User:LynnWysong/sandbox/Jedediah Smith
Jedediah Smith | |
---|---|
Bainbridge, Chenango County, New York | |
Died | May 27, 1831 | (aged 32)
Cause of death | Killed by Native Americans in a Conflict of Unknown Origin |
Nationality | American |
Other names | Diah, Old Jed |
Occupation(s) | clerk, frontiersman, hunter, trapper, author, cartographer, explorer |
Employer(s) | Ashley-Henry Fur Company, partner in the the Ashley Smith Fur Company and Smith, Jackson and Sublette |
Known for | Being a mountain man and explorer of the Rocky Mountains, American West Coast, American Southwest, first west-east crossing of the Great Basin Desert and naming of Cache Valley, Utah |
Parent(s) | Jedediah Smith, 1st and Sally Strong |
Relatives | Austin Smith (brother), Ira Smith (brother), Peter Smith (brother) |
Jedediah Strong Smith (January 6, 1799 – May 27, 1831), was a clerk, frontiersman, hunter, trapper, author,
Coming from a modest family background, Smith traveled to St. Louis and joined
In March 1831, while in St. Louis, Smith requested of Secretary of War
Early life
Smith was born in Jericho, now
Smith joins "Ashley's Hundred"
Coming from a family of very modest means, Smith struck out to make his own way.
Arikaras massacre
The next spring (1823), Maj. Henry ordered Smith to go back down the Missouri to the
Smith and another man were selected by Ashley to return to Fort Henry on foot to inform Maj. Henry of the disaster.
Grizzly bear attack and South Pass
After the campaign, in the fall of 1823, Smith and several other of Ashley's men traveled downriver to Fort Kiowa. He and 10 to 16 men left from there to make their way overland to the Rocky Mountains.[28] While looking for the Crow tribe to obtain fresh horses and get westward directions, Jedediah was stalked and attacked by a large grizzly bear. The huge bear tackled Smith to the ground. Smith's ribs were broken and members of his party witnessed him fight the bear, which ripped open his side with its claws and took his head in its mouth. The bear suddenly retreated, and the men ran to help Smith. They found his scalp and ear nearly ripped off, but he convinced a friend, Jim Clyman, to sew it loosely back on, giving him directions. The trappers fetched water, bound up his broken ribs, and cleaned his wounds.[29] After recuperating from his bloody wounds and broken ribs, Jedediah wore his hair long to cover the large scar from his eyebrow to his ear.[30]
The party spent the rest of 1823 wintering in the
After Fitzpatrick left, Jedediah and his men again passed through South Pass, but their exact travels are unknown until they arrived in November 1824 at Flathead Post in Montana.[38] Maj. Henry returned to St. Louis on August 30,[39] and Ashley began making plans to lead a caravan back to the Rockies to regroup with his men.[40] Henry declined to return with Ashley, instead choosing to retire from the fur trade.[40]
First Rendezvous of 1825 and Smith, Jackson & Sublette partnership
Ashley left St. Louis late in 1824[40] and after an exploring expedition in Wyoming and Utah he and Smith were reunited on July 1, 1825, at what would become the first rendezvous.[41] During the rendezvous, Ashley offered Smith a partnership to replace Henry.[42][i] Smith returned to St. Louis for a time, where he asked Robert Campbell to join the company as a clerk.[44]
Second Rendezvous of 1826
During the second rendezvous in the summer of 1826, Ashley decided to no longer be directly involved in the business of harvesting furs. Smith left a cache near the rendezvous site at what would become known as
The new partners were immediately faced with the reality, that beaver were rapidly disappearing from the region the two previous partnerships had traditionally trapped. But contemporaneous maps showed promise of untrapped rivers to the west,
First trip to California, 1826–1827
Smith and his party of 15 other men left the Bear River on August 7, 1826, and after retrieving the cache he had left earlier, headed south through present-day Utah and Nevada to the Colorado River, finding increasingly harsh conditions and difficult travel.
The next day, the rest of Smith's men arrived at the mission, and that night the head of the garrison at the mission confiscated all their guns.
After waiting for almost another month for an exit visa, and then spending, at least, two more weeks breaking the horses they had purchased for the return trip, Smith's party left the mission communities of California in mid-February of 1827. The party headed out the way it had came, but once outside the Mexican settlements, Smith convinced himself he had complied with Echeandía's order to leave by the same route he had entered, and the party veered north crossing over into the
After a difficult crossing of the Sierra Nevada, near
Third Rendezvous of 1827 and Second trip to California, 1827–1828
As agreed, Ashley had sent provisions for the rendezvous, and his men took back 7,400 pounds (3,400 kg) of Smith, Jackson & Sublette furs[73] and a letter from Smith to William Clark, then in the office of the Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the region west of the Mississippi River, describing what he had observed the previous year. Smith left to rejoin the men he had left in California almost immediately after the rendezvous. He was accompanied by 18 men and two French-Canadian women, following much of the same route as the previous year.[74] However, in the ensuing year, the Mojave along the Colorado River who had been so welcoming the previous year had clashed with trappers from Taos and were set on revenge against the whites.[75] While crossing the river, Smith's party was attacked; 10 men, including Silas Gobel, were killed, and the two women were taken captive. Jedediah and the eight surviving men, one badly wounded from the fighting, prepared to make a desperate stand on the west bank of the Colorado, having made a makeshift breast work out of trees and lances by attaching butcher knives to light poles.[74] The men still had five guns among them, and as the Mojave began to approach, Jedediah ordered his men to fire on those within range.[75] Two Mojaves were shot and killed, one was wounded, and the remaining attackers ran off.[74] Before the Mojave could regroup, Smith and eight other surviving men retreated on foot across the Mojave Desert on the Mohave Trail to the San Bernardino Valley.[76]
Smith and the other survivors were again well received in San Gabriel. The party moved north to meet with the group that had been left in the San Joaquin Valley, reuniting with them on September 19, 1827. Unlike in San Gabriel, they were coolly received by the priests at Mission San José, who had already received warning of Smith's renewed presence in the area. Smith's party also visited the settlements at Monterey and Yerba Buena (San Francisco).
