User:Mproff/Kudoa

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Kudoa

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Kudoa
Kudoa septempunctata spores
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Cnidaria
Class: Myxozoa
Order: Multivalvulida
Family: Kudoidae

Meglitsch, 1960

Genus: Kudoa

Meglitsch, 1947

Synonyms
  • Hexacapsula Arai & Matsumoto, 1953
  • Pentacapsula Naidenova & Zaika, 1970
  • Septemcapsula Hsieh & Chen, 1984

Kudoa is a genus of Myxozoa and the only genus recognized within the monotypic family Kudoidae. There are approximately 100 species of Kudoa all of which parasitize on marine and estuarine fish.[1] Kudoa are most commonly known and studied for the negative effects the genus has on commercial fishing and aquaculture industries.[2]

Description

The genus Kudoa is identified by the possession of four or more shell valves composed of a fragile membrane and arranged in a

Pacific, and Indian oceans.[1]

Species[edit]

The following species are recognized in the genus Kudoa:[4]

Five additional species have been proposed, but are not yet widely recognized:

Development

Summary of Myxozoan Life Cycle

In Myxozoan development, the

schzogony in the gut epithelium of worms. Gametes are formed in the gut of the worm and these gametes fuse together to create eight zygotes.[6] The zygotes become spores with three valves, 3 polar capsules, and a sporoplasm that are released in the worm's feces and attach to the surface of a fish host.[6] Once attached to the fish, the gamete injects the sporoplasm cell into the fish. The sporoplast divides forming a fully-developed Myxosporean.[6]

Diet

Kudoa parasitize on marine and estuarine fish.

gills.[1] Most Kudoa are histozoic parasites, however, a few species are coelzoic.[1] The genus Kudoa attack a wide range of hosts, however, individual species only feed on specific hosts. Kudoa feed via pinocytosis across the host-parasite membrane. One species of Kudoa, K. thyrsites, are distributed worldwide and are believed to have been reported in over 20 different species of fish but it is possible that the species described as K. thyrsites is actually multiple different species.[2]

Implications on the Fishing Industry

Kudoa are most well-known for the economic loss they cause for the commercial fishing and aquaculture industries.[1] When Kudoa attach to hosts, they leave unsightly cysts that lower the price fish can be sold for at market. Kudoa also release proteolytic enzymes that degenerate muscle in fish to aid in their own growth and development, further decreasing the fish's value.[7] Some species in the genus Kudoa with the most notable effects of the commercial fishing and aquaculture industries are: K. musculoliquefaciens in Swordfish (Xiphias gladius), K. thyrsites in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar), K. clupeidae in Atlantic Herring (Clupea harengus), K. septempunctata in Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus), and K. paniformis in Pacific Hake (Merluccius productus).[2][8]

Some studies have found evidence to suggest that some species of Kudoa are linked to food-borne illness in humans.[9] [10]

References[edit]

Encyclopedia of Life

  1. ^
  2. ^
  3. ^
  4. ^
    PMID
    23404757.
  1. ^
    doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.02.019. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help
    )
  2. ^
    doi:10.1016/S0044-8486(98)00437-2. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help
    )
  3. ^
    doi:10.14411/fp.2006.001
    .
  4. ISSN 0165-5752. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help
    )
  5. PMID 26148004.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link
    )
  6. ^
    ISSN 1066-5234. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help
    )
  7. PMID 25161912. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link
    )
  8. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2017.06.019. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help
    )
  9. ISSN 1058-4838
    .
  10. ISSN 1058-4838
    .
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