User:Musicandnintendo/sandbox
Girolamo Savonarola | |
---|---|
Pier Soderini | |
Born | Ferrara, Duchy of Ferrara | 21 September 1452
Died | 23 May 1498 Florence, Republic of Florence | (aged 45)
Father | Niccolò di Michele dalla Savonarola |
Mother | Elena Bonacolsi |
Girolamo Savonarola (Italian:
In 1495 when Florence refused to join
Savonarola's devotees, the Piagnoni, kept his cause of republican freedom and religious reform alive well into the following century, although the Medici—restored to power in 1512 with the help of the papacy—eventually broke the movement.
Early years
Savonarola was born on 21 September 1452, in Ferrara. His mother Elena claimed a lineage from the Bonacossi family of Mantua. She and her husband Niccolò had seven children, of whom Girolamo was third. Savonarola's grandfather, Michele, was a noted physician and polymath who later helped Girolamo on his way to acquiring a master of arts degree at the University of Ferrara.[2] At some point, however, he abandoned his career intentions.
In his early poems, he expresses his preoccupation with the state of the Church and of the world. He began to write poetry of an apocalyptic bent, notably "On the Ruin of the World" (1472) and "On the Ruin of the Church" (1475), in which he singled out the papal court at Rome for special obloquy.[3] About the same time, he seems to have been thinking about a life in religion. As he later told his biographer, a sermon he heard by a preacher in Faenza persuaded him to abandon the world.[4] Most of his biographers reject or ignore the account of his younger brother and follower, Maurelio (later fra Mauro), that in his youth Girolamo had been spurned by a neighbor, Laudomia Strozzi, to whom he proposed marriage.[5] True or not, in a letter he wrote to his father when he left home to join the Dominican Order he hints at being troubled by desires of the flesh.[6] There is also a story that on the eve of his departure he dreamed that he was cleansed of such thoughts by a shower of icy water which prepared him for the ascetic life.[7] In the unfinished treatise he left behind, later called "De contemptu mundi," or "On Contempt for the World," he calls upon readers to fly from this world of adultery, sodomy, murder and envy.
On April 25, 1475, Girolamo Savonarola went to Bologna where he knocked on the door of the Convent of San Domenico, of the Order of Friars Preachers, and asked to be admitted. As he told his father in his farewell letter, he wanted to become a knight of Christ.
Friar
In the convent, Savonarola took vows of
In San Marco, fra Girolamo taught logic to the novices, wrote instructional manuals on ethics, logic, philosophy, and government, composed devotional works, and prepared his sermons for local congregations.[9] As he recorded in his notes, his preaching was not altogether successful. Florentines were put off by his foreign-sounding Ferrarese speech, his strident voice, and (especially to those who valued humanist rhetoric) his inelegant style.[10] While waiting for a friend in the Convent of San Giorgio he was studying Scripture when he suddenly conceived "about seven reasons" why the Church was about to be scourged and renewed.[11] He broached these apocalyptic themes in San Gimignano where he went as Lenten preacher in 1485 and again in 1486, but a year later, when he left San Marco for a new assignment, he had said nothing of his "San Giorgio revelations" in Florence.[12]
Preacher
For the next several years Savonarola lived as an itinerant preacher with a message of
Prophet
Savonarola preached on the First Epistle of John and on the Book of Revelation, drawing such large crowds that he eventually moved to the Cathedral. Without mentioning names, he made pointed allusions to tyrants who usurped the freedom of the people, and he excoriated their allies, the rich and powerful who neglected and exploited the poor.[16] Complaining of the evil lives of a corrupt clergy, he now called for repentance and renewal before the arrival of a divine scourge. Scoffers dismissed him as an over-excited zealot and "preacher of the desperate" and sneered at his growing band of followers as Piagioni – "Weepers" or "Wailers", an epithet they adopted. In 1492 Savonarola warned of "the Sword of the Lord over the earth quickly and soon" and envisioned terrible tribulations to Rome. Around 1493 (these sermons have not survived) he began to prophesy that a New Cyrus was coming over the mountains to begin the renewal of the Church.[17]
In September 1494 King Charles VIII of France crossed the Alps with a formidable army, throwing Italy into political chaos.[18] Many viewed the arrival of King Charles as proof of Savonarola's gift of prophecy. Charles, however, advanced on Florence, sacking Tuscan strongholds and threatening to punish the city for refusing to support his expedition. As the populace took to the streets to expel Piero the Unfortunate, Lorenzo de' Medici's son and successor, Savonarola led a delegation to the camp of the French king in mid-November 1494. He pressed Charles to spare Florence and enjoined him to take up his divinely appointed role as the reformer of the Church. After a short, tense occupation of the city, and another intervention by fra Girolamo (as well as the promise of a huge subsidy), the French resumed their journey southward on November 28, 1494. Savonarola now declared that by answering his call to penitence, the Florentines had begun to build a new Ark of Noah which had saved them from the waters of the divine flood.