Trip to the Oregon Country
In the
Blackfeet expedition, 1829–1830
In 1829, Captain Smith personally organized a fur trade expedition into the
Return to St. Louis
After Smith's return to St. Louis in 1830, he and his partners wrote a letter on October 29 to Sec. of War
Smith had not forgotten the financial struggles of his family in Ohio. After making a sizable profit from the sale of furs, over $17,000 (approx. $4 million in 2011),[103] Jedediah sent $1,500 to his family in Green Township; whereupon his brother Ralph bought a farm. Smith also bought a house on First Avenue in St. Louis to be shared with his brothers. Smith bought two African slaves to take care of the property in St. Louis.[104]
The partners' busy schedules in St. Louis also found them and Samuel Parkman making a map of their
Smith and his partners were also preparing to join into the supply trade known as the "commerce of the prairies". At the request of William H. Ashley, Smith Jackson and Sublette received a passport from Senator Thomas Hart Benton on March 3, 1831, the day after Smith wrote his letter to Eaton and they began forming a company of 74 men, twenty-two wagons, and a "six-pounder" artillery cannon for protection.[citation needed]
Death
Having no response from Eaton,
Most likely, the death of Jedediah Smith occurred in what was then
Personal characteristics and religious beliefs
Jedediah Smith was "no ordinary mountain man." He had a dry, not racuous, sense of humor, and was not known to use the profanity common to his peers.[119] Smith's immediate family were practicing Christians; his younger brother Benjamin was named after a Methodist circuit preacher[120] and his letters indicate his own Christian beliefs. But, although after his death, the legend of him being a "Bible-toter" and a missionary was widely disseminated, assertions that he carried a Bible with him in the wilderness have no basis in any accounts by him or his companions[121] and the only documentation of any public demonstration of faith was a prayer said at the burial of one of the Arikara massacre victims.[24][af] However, neither do those accounts speak of him drinking alcohol to excess[ag] or bedding Native American women, indicating he had the discipline often associated with a strict moral code.[124] It is known that he owned, at least, two slaves[125] which conflicted with his northern Methodist upbringing and his behavior was not always honorable when dealing with those he considered his antagonists.[126] He was known to be physically strong, cool under pressure, extremely skilled at surviving in the wild and possessed extraordinary leadership skills.[124] Smith's true character is an enigma still open to interpretation[122]
Views of Native Americans
While traveling throughout the
Late in 1829, Smith Jackson and Sublette wrote another letter to William Clark. The letter described the altercations the firm had had with the various Indian tribes, and encouraged a military presence and intervention to subdue the natives.
Historical reputation
Smith for the most part was forgotten by his countrymen as a historical figure for over 75 years after his death.[135] In 1853, Peter Skene Ogden[ai] had written about the Umpqua massacre in Traits of American Indian Life and Character by a Fur Trader, and the Oregon Pioneers Association and Hubert Howe Bancroft wrote versions of it in 1876 and 1886, respectively. There are mentions of him in memoirs by other fur trappers, and mentions by George Gibbs and F. V. Hayden in their reports. Recollection of a Septuagenarian by William Waldo was published by the Missouri Historical Society in 1880 discussed Smith, focusing on hearsay evidence of his piety,[122] There was no mention of Smith in the 1891 volume 5 publication of Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography edited by James Grant Wilson and John Fiske.[136] The first known publication solely about Smith was in the 1896 Annual Publication of the Historical Society of Southern California.[113] In 1902, Hiram M. Chittenden wrote of him extensively in The American Fur Trade of the West[137] The same year Frederick Samuel Dellenbaugh wrote about Smith's exploits with the Mojave Indians in his book The Romance of the Colorado River: The Story of Its Discovery in 1540 with an Account of Later Explorations.[138][aj] Smith, however, again was not listed in the 1906 volume 9 publication of American Biographical Society's Biographical Dictionary of America, edited by Rossiter Johnson [140] It wasn't until 1908, when John G. Neihardt and Doane Robinson lamented the obscurity of Smith, that more extensive efforts to publicize his accomplishments were initiated.[141]
