial phoneme of a following morpheme are both vowels, the initial-vowel of the following morpheme is lost unless that phoneme is /i/, in which case it is left as is. For all nouns, the final vowel is -e.
Morphophonology
When the consonants G, R, S, and W end a stem or suffix they have a phoneme change based on the following phoneme[3].
Morpheme | Followed by /i/ or /e/ | Followed by /a/, /o/, or /u/ | Followed by Consonant | Word Final |
---|---|---|---|---|
g | g | g | --- | k |
r | r | r | ra | t |
s | s | t | --- | t |
w | v | w | wa | o |
This rule has exceptions for these three words:
unuG | -nege | -en | ununegen |
yagiR | -nege | -iwan | yaginegiwan |
ewaS | -nege | -en | ewanegen |
Stems
In Daga, word stems are the part of the word that gives the word meaning. Compound word stems are often a verb stem followed by a combination of the verb yaw ("see") .
wa ('say') + yaw ('see') = wayaw ('ask')
This works with all verb stems and completely changes the meaning of the verb stem.
Words
In Daga, like many other languages has many different classifications of words.
Singluar | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1 | -ma | -nu |
2 | -ga | -ya |
3 | # | -mu |
Phrases
Long phrases are extremely uncommon in Daga.
In Daga, there are two intensifiers, di which is used with any phrase to add emphasis, and iren is used after a noun, adjective, and postional to add specificity. Conjunctions are used to join phrases, clauses, and sentences. The conjunctions that do these things can be considered different classifications.
Phrase | Clause | Temporal | English |
---|---|---|---|
ge | e/si/di | and | |
go/o | go/o | or | |
menan/gapan/anega | therefore | ||
iwa | because | ||
go/ae | but | ||
mini/umap | like | ||
anega | likewise | ||
boge | immediately | ||
gatawan | later | ||
amba | then | ||
evi | later |
Interrogatives
Daga uses ya as a prefix to illustrate negative
dime | why |
dim | what |
ansena | which |
anena | how |
andi | when |
amba | where |
animpo | how many |
da | who |
Numbers
Numeral roots in Daga are created using an odd system. Daga only has the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, and 10 and use the convention of using body-parts to represent numbers. For example, the word nani ('hand') means five and the word apen ('man') means 20 counting all the fingers and toes attached to that entity. These words along with the word yamu ('other') creates the phrases that illustrate numbers[3].
Number | Daga | English |
---|---|---|
1 | da | one |
2 | de | two |
3 | yampo | three |
4 | degede | four |
10 | aonugaet | ten |
iravi | all | |
aruga | many | |
da de | few (one or two) |
References
- ^ Daga at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ "Daga". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2018-11-15.
- ^ a b c d e f g Murane, Elizabeth (1974). Daga Grammar. University of Oklahoma: Benjamin F, Ulson. pp. 1–20.
- ^ "Milne Bay Province" (PDF). http://pcabii.org/resources/provinces/Milne%20Bay%20Province.pdf.
{{cite web}}
: External link in
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- ^ "Papua New Guinea Culture: An Introduction to Ancient Traditions". Zegrahm Expeditions. Retrieved 2018-11-16.