Even more sensational was the message in his sermon of December 10:[19]
"I announce this good news to the city, that Florence will be more glorious, richer, more powerful than she has ever been; First, glorious in the sight of God as well as of men: and you, O Florence will be the reformation of all Italy, and from here the renewal will begin and spread everywhere, because this is the navel of Italy. Your counsels will reform all by the light and grace that God will give you. Second, O Florence, you will have innumerable riches, and God will multiply all things for you. Third, you will spread your empire, and thus you will have power temporal and spiritual."
This astounding guarantee may have been an allusion to the traditional patriotic myth of Florence as the new Rome, which Savonarola would have encountered in his readings in Florentine history. In any case, it encompassed both temporal power and spiritual leadership.
In Machiavelli's The Prince
Discussed in Chapter VI of Niccolò Machiavelli's book The Prince ("Concerning New Principalities Which Are Acquired By One’s Own Arms And Ability"), Fra Girolamo Savonarola was seen by Machiavelli as an incompetent, ill-prepared, and "unarmed" prophet, unlike "Moses, Cyrus, Theseus, and Romulus".[20]
Of Savonarola, Machiavelli wrote:
"If Moses, Cyrus, Theseus, and Romulus had been unarmed they could not have enforced their constitutions for long — as happened in our time to Fra Girolamo Savonarola, who was ruined with his new order of things immediately the multitude believed in him no longer, and he had no means of keeping steadfast those who believed or of making the unbelievers to believe."
Reformer
With Savonarola’s advice and support (as a non-citizen and cleric he was ineligible to hold office), a Savonarolan political "party," dubbed ‘the Frateschi,’ took shape and steered the friar’s program through the councils. The oligarchs most compromised by their service to the Medici were barred from office. A new constitution enfranchised the artisan class, opened minor civic offices to selection by lot and granted every citizen in good standing the right to a vote in a new parliament, the Consiglio Maggiore, or Great Council. At Savonarola’s urging the Frateschi government, after months of debate, passed a "Law of Appeal" to limit the longtime practice of using exile and capital punishment as factional weapons.[21] Savonarola declared a new era of "universal peace." On January 13, 1495 he preached his great Renovation Sermon to a huge audience in the Cathedral, recalling that he had begun prophesying in Florence four years earlier, although the divine light had come to him "more than fifteen, maybe twenty years ago." He now claimed that he had predicted the deaths of Lorenzo de' Medici and of Pope Innocent VIII in 1492 and the coming of the sword to Italy—the invasion of King Charles of France. As he had foreseen, God had chosen Florence, "the navel of Italy", as his favorite and he repeated: if the city continued to do penance and began the work of renewal it would have riches, glory and power.[22]
If the Florentines had any doubt that the promise of worldly power and glory had heavenly sanction, Savonarola emphasized this in a sermon of April 1, 1495, in which he described his mystical journey to the Virgin Mary in heaven. At the celestial throne Savonarola presents the Holy Mother a crown made by the Florentine people and presses her to reveal their future. Mary warns that the way will be hard both for the city and for him, but she assures him that God will fulfill his promises: Florence will be "more glorious, more powerful and richer than ever, extending its wings farther than anyone can imagine." She and her heavenly minions will protect the city against its enemies and support its alliance with the French. In the New Jerusalem that is Florence peace and unity will reign.