In 1912, an article about Smith written by a grand-nephew, Ezra Delos Smith of Meade, Kansas, was published by the Kansas Historical Society. Five years later, Smith's status as a historical figure was further revived by Harrison Clifford Dale's[ak] book, The Ashley-Smith Explorations and the Discovery of a Central Route to the Pacific, 1822–1829, published in 1918. During the 1920s, Sullivan traced descendants of Smith's siblings, and found two portions of the narrative of Smith's travels, written in the hand of Samuel Parkman,[142][al] who had been hired to assist in compiling the document[105] after Smith's return to St. Louis in 1830. The narrative's impending publication had been announced in a St. Louis newspaper as late as 1840,[am] but never happened.[144] In 1934, Sullivan published the remnants, documenting Smith's travels in 1821 and 1822 and from June 1827 until the Umpqua massacre a year later, in The Travels of Jedediah Smith, giving a new documented perspective of Smith's explorations.[an] Along with the narrative, Sullivan published the portion of Alexander McLeod's journal documenting the search for any surviving members of Smith's party and the recovery of his property after the Umpquah massacre. The Dictionary of American Biography, Volume 17, edited by Dumas Malone, published in 1935 contains an article on Smith authored by Joseph Schafer.[145] The next year, the first comprehensive biography of Smith: Jedediah Smith: Trader and Trail Breaker by Sullivan was posthumously published, but it was Dale Morgan's book, Jedediah Smith and the Opening of the West, published in 1953, that established Smith as an authentic American hero whose explorations were overshadowed by the Lewis and Clark Expedition.[135]
According to Maurice S. Sullivan
Author of journal
Another important piece of the Jedediah Smith story was discovered in 1967, when another portion of the 1830-31 narrative (again in Parkman's hand)[142] was found amongst other historical papers in an attic in St. Louis.[150] This portion documented Smith's first California trip (1826–27), and immediately preceded the portion of the narrative found by Sullivan 35 years earlier. George R. Brooks[ar] edited and introduced the narrative portion, along with the first "journal" of Smith companion Harrison Rogers,[as] in 1977.[151]
Legacies
Geographic namesakes
Smith's exploration of northwestern California and southern Oregon resulted in two rivers, the
Honorary commemorations
- Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park and Campground[156]
- Jedediah Smith Memorial Trail[157][au]
- Jedediah Smith Wilderness[158]
- Dodge City Trail of Fame, inductee [159]
- Jedediah Strong Smith's Route 1823, historic monument in South Dakota[160][161]
- California Outdoors Hall of Fame, 2006 inductee[162]
- Jedediah Smith Muzzleloaders Gun Club[163]
- Jedediah Smith Road, Temecula, California
- Hall of Great Westerners, 1964 inductee, National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum[164]
- Jedediah Smith Classic 50 mile run, Elverta, California
- Jedediah Smith Memorial, San Dimas, California[165]
- "Taming the Wild West: the Legend of Jedediah Smith", 2005 film[166]
- Jedediah Smith Chapter, National Society Daughters of the American Revolution, Apple Valley, California[167]
- Jedediah Smith Memorial, Fremont Indian State Park[168]
In popular culture
- The cowboy Jedediah in the Night at the Museum movies is said by the ship_manifesto to be based on Jedediah Smith,[169] despite the disparity between a fur trapper/explorer and a cowboy. IMBD calls the Jedediah character in the movie "Jedediah Smith", but that he "he may or may not be based off the real life 'cowboy' from the 1700's Jedediah Smith."[170] The Movie Pilot asserts that all the characters in the movie are based on real-life characters, including Jedediah, who is claimed to be Jedediah Smith.[171]
- He is also, incorrectly thought, sometimes, to be the subject of the movie Jeremiah Johnson,[172] but it was based on the life of John Johnson.
- The LA Times and Wikimapia states that Jebediah Springfield of the cartoon
- In the 1984 film,Red Dawn, actor Patrick Swayze portrays the character of Jed Eckert. During the hunting scene, after the deer is killed, Patrick Swayze tells, the other two members, of the hunting party, that his Dad named him after Jedediah Smith.[citation needed]
- In 2005, mini-series, Into the West, where American actor, Josh Brolin portrayed Jedediah Smith and in the dramatized grizzly bear mauling, showing the graphic hanging and sewing back on, of the lacerated scalp of Smith. The mini-series, fictionalized the death of Smith, in the California desert, by enraged Mohave Indians.[citation needed]
Notes
- ^ Smith's mother's family, the Strong's, were of Basque descent[3]
- ^ According to Dale, p. 175, Smith was born on June 24, 1798, the son of a general store owner. More recent sources agree on the later date.
- ^ Barbour later wrote, that one of Smith's neighbors Patrick Gass, a member of the Corps of Discovery, may have been the one who introduced young Smith to the story of Lewis and Clark, whom Smith later referenced in his memoir.[7]
- ^ There is dispute when Smith actually arrived in St. Louis, the earliest account is dated 1816.[10][5]
- ^ Henry had formerly been associated with the Missouri Fur Company
- Ashley's Hundred"[18]
- ^ Another man had died in the initial incident, and one more died later of his injuries, making 14 the total death toll of the whites.[24]
- Transcontinental Railroad and Interstate 80were routed over the Continental Divide through the Great Divide Basin.