Buoyed by liberation and prophetic promise, the Florentines embraced Savonarola’s campaign to rid the city of "vice". At his repeated insistence, new laws were passed against sodomy (which included male and female same-sex relations), adultery, public drunkenness, and other moral transgressions, while his lieutenant fra Silvestro Maruffi organized boys and young men to patrol the streets to curb immodest dress and behavior.[27] For a time, Pope Alexander VI (1492–1503) tolerated friar Girolamo’s strictures against the Church, but he was moved to anger when Florence declined to join his new Holy League against the French invader, and blamed it on Savonarola’s pernicious influence. An exchange of letters between the pope and the friar ended in an impasse which Savonarola tried to break by sending His Holiness "a little book" recounting his prophetic career and describing some of his more dramatic visions. This was the Compendium of Revelations, a brilliant self-dramatization which was one of the farthest-reaching and most popular of his writings.[28]
The pope was not mollified. He summoned the friar to appear before him in Rome, and when Savonarola refused, pleading ill health and confessing that he was afraid of being attacked on the journey, Alexander banned him from further preaching. For some months Savonarola obeyed, but when he saw his influence slipping he defied the pope and resumed his sermons, which became more violent in tone. He not only attacked secret enemies at home whom he rightly suspected of being in league with the papal Curia, he condemned the conventional, or "tepid" Christians who were slow to respond to his calls. He dramatized his moral campaign with special masses for the youth, processions,
Excommunication and death
On May 12, 1497,
Savonarola hinted at performing miracles to prove his divine mission, but when a rival Franciscan preacher proposed to test that mission by
Fra Girolamo, Fra Domenico, and Fra Silvestro Maruffi were arrested and imprisoned. Under torture Savonarola confessed to having invented his prophecies and visions, then recanted, then confessed again.[34] In his prison cell in the tower of the Palazzo Vecchio he composed meditations on Psalms 51 and 31.[35] On the morning of May 23, 1498, the three friars were led out into the Piazza della Signoria where, before a tribunal of high clerics and government officials, they were condemned as heretics and schismatics, and sentenced to die forthwith. Stripped of their Dominican garments in ritual degradation, they mounted the scaffold in their thin white shirts. Each on a separate gallows, they were hanged, while fires were ignited below them to consume their bodies. To prevent devotees from searching for relics, their ashes were carted away and scattered in the Arno.[36]
Aftermath
Resisting censorship and exile, the friars of San Marco fostered a cult of "the three martyrs" and venerated Savonarola as a saint. They encouraged women in local convents and surrounding towns to find mystical inspiration in his example,[37] and, by preserving many of his sermons and writings, they helped keep his political as well as his religious ideas alive.[38] The return of the Medici in 1512 ended the Savonarola-inspired republic and intensified pressure against the movement, although both were briefly revived in 1527 when the Medici were once again forced out.[39] In 1530, however, Pope Clement VII (Giulio de’ Medici), with the help of soldiers of the Holy Roman Emperor, restored Medici rule, and Florence became an hereditary dukedom. Piagnoni were silenced, hunted, tortured, imprisoned and exiled, and the movement, at least as a political force, came to an end.
Savonarolan religious ideas found a reception elsewhere. In Germany and Switzerland the early Protestant reformers, most notably
In the mid-nineteenth century, the "New Piagnoni" found inspiration in the friar’s writings and sermons for the Italian national awakening known as the
Cultural influence
Music
- Charles Villiers Stanford wrote an opera titled Savonarola, which had its premiere in Hamburg on 18 April 1884.[46]
- Luigi Dallapiccola used text from Savonarola's Meditation on the Psalm My hope is in Thee, O Lord in his 1938 choral work Canti di prigionia.
- William Byrd used the text of Savonarola's Infelix ego in his work by the same name as part of the Cantiones Sacrae 1591 xxiv–xvi.
Fiction
- Lenau, Nikolaus, Savonarola (1837)
- Eliot, George, Romola (1863).
- Herrmann, Bernhard, Savonarola im Feuer (1909)
- Mann, Thomas, Fiorenza (1909)
- Beerbohm, Max, The short story "'Savonarola' Brown" (1917) concerns an aspiring playwright, author of an unfinished, unintentionally absurd retelling of the life of Savonarola.
- van Wyck, William, Savonarola: A Biography in Dramatic Episodes (1926)
- Hines, Leonard J. & Frank King, Fire of Vanity: A play in one act (1930)
- Salacrou, Armand, Le terre est ronde (1938)
- Bacon, Wallace A., Savonarola: A Play in Nine Scenes (1950)
- Yarbro, Chelsea Quinn, The Palace (1978), a novel featuring Savonarola as the main antagonist of the vampire Saint-Germain.
- The novel The Rule of Four by Ian Caldwell and Dustin Thomason makes extensive references to Savonarola.
- The novel The Birth of Venus by Sarah Dunant makes extensive references to Savonarola.
- The Agony and the Ecstasy, Irving Stone's novelization of Michelangelo's life, depicts the events in Florence from the Medici's point of view.
- The novel Kámen a bolest ("suffering and the stone"), Karel Schulz's historical novel about the life of Michelangelo features Savonarola as an important character.
- The novel Sabbath's Theater by Philip Roth makes reference to Savonarola.
- The novel The Enchantress of Florence by Salman Rushdie
- In her novel child soldiersas a "precocious Savonarola".
- In the novel I, Mona Lisa (U.K. title Painting Mona Lisa) by Jeanne Kalogridis, he is given a negative slant, as the Medicis are portrayed as sympathetic and noble.
- In novel, The Poet Prince, Kathleen McGowan has made him as one of the enemies of Tuscan people in their pursuit of artistic fame during his reign.
- In the novel Wolf Hall by Hilary Mantel, the Bonfire of the Vanities is brought up in a story by the protagonist, Thomas Cromwell.
- The young adult novel The Smile by Donna Jo Napoli shows Savonarola as he was observed by a young Mona Lisa.
Other works
- The fourth segment of Walerian Borowczyk's 1974 anthology film, Immoral Tales, is set during the reign of Pope Alexander VI. A character called "Friar Hyeronimus Savonarola," played by Philippe Desboeuf, holds a sermon in which he publicly condemns the corruption of the church and the sexual depravity of the papacy. Borowczyk juxtaposes Savonarola's sermon with the Pope enjoying a threesome with his daughter, Lucrezia Borgia, and his son, Cesare Borgia. Savonarola is arrested and publicly burned to death.
- In the 1976 film stripSavonarola, Monday through Friday."
- In Showtime's The Borgias, Savonarola is portrayed by Steven Berkoff. He is repeatedly seen preaching to Florentine crowds. Cardinal Della Rovere (who will become Pope Julius II) visits the friar to inquire about his "vision" of the French army marching on Florence.
- In the Netflix series Borgia, Savonarola is portrayed by Iain Glen.
- The manga-anime series Gunslinger Girl features an episode where two of the protagonists, Jean and Rico visit Florence. There Savonarola is mentioned among other famous people who lived in the city, while he shares his surname with one of the series antagonists.
- Savonarola appears as a main assassination target in the videogame Assassin's Creed II, and is the main antagonist one of the game's DLC's, Bonfire of the Vanities.
Bibliography
Nearly thirty volumes of Savonarola’s sermons and writings have so far been published in the Edizione nazionale delle Opere di Girolamo Savonarola (Rome, Angelo Belardetti, 1953 to the present). For editions of the 15th and 16th centuries see Catalogo delle edizioni di Girolamo Savonarola (secc. xv–xvi) ed. P. Scapecchi (Florence, 1998).
English translations
- Borelli, Anne; Pastore Passaro, Maria, eds. (2006). Selected Writings of Girolamo Savonarola: Religion and Politics, 1490–1498. New Haven, CT: ISBN 978-0-300-10326-7.)
{{cite book}}
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- Eisenbichler, Konrad, ed. (2003). A Guide to Righteous Living and Other Works. ISBN 0-7727-2020-7.
- ISBN 0-8091-2242-1.