- ^ The Ashley-Smith partnership was not well publicized, documented only in a letter written by Smith a year later.[43]
- ^ Upon being sold again in 1830, the Company was called the Rocky Mountain Fur Company (RMFC), and many sources imply that's what Ashley and Henry originally called it.
- ^ The Ashley-Smith men and other American and Canadian trappers had already ventured into Mexican territory in present day southwest Wyoming, northwest Colorado and northeast Utah without permission of the Mexican government. For all practical purposes, Mexican authority did not extend much past the Pacific Coastal region.
- ^ Harrison Rogers remembered Sánchez fondly in his journal.[47]
- ^ As with the Zebulon Pike expedition two decades earlier, the authorities saw Smith's party as a harbinger of future trouble with the United States. Unlike Pike's expedition, which was commissioned by the United States Army, the Smith party was a private commercial venture. Although, five members of the 1826 party carried United States passports, the excursion into Mexican territory was unauthorized by the United States government and without permission from the Mexican government.
- Humboldt Lake in Nevada. He then could have traveled up the Humboldt, the vital waterway making possible a route across the Great Basin Desert later used by California immigrants, and forging what would later be known at the "Hastings Cutoff" across the south end of the Great Salt Lake. The Donner Party followed a reverse course of most of this route in 19 years later. In late 1828, Peter Skene Ogden discovered the Humboldt River's course.[64]
- ^ Once having left the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, the lack of water sources and adequate feed prevented the natives from maintaining horses. Smith's own horses deteriorated rapidly upon the trip.
- ^ It is around this point that Smith's narrative of his journey was split into two parts, the first found by Sullivan around 1930, and the second by a descendant of Ashley's lawyer in 1967. The portion found by Sullivan starts at this point in the journey.
- ^ The cannon, a four pounder, was sent by Ashley on a carriage, the first wheeled vehicle to cross South Pass.[70][71]
- ^ Most notably along the American River, which was named for the party.[78]
- ^ This determination was probably the end of Smith's belief in the possibility that what Luis Antonio Argüello had called the Buenaventura, the Sacramento River,[80] flowed from the Great Salt Lake region.
- ^ Of the total 32 (Silas Gobel was on both trips, so the total is 15 plus 18 minus one equals 32) men that had left with Smith for California, ten had been killed, one, Richard Evans, had returned with Smith to the Rocky Mountains but did not accompany him on the second trip to California, and five others had either deserted or were expelled from the party while in California. One man, Richard Leland, had been added to the group while there, and a young Native American boy, Marion, joined the group on the way to Oregon.
- ^ Smith bought the wild Spanish horses in California in hopes of selling them in the Rocky Mountains for a tidy profit.[81] He had learned the previous year that horses in California were so plentiful that the rancheros (owners of Ranchos) would round up hundreds of them into an enclosure, take out the best, and leave the rest to starve to death. Smith was disgusted by the practice[82] but saw a chance at profit. The next year, after having lost so many men at the Colorado River, he wanted to hire more in California for the trip north, but Mexican officials would not allow him to do so. In defiance of the orders, Smith did hire Richard Leland who was an excellent horseman.
- ^ Several early sources stated that only three men survived the massacre.[78][84][85][86] However, McLoughlin had documented Black had arrived two days before "Smith arrived with two men"[84] James Nesmith stated in 1880 that "Smith, John Turner, and the other man, name unknown, who had been absent from the camp" had avoided the attack.[87] Neihardt had documented that one source stated that Smith went off with "a little Englishman" that morning,[88] but confusion over the identity of the fourth survivor ceased when Smith's narrative, found by Maurice Sullivan around 1930, corrected the name of Richard Leland (previously documented as "Richard Taylor"[89] and "Richard Laughlin"[85]), an Englishman who Smith met in California and who joined the party in December of 1827[90] allowing Sullivan to determine he was the third Smith man in the canoe,[91] Leland's survival was later confirmed by Dale Morgan.[92]
- ^ Some early versions written about the incident stated that Smith gone off by himself, and that Turner and/or Leland had been at camp, fought their out with a burning log and met up with Smith enroute to Fort Vancouver. However, this appears to be based on Turner's experience in a subsequent massacre. The currently accepted version is that Turner and Leland were in the canoe with Smith and avoided the attack. A discussion of the versions can be found in Don Whereat's Our Culture and History[93]
- ^ From their earlier communications with the indigenes they had encountered, they had hopes that four men had survived the massacre and where in the hands of the "Cahoose Indians", but as no trace of them was found elsewhere, their bodies had possibly been simply swept away by the river while trying to escape the massacre.[95]
- ^ Rogers was Smith's clerk. He had accompanied Smith to California on the 1825 trip, and was left in charge during the four months Smith was gone to the 1827 rendezvous. After Smith's death, Rogers' journals ended up in Ashley's hands. Ashley's grand-niece donated them to the Missouri Historical Society and were the source of much early information about Smith's travels.[86]
- ^ Richard Leland and John Turner stayed at Fort Vancouver.[99]
- ^ President Andrew Jackson, opposed federal funding for western exploration during his first term, but relented during his second term creating United States Exploring Expedition in May 1836.