References
- ISBN 978-0-300-11193-4.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-300-10326-7.)
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- ISBN 9788822247032.
- ISBN 88-8450-084-2.
- ^ Ridolfi, Roberto; Romano, Vincenzo; Verde, Armando F., eds. (1984). Lettere e scritti apologetici. Rome: Angelo Belardetti. p. 6.
Like you, I am made of flesh and my sensuality wars against my reason; I have a cruel fight to keep the devil from my back.
{{cite book}}
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suggested) (help) - ^ La Vita del Beato Girolamo Savonarola ed. Roberto Ridolfi (Florence, 1937) p 8.
- ^ Michael Tavuzzi O.P., "Savonarola and Vincent Bandello," Archivum Fratrum, Praedicatorum 59 (1999) 199–224.
- ^ Selected Writings of Girolamo Savonarola Religion and Politics, 1490–1498 Translated and edited by Anna Borelli and Maria Pastore Passaro (New Haven, Yale University Press, 2006).
- ^ "He satisfied almost no one either in his gestures or in his manner of speaking, as I who was there for all of Lent recall. At the end there were fewer than twenty-five people, men, women and children." Translated from "Epistola di fra Placido Cinozzi," in P. Villari, E. Casanova, Scelta di prediche e scritti di fra Girolamo Savonarola con nuovi documenti intorno alla sua vita (Florence, 1898) p. 11.
- ^ Armando F. Verde O.P., "'Et andando a San Gimignano a predicarvi.' Alle origini della profezia savonaroliana," Vivens Homo IX (1998) pp. 269–298.
- ^ Donald Weinstein, Savonarola The Rise and Fall of a Renaissance Prophet (New Haven, 2011)pp. 36–7
- ^ Translation of letter from fra Girolamo to his mother, 25 January 1490, Girolamo Savonarola, A Guide to Righteous Living and Other Works, Konrad Eisenbichler (Toronto, 2003) 38–41.
- ^ William G. Craven, Pico della Mirandola Symbol of His Age: Modern Interpretations of a Renaissance Philosopher (Geneva, Switzerland, 1981).
- ^ Tavuzzi, "Savonarola and Vincenzo Bandello," 216-17.
- ^ "Le lezioni o i sermoni sull' Apocalisse di Girolamo Savonarola (1490) 'nova dicere et novo modo, '"ed. Armando F. Verde O.P., Imagine e Parola, Retorica Filologica-Retorica Predicatoria (Valla e Savonarola) Memorie Domenicane, n.s.(1988) 5–109
- ^ Weinstein, Savonarola, Rise and Fall of a Renaissance Prophet pp. 87–96.
- ^ David Abulafia, The French Descent Into Renaissance Italy (Aldershot, 1995).
- ^ Quoted in Donald Weinstein, Savonarola and Florence Prophecy and Patriotism in the Renaissance (Princeton University Press, 1970) 143. On Florentine civic mythology, Nicolai Rubinstein, "The Beginnings of Political Thought in Florence. A Study in Medieval Historiography," Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes (V, 1942) 198–227; Hans Baron, The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance 2d ed. (Princeton University Press, 1966).
- ^ "Concerning New Principalities Which Are Acquired By One’s Own Arms And Ability," The Prince by Machiavelli http://onetenthblog.wordpress.com/readings/machiavelli-the-prince-chapter-iv/
- ^ On Savonarola and Florentine constitutional reform see Felix Gilbert, "Florentine Political Assumptions in the Period of Savonarola and Soderini," Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes XII (1957) 187–214, and Nicolai Rubinstein, "Politics and Constitution in Florence at the End of the Fifteenth Century," Italian Renaissance Studies ed. E.F. Jacob (London, 1963). The Frateschi’s success in blocking patricians from holding office has been questioned, most notably by Roslyn Cooper, "The Florentine Ruling Group under the ‘Governo Popolare’, 1494–1512," Studies in Medieval and Renaissance History (1984/5) 71–181.
- ^ English translation in Borelli, Passaro, Selected Writings of Girolamo Savonarola 59–76.
- ^ Mark J. Zucker, "Savonarola Designs a Work of Art: the Crown of The Virgin in the Compendium of Revelations," Machiavelli Studies 5 (1966) eds Vincenzo De Nardo, Christopher Fulton pp.119–145 ; Rab Hatfield, "Botticelli’s Mystic Nativity, Savonarola and the Millennium," Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 58 (1995) 89–114.
- ^ "Political reform was only a part of the great task which Savonarola had set himself; his scheme embraced the renovation of social life, as well as science, literature, and art. Christianity was to reassert its sovereignty over the paganism of the false renaissance in every department of life. His 'Evviva Christo' was to echo from lip to lip. Politics, society, science and art, were to have the commandments of God for their basis. Christ was to be proclaimed King of Florence and protector of her liberties." – Ludwig von Pastor, History of the Popes, Vol. 5, p. 192, [1]
- ^ "He aimed at establishing a theocracy in Florence, resembling that by which the Jews were ruled in the time of the Judges. Thus the religious idea took form in politics, and a monarchy was to be erected by the democracy, under the immediate guidance of God; Savonarola, as the Daniel of the Florentines, was to be the medium of the Divine answers and commands." – Ludwig von Pastor, History of the Popes, Vol. 5, p. 210, [2]
- ^ "'It was not Art itself which he condemned, but its desecration, the introduction of earthly and even immodest sentiments and dress into sacred pictures. On the contrary, pious and genuinely religious art would have been an efficacious support in building up that ideal State which he dreamt of, and for a while even made a reality.' Again and again Savonarola explains what he finds fault with in contemporary Art, and what he desires to put in place of it. For him edification is the main object of Art; he will tolerate none which does not tend to the service of religion." – Ludwig von Pastor, History of the Popes, Vol. 5, p. 195, [3]
- ^ On homoeroticism in Florence and Savonarola’s campaign against it, Michael Rocke, Forbidden Friendships: Homosexuality and Male Culture in Renaissance Florence (New York, 1996). More generally, on youth culture, see Richard Trexler, Public Life in Renaissance Florence (New York, 1980).
- ^ "Compendium of Revelations," translated in Apocalyptic Spirituality: Treatises and Letters of Lactantius, Adso of Montier-en-Der, Joachim of Fiore, the Franciscan Spirituals, Savonarola ed. Bernard McGinn (New York, 1970) 211–270.
- ^ English translation of a Benivieni laud in Borelli, Passaro, Selected Writings of Girolamo Savonarola 231-3.
- ^ Patrick Macey, Bonfire Songs Savonarola’s Musical Legacy (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1998). Published with a CD of performances of Carnival Songs, Laude and Motets by the Eastman Capella Antiqua.
- ^ Brief of Pope Alexander VI excommunicating Savonarola: The History of Girolamo Savonarola and of His Times, Pasquale Villari, Leonard Horner, trans., London, Longman, Green, Longman, Roberts, & Green, 1863, Volume 2, pp.392–394.
- ^ Girolamo Savonarola, Triumphus Crucis Latin and Italian texts ed. Mario Ferrara (Rome, 1961)
- ^ Lauro Martines, Lawyers and Statecraft in Renaissance Florence(Princeton, 1968) pp. 202–3
- ^ Complete interrogation records in I processi di Girolamo Savonarola (1498) ed. I.G. Rao, P. Viti, R.M. Zaccaria (Florence, 2001); French translation and commentary, Robert Klein, Le proces de Savonarole (Paris, 1957)
- ^ Girolamo Savonarola, Prison Meditations on Psalms 51 and 31 Tr., Ed. John Patrick Donnelly S.J. (Milwaukee, Marquette University Press, 1994).
- ^ An eyewitness account by the Piagnone Luca Landucci in A Florentine Diary from 1460 to 1516, trans. Alice De Rosen Jervis (London, 1927), pp. 142–143.