- ^ The number of indigenes killed by Smith was most certainly embellished over the years. Another account of Smith's death is that found in his obituary. "Some indians" trapped Smith in a box canyon, he was shot with a bullet, not an arrow, and upon that he shot both the chief and the man behind him with the "same ball".[25]
- ^ Another later version stated that three Comanche were killed.[113]
- ^ Ed Lewis, a descendant of an early Kansas rancher, tells a story of the skeletal remains of two men found on his grandfather's property along the Cimmaron River, which he speculated were Smith and the Comanche Chief. That, as well as the fact that, a search two days later had found no sign of Smith's body[25] give some credence to the Ezra Smith's version.[115][116]
- ^ At some point, Peter Smith had taken possession of one of Smith's pistols, as it was in the possession of his daughter, Jedediah's niece, in the late 1800s.[113] It was ultimately stolen in 1961. See [118]
- ^ There have even have been doubts raised about that episode. It was documented that "Mr. Smith" spoke the prayer, but there were three Smith's in the party.[122]
- ^ Part of the legend of Smith's character is that he never used tobacco, but he carried it and a pipe with him; in the narratives of his travels, he speaks of offering it to the Natives he encounters[123]
- ^ The Maidus and the Great Basin Indians came to be known by the somewhat derogatory term "Diggers."[130][131] Having never developed horse cultures, and living in harsh environments, they compared poorly to the Plains Indians when observed by early explorers and settlers. However, Smith's assessment of the Great Basin indigenes is harsh, considering they probably saved his life more than once as he crossed the desert.
- ^ Ogden probably got a first hand account of the massacre from Smith after Smith arrived at Fort Vancouver, then left shortly afterwards on his excursion in which he discovered the Humboldt River.
- ^ Dellenbaugh wrote extensively about Smith in 1905[139] and again mentioned Smith in his 1914 book Fremont and '49.
- ^ Dale, 1885-1969, was a professor at the University of Wyoming
- ^ Sullivan's notes on Smith are archived in the University of the Pacific Library[143] They apparently had been acquired by Dale Morgan, and after Morgan's death were donated to the library.
- ^ The announcement had stated that the "work" would "take in" nine years of Smith's travels, presumably from 1821 until his 1830 return to St. Louis.
- ^ The narrative was based in part on journals Smith kept, and many of the activities described have specific dates. Smith's journal from the time he left the rendezvous on July 13, 1827, until the Mohave massacre was lost during that tragedy, and that time period was reconstructed in general terms, as was the 1821 and 1822 time period. The daily entries did not recommence until November 7, 1827.
- ^ Sullivan, 1893–1935, was a New Jersey newspaperman who moved to California in the early 1920's and developed an interest in Smith.
- ^ In 2013, Joe J. Molter, editor of Castor Canadensis, the journal of the Jedediah Smith Society speculated that the author was James Hull, editor of Illinos Magazine[25]
- ^ The "Fremont-Gibbs-Smith" map was "found" in 1954 by Carl I Wheat at the library's former location in New York City.
- ^ George Brooks, 1929-2006, St. Louis author and editor
- ^ Roger's first surviving journal was in two segments; an accounting ledger with a narrative that began abruptly on November 27, 1826, and ended as abruptly on December 20, 1826, and then a second segment that starts again on January 1, 1827, and ends on January 28. Brooks only published this first journal and stated that Smith likely used it as a reference in preparing the 1830-31 narrative. Some of the missing pages are probably "the journal" Smith gave to the Spanish officials to try to convince them of his party's innocent intentions, since the detail in the Parkman narrative indicates Smith and Parkman had access to Smith's notes of the group's travels from the time it left in August, 1826 until reaching California. Rogers' second journal starts on May 10, 1828, and continued documenting the excursion until he was killed in the Umpqua massacre. The lapse of entries from January 1827 until May 1828 may have been due to a lack of paper or there may have been other journals that were lost in the massacre. Harrison Dale published both recovered journals in 1918.
- ^ Smith originally named what he thought to be an unnamed river after himself, but due to a mistake in geography (later corrected by George Gibbs), it turned out the river was actually the Klamath. His name was therefore attached to a smaller river to the north just south of California's border with Oregon, and also to the branch of the Umpqua River whose mouth was near the massacre site and where it was rumored to be his place of death.
- ^ A photo of the trail marker commemorating Smith can be seen here.
Citations
- ^ Smith, Travels, front fly leaf
- ^ Barbour p. 15
- ^ "Extended Biography". Earl Bascom, Master Sculptor-The Cowboy of Cowboy Artists. Retrieved November 14, 2014.
- ^ Morgan, p. 24
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Schafer 1935, p. 290.
- ^ Barbour, p. 16
- ^ Barbour p. 17
- ^ Morgan p. 25
- ^ a b c Morgan p. 26
- ^ Smith, Ezra Delos (1912). Jedediah S. Smith and the Settlement of Kansas. Collections of the Kansas State Historical Society. Kansas State Historical Society. p. 254.
- ^ Barbour, p. 23
- ^ Eddins, O. N. (ed.). "William Ashley Mountain Man Rendezvous System". Mountain Man - Indian - Canadian Fur Trade.
- ^ a b "Andrew Henry". National Park Service. Retrieved October 10, 2015.
- ^ Barbour pp. 29-30
- ^ Barbour pp. 31-32
- ^ Morgan, p. 40
- ^ Morgan pp. 28–29
- ^ "William Ashley". National Park Service. Retrieved October 10, 2015.
- ^ Barbour pp. 35–36
- ^ Barbour p. 40
- ^ Barbour p. 38
- ^ Morgan, pp. 49–50
- ^ Barbour pp. 42-44
- ^ a b c Barbour p. 45
- ^ a b c d e f Unknown (2013) [1832]. Joe J. Molter (ed.). "Captain Jedediah Strong Smith: A Eulogy of That Most Romantic and Pious of Mountain Men, First American by Land into California" (PDF). Castor Canadensis. The Jedediah Smith Society.
- ^ Barbour p. 47
- ^ Barbour p. 48
- ^ Camp p. 2
- ^ Camp, pp. 5–6
- ISBN 0803272103.originally published in Leroy R. Hafen, ed. (1971). Mountain Men and Fur Traders of the Far West vol. VIII. Glendale: The Arthur H Clark Company.
- ISBN 0806145110.
- ^ Morgan, p. 92
- ^ Morgan, p. 93
- ^ Barbour p. 55
- ^ Barbour, p. 56
- ^ Bagley, op. cit., pp. 45, 51
- ^ ISBN 0806146087.
- ^ Morgan pp. 128–29
- ^ Morgan p. 113
- ^ a b c Morgan pp. 154–55
- ^ Barbour pp. 74–75
- ^ Barbour p. 81
- ^ Morgan p. 175
- ISBN 0-8032-7218-9.originally published in Leroy R. Hafen, ed. (1971). Mountain Men and Fur Traders of the Far West vol. VIII. Glendale: The Arthur H Clark Company.
- ^ a b c Eddins
- ^ "William H. Ashley, Jedediah S. Smith, David E. Jackson, and William L. Sublette. Articles of Agreement, July 18, 1826". Library of Western Fur Trade Historical Source Documents. Retrieved October 16, 2015.
- ^ a b c d Sears p. 3
- ^ Sears p.1
- ^ ISBN 0-87417-134-2.
- ^ Morgan, p. 182
- ^ Barbour, p. 113
- ISBN 0803272618.
- ^ Barbour, pp. 118–19
- ^ Barbour, pp. 119–20
- ^ Barbour, p. 127
- ^ Barbour, pp. 129–30
- ^ Southern California Quarterly (1914), Volume 9, p 202, Historical Society of Southern California 1912-1913
- ^ Southern California Quarterly (1914), Volume 9, p 203, Historical Society of Southern California 1912-1913
- ^ Southern California Quarterly (1914), Volume 9, p 203, Historical Society of Southern California 1912-1913
- ^ Barbour, pp. 134–35
- ^ Barbour, p. 137
- ^ Barbour, pp. 139–40
- ^ Morgan, p. 208
- ^ Morgan, p. 211
- ^ Barbour, p. 143
- ^ Barbour, p. 147
- ^ Barbour, pp. 150–51
- ^ Morgan, pp. 212–13
- ^ Barbour, pp. 152–53
- ^ Bagley, op. cit. p. 76
- ^ Morgan, p. 225
- ^ Morgan, pp. 214–15
- ^ Morgan, p. 226
- ^ a b c Morgan, pp. 240–41
- ^ a b Sears, p. 4
- ^ Morgan, p. 243
- ISBN 0910286957.
- ^ a b Chittenden, Hiram M. (1901). American Fur Trade of the West. A History of the Pioneer Trading Posts and Early Fur Companies of the Missouri Valley and the Rocky Mountains and of the Overland Commerce with Santa Fe. New York: Francis P. Harper. p. 286.
- ^ Barbour, pp. 203–04
- ^ Barbour, pp. 183, 185–86
- ^ a b Auld, James (ed.). "Biography". Discovering the Lost Legacy of Jedediah Smith. Retrieved October 4, 2015.
- ^ Barbour, p. 127
- ^ Barbour, p. 233
- ^ a b c Carey, Charles Henry; McLoughlin, John (1922). "American Fur Traders and Mountain Men; footnote 11, excerpt of John McLoughlin's Memoirs". History of Oregon. Portland: Pioneer Historical Publishing Co. pp. 289–90. McLoughlin died in 1857 and his memoirs can be found in their entirety in McLoughlin, John. "Copy of a Document found among the Private Papers of the Late Dr. John McLoughlin". In Oregon Pioneer Association Reunion (ed.). Transactions of the ... Annual Reunion of the Oregon Pioneer ..., Volumes 3-14. Vol. Transactions of the 8th Annual Reunion of the Oregon Pioneer Association, for 1880. Salem: E. M. Waite, Steam Printer and Bookbinder. pp. 46–55.
{{cite book}}
: External link in
(help)|volume=
- ^ a b Lang, Herbert O. (1885). History of the Willamette Valley, Being a Description of the Valley and Its Resources, with an Account of Its Discovery and Settlement by White Men, and Its Subsequent History Together with Personal Reminiscences of Its Early Pioneers. G.H. Himes, Book and Job Printer. pp. 194–5.