- ^ Lorenzo Polizzotto, "When Saints Fall Out: Women and the Savonarolan Reform Movement in Early Sixteenth Century Florence," Renaissance Quarterly 46 (1993) 486–525; Sharon T. Strocchia, "Savonarolan Witnesses: the Nuns of San Iacopo and the Piagnone Movement in Sixteenth-century Florence," The Sixteenth Century Journal 38 (2007), 393–418; Tamar Herzig, Savonarola’s Women: Visions and Reform in Renaissance Italy (University of Chicago Press,2008); Strocchia, Nuns and Nunneries in Renaissance Florence (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009.
- ^ Polizzotto, The Elect Nation, Chapters 5–8; Weinstein, Savonarola The Rise and Fall of a Renaissance Prophet, Chapter 25.
- ^ Cecil Roth, The Last Florentine Republic (London, 1925).
- ^ Weinstein, Savonarola Rise and Fall, 360, note 26, drawing on works in German (Nolte) and Italian (Simoncelli and Dall’ Aglio).
- ^ Lorenzo Polizzotto, The Elect Nation p. 443.
- ^ Pasquale Villari, The Life and Times of Girolamo Savonarola trans. by Linda Villari 2 vols (New York, 1890).
- ^ Joseph Schnitzer, Savonarola Ein Kulturbild aus der Zeit der Renaissance 2 vols (Munich, 1924); Italian translation Savonarola trans. Ernesto Rutili 2 vols (Milan, 1931). No English translation.
- ^ Roberto Ridolfi, Vita di Girolamo Savonarola 6th ed. with additional notes by Armando F. Verde O.P. (Florence, 1981.)
- ^ Innocenzo Venchi, O.P. "Iniziative dell'Ordine Domenicano per promuovere la causa di beatificazione del Ven. fra Girolamo Savonarola O.P.," Studi Savonaroliani Verso il V centenario ed. Gian Carlo Garfagnini (Florence, 1996) pp. 93–97
- ^ Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 5th ed. (1955)
Further reading
- Dall’Aglio, Stefano (2010). Savonarola and Savonarolism. Translated by Gagné, John. Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies, University of Toronto. ISBN 978-0-77272-061-0.
- Herzig, Tamar (2008). Savonarola's Women: Visions and Reform in Renaissance Italy. ISBN 978-0-226-32915-4.
- Macey, Patrick (1998). Bonfire Songs: Savonarola's Musical Legacy. Oxford Monographs on Music. Oxford: ISBN 0-19-816669-9.
- Martines, Lauro (2006). Fire in the City: Savonarola and the Struggle for the Soul of Renaissance Florence. ISBN 9780195327106.
- ISBN 9788822234940.
- Polizzotto, Lorenzo (1994). The Elect Nation: The Savonarola Movement in Florence 1494–1545. Oxford-Warburg Studies. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780199206001.
- Ridolfi, Roberto (1959). Vita di Girolamo Savonarola [The Life of Girolamo Savonarola] (in Italian). Translated by Grayson, Cecil. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
- Roeder, Ralph (1933). The Man of the Renaissance. Four Lawgivers: Savanarola, Machiavelli, Castiglione, Aretino. New York: Viking Press.
- Steinberg, Ronald M. (1977). Fra Girolamo Savonarola: Florentine Art and Renaissance Historiography. Athens, OH: ISBN 978-0821402023.
- ISBN 978-0-300-11193-4.
- Weinstein, Donald; Hotchkiss, Valerie R., eds. (1994). Girolamo Savonarola: Piety, Prophecy and Politics in Renaissance Florence. Dallas: Bridwell Library. ISBN 9780941881159.)
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External links
- Catholic Encyclopedia entry on Girolamo Savonarola
- NNDB entry on Girolamo Savonarola
- Predica dell'arte del bene morire From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress
- Savonarola's Visions, documentary about Girolamo Savonarola
Category:Executed Roman Catholic priests Category:Italian Roman Catholics Category:Italian torture victims Category:Italian Dominicans Category:People excommunicated by the Roman Catholic Church Category:Executed Italian people Category:People executed by the Papal States by burning Category:People executed for heresy Category:People from Ferrara Category:Rulers of Florence Category:University of Ferrara alumni Category:1452 births Category:1498 deaths Category:15th-century Roman Catholic clergy Category:15th-century Italian people