- ^ ISBN 0-8032-6591-3.)
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: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link - ^ Nesmith, James. W. "Annual Address". In Oregon Pioneer Association Reunion (ed.). Transactions of the ... Annual Reunion of the Oregon Pioneer ..., Volumes 3-14. Vol. Transactions of the 8th Annual Reunion of the Oregon Pioneer Association, for 1880. Salem: E. M. Waite, Steam Printer and Bookbinder. p. 24.
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: External link in
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- ^ Neihardt, op.cit. p. 276
- ^ Dale, op. cit. pages 237-38
- ^ Smith, Travels pp. 48–9
- ^ Smith, Travels, p. 108
- ^ Morgan, p. 269
- ^ Whereat, Don. "Jedidiah Strong Smith - 1798- 1831". Our Culture and History (PDF). Retrieved December 1, 2015.
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:|website=
ignored (help) - ^ McLeod, Travels pp. 128-29
- ^ Morgan p. 278
- ^ a b Hussey, John A. "Old Fort Vancouver, 1824-1829". National Park Service. Retrieved November 11, 2015.
- ISBN 0-7748-0613-3.
- ISBN 978-1146941754.
- ^ a b Morgan, p.289
- ^ Barbour, pp. 247-48
- ^ a b Richard B. Latner, "The Eaton Affair Reconsidered." Tennessee Historical Quarterly (1977) pp: 330-351 in JSTOR
- ^ Morgan, Jedediah Smith and the Opening of the West, p.323
- ^ "Seven Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount - 1774 to Present". Retrieved 2011-02-24. Consumer Price Index
- ^ Morgan, Jedediah Smith and the Opening of the West, pp. 323–324
- ^ a b Lyman, Betsy Converse (1880). Pioneer and General History of Geauga County: With Sketches of Some of the Pioneers and Prominent Men. The Historical Society of Geauga County. p. 705. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
- ^ a b Smith, Jedediah (2001). James S. Hutchins (ed.). "A Letter from Jedediah Smith". Museum of the Fur Trade Quarterly: 2–7.
- ^ a b Barton H. Barbour (2012), Jedediah Smith: No Ordinary Mountain Man, pp 254-255
- ^ Morgan, Jedediah Smith and the Opening of the West, pp. 325-327
- ^ Utley and Dana (2004), "After Lewis and Clark: Mountain Men and the Paths to the Pacific, p. 99
- ^ a b Morgan, p. 330
- ^ Barbour p. 269
- ISBN 9780806110592.
- ^ a b c J. M. Guinn, Captain Jedediah Smith. The Pathfinder of the Sierras Annual Publication of the Historical Society of Southern California, Los Angeles Vol. 3, No. 4 (1896), pp. 45-53, 78
- ^ Smith, Settlement, op. cit. pp. 258–59
- ^ Lewis, Ed. "The Death of Jed Smith". Santa Fe Trail Research.
- ^ Smith, James (2009). Joe J. Molter (ed.). "2009 Fall Rendezvous" (PDF). Castor Canadensis. The Jedediah Smith Society.
- ^ Barbour p. 268
- ^ "More Images of Jedediah Strong Smith". Jedediah Smith Society.
- ^ Barbour p. 262
- ^ Auld, James C. (2012). "Jedediah Smith's Journeys of "Secondary Consideration": New York to St. Louis". The Rocky Mountain Fur Trade Journal. 6. Pinedale, Wyoming: Museum of the Mountain Man: 53.
- ^ Barbour pp, 260-61
- ^ a b c Auld, James C. (2008). "The Legend of Jedediah Smith: Fact, Fantasy and Opinion". The Rocky Mountain Fur Trade Journal. 2. Pinedale, Wyoming: Museum of the Mountain Man: 53.
- ^ Smith, Expedition pp. 102, 174-75
- ^ ISBN 0803295642.
- ^ Barbour p. 250
- ^ Barbour, p. 265
- ^ Barbour, pp. 144–45
- ^ Barbour, p. 141
- ^ Barbour p. 261
- ^ "Digger Indians | Learn". FamilySearch.org. 2015-08-07. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
- ^ "THE WEST - Diggers". PBS. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
- ^ Barbour p. 196
- ^ Barbour pp. 205–06
- ^ Barbour, p. 264
- ^ a b Morgan (1953), Jedediah Smith and the Opening of the West, p. 7
- ^ Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography (1891), Vol. 5
- ^ Chittenden, op. cit.
- ^ Dellenbaugh, Frederick S. (1909) [1902]. The Romance of the Colorado River: The Story of Its Discovery in 1540, with an Account of the Later Explorations, and with Special Reference to the Voyages of Powell Through the Line of the Great Canyons. pp. 120–122.
- ^ Dellenbaugh, Frederick Samuel (1905). Breaking the Wilderness:The Story of the Conquest of the Far West, from the Wanderings of Cabeza De Vaca, to the First Descent of the Colorado by Powell, and the Completion of the Union Pacific Railway, with Particular Account of the Exploits of Trappers. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
- ^ Biographical Dictionary of America (1906) Vol. 9
- ^ http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1047&context=journalismfacpub
- ^ ISBN 9780806183244.)
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: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link - ^ http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf7k4008k7/entire_text/
- ^ Smith, Expedition, p. 15
- ^ Dictionary of American Biography (1935) Smith, Jedediah Strong.
- ^ Sullivan, Maurice S. (1936). Jedediah Smith, Trader and Trail Breaker. New York Press of the Pioneers. p. 2.
- ^ C. Gregory Crampton: The San Buenaventura – Mythical River of the West. In: Pacific Historical Review. Berkeley Cal 25.1956,2 (May), pp. 163–171
- ISBN 0-8032-7218-9.originally published in Leroy R. Hafen, ed. (1972). Mountain Men and Fur Traders of the Far West vol. IX. Glendale: The Arthur H Clark Company.
- ^ "Map of an Exploring Expedition to the Rocky Mountains in the Year 1842, Oregon and North California in the Years 1843–44". World Digital Library. 1844. Retrieved 2013-06-21.
- ^ Smith, Expedition, p. 12–13
- ISBN 978-0-8032-9197-3.
- ISBN 0-87595-277-1.
- ^ Morgan, Dale L; Wheat, Carl I (1954). Jedediah Smith and his Maps of the American West. San Francisco: California Historical Society. p. 1.
- ^ "Lincoln County Photos". From Wyoming Tales and Trails. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
- ^ Morgan, Dale L; Wheat, Carl I (1954). Jedediah Smith and his Maps of the American West. San Francisco: California Historical Society. p. 51.
- ^ "Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park". California Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved October 1, 2015.
- ^ "American River Parkway map" (PDF) (Map). American River Parkway Foundation. American River Parkway Foundation. 2009.
- ^ "Jedediah Smith Wilderness". Wilderness.net.
- ^ "Inductees". Dodge City Trail of Fame. Retrieved September 27, 2015.
- ^ "Jedediah Strong Smith". Godakota.com. 2013-07-28. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
- ^ http://www.southdakotabeautiful.com/central-south-dakota-tourism/74-jedediah-smith-monument-mobridge-south-dakota.html
- ^ "California Outdoors Hall of Fame". Caloutdoorshalloffame.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
- ^ "Jedediah Smith Muzzleloaders Gun Clu | Directory | National Muzzle Loading Rifle Association". Nmlra.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
- ^ "Awards & Halls of Fame - National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum". Nationalcowboymuseum.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
- ^ "San Dimas Festival of Arts - Public Art - A Welcome Sight". Sandimasarts.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0456684/?ref_=ttawd_awd_tt
- ^ "Home". Applevalley.californiadar.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
- ^ https://stateparks.utah.gov/2016/04/14/jedediah-smith-monument-dedication/
- ^ "ship_manifesto | Midnight Cowboys and Roman Generals- Jedediah/Octavius". Ship-manifesto.dreamwidth.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
- ^ http://www.imdb.com/character/ch0009974/?ref_=ttfc_fc_cl_t44
- ^ Kevin T. Lee (2014-12-18). "Night at the Museum 3: Meet Theodore Roosevelt, Atilla The Hun & More!". moviepilot.com. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
- ^ Barbour p. 8
- ^ "The Simpsons". LA Times. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
- ^ "Springfield, Oregon". Wikimapia.org. Retrieved 2015-12-24.
Major references
- Barbour, Barton H. (2011). Jedediah Smith: No Ordinary Mountain Man. Norman: U of Oklahoma Press,. ISBN 978-0-8061-4196-1.)
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: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link - Camp, Charles L. (2013) [1973]. Joe J. Molter (ed.). "Jedediah Smith's First Far-Western Expedition" (PDF). Castor Canadensis. The Jedediah Smith Society.
- Morgan, Dale L. (1964) [1953]. Jedediah Smith and the Opening of the American West. Lincoln, London: Bison Book University of Nebraska Books. ISBN 0-8032-5138-6.
- Schafer, Joseph (1935). Dumas Malone (ed.). Dictionary of American Biography Smith, Jedidiah Strong. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 290–291.
- Smith, Jedediah S.; McLeod, Alexander R. (1992) [1934]. Maurice S. Sullivan (ed.). The Travels of Jedediah Smith; A Documentary Outline, Including his Journal. Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-9206-6.
External links
- Eddins, O. N. (ed.). "Jedediah Smith and America's Western Expansion". Mountain Man - Indian - Canadian Fur Trade.
- "Homepage". Jedediah Smith Society.
- Sears, Stephen W. (1963). "Trail Blazer Of The Far West". American Heritage. American Heritage Society.
Further reading
- Blevins, Winfred (2005) [1973]. Give Your Heart to the Hawks: A Tribute to the Mountain Men. Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-7653-1435-2.
- Neihardt, John Gneisenau (1941). The Song of Jed Smith. Cycle of the West. New York: MacMillan.
- Smith, Alson J. (1965). Men Against the Mountains: Jedediah Smith and the South West Expedition of 1826–1829. New York: John Day Co.
- Sullivan, Maurice S. (1936). Jedediah Smith, Trader and Trail Breaker. New York Press of the Pioneers.