Bologna

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Coordinates: 44°29′38″N 11°20′34″E / 44.49389°N 11.34278°E / 44.49389; 11.34278
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This article is about the city in Italy. For other uses, see Bologna (disambiguation).
"Bologne" and "Bolognese" redirect here. For other uses, see Bologne (disambiguation) and Bolognese (disambiguation).

Bologna
Bulåggna (
Emilian)
Comune
Comune di Bologna
Piazza Maggiore
Fountain of Neptune
Due Torri
San Petronio
Piazza Santo Stefano
Madonna di San Luca
Metro
Bologna (BO)
Government
 • BodyBologna City Council
 • MayorMatteo Lepore (PD)
Area
[1]
 • Comune140.86 km2 (54.39 sq mi)
Elevation
54 m (177 ft)
Population
 (31 August 2020)[2]
 • Comune394,843
 • Density2,800/km2 (7,300/sq mi)
 • Metro
[3]
1,017,196
DemonymBolognese
GDP
[4]
 • Metro€39.502 billion (2015)
 • Per capita€38,918 (2015)
Area code0039 051
Websitecomune.bologna.it
Map
Click on the map for a fullscreen view

Bologna (

Latin: Bononia) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna region in Northern Italy. It is the seventh most populous city in Italy, with about 400,000 inhabitants and 150 different nationalities.[5] Its metropolitan area is home to more than 1,000,000 people.[6] It is known as the Fat City for its rich cuisine, and the Red City for its red tiled rooftops and, more recently, its leftist politics. It is also called the Learned City because it is home to the oldest university in the world.[7]

Originally

European capital of culture[14] and in 2006, a UNESCO "City of Music" and became part of the Creative Cities Network.[15] In 2021, UNESCO recognized the lengthy porticoes of the city as a World Heritage Site.[16][17]

Bologna is an important agricultural, industrial, financial and transport hub, where many large mechanical, electronic and food companies have their headquarters as well as one of the largest permanent trade fairs in Europe. According to recent data gathered by the European Regional Economic Growth Index (E-REGI) of 2009, Bologna is the first Italian city and the 47th European city in terms of its economic growth rate; in 2022, Il Sole 24 Ore named Bologna the best city in Italy for overall quality of life.[18]

History

For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Bologna.

Antiquity and Middle Ages

The iconic Due Torri

Traces of human habitation in the area of Bologna go back to the 3rd millennium BCE, with significant settlements from about the 9th century BCE (Villanovan culture). The influence of Etruscan civilization reached the area in the 7th to 6th centuries, and the Etruscan city of Felsina was established at the site of Bologna by the end of the 6th century. By the 4th century BCE, the site was occupied by the Gaulish Boii, and it became a Roman colony and municipium with the name of Bonōnia in 196 BCE.[19] During the waning years of the Western Roman Empire Bologna was repeatedly sacked by the

Petronius, according to ancient chronicles, rebuilt the ruined town and founded the basilica of Saint Stephen.[20]
Petronius is still revered as the patron saint of Bologna.

In 727–28, the city was sacked and captured by the

Carolingian empire.[22]

Bologna was the center of a revived study of law, including the scholar Irnerius[23] (c 1050 – after 1125) and his famous students, the Four Doctors of Bologna.

Porta Maggiore, one of the twelve medieval city gates of Bologna
Ghibelline
factions in Bologna, from the Croniche of Giovanni Sercambi of Lucca

After the death of

Boccaccio and Petrarch among its students.[25] The medical school was especially renowned.[26] By 1200, Bologna was a thriving commercial and artisanal centre of about 10,000 people.[27]

During a campaign to support the imperial cities of

Conrad IV in 1254, Frederick of Antioch in 1256 and Manfred in 1266, as well as the execution of his nephew Conradin in 1268, he was the last of the Hohenstaufen
heirs.

During the late 1200s, Bologna was affected by political instability when the most prominent families incessantly fought for the control of the town. The free commune was severely weakened by decades of infighting, allowing the Pope to impose the rule of his envoy Cardinal Bertrand du Pouget in 1327. Du Pouget was eventually ousted by a popular rebellion and Bologna became a signoria under Taddeo Pepoli in 1334.[29] By the arrival of the Black Death in 1348, Bologna had 40,000 to 50,000 inhabitants, reduced to just 20,000 to 25,000 after the plague.[30]

In 1350, Bologna was conquered by archbishop

Louis XII of France
, marched against Bologna, Bentivoglio and his family fled. Julius II entered the city triumphantly on 10 November.

Early modern

Bologna in 1640

The period of Papal rule over Bologna (1506–1796) has been generally evaluated by historians as one of severe decline. However, this was not evident in the 1500s, which were marked by some major developments in Bologna. In 1530,

Archiginnasio, the main building of the university. The period of Papal rule saw also the construction of many churches and other religious establishments, and the restoration of older ones. At this time, Bologna had ninety-six convents, more than any other Italian city. Painters working in Bologna during this period established the Bolognese School which includes Annibale Carracci, Domenichino, Guercino, and others of European fame.[31]

Engraving of the city of Bologna from Leandro Alberti's History of Bologna, 1590, showing the two surviving towers and several others

It was only towards the end of the 16th century that severe signs of decline began to manifest. A series of plagues in the late 16th to early 17th century reduced the population of the city from some 72,000 in the mid-16th century to about 47,000 by 1630. During the 1629–1631 Italian plague alone, Bologna lost up to a third of its population.[32] In the mid-17th century, the population stabilized at roughly 60,000, slowly increasing to some 70,000 by the mid-18th century. The economy of Bologna started to show signs of severe decline as the global centres of trade shifted towards the Atlantic. The traditional silk industry was in a critical state.[33] The university was losing students, who once came from all over Europe, because of the illiberal attitudes of the Church towards culture (especially after the trial of Galileo).[34] Bologna continued to suffer a progressive deindustrialisation also in the 18th century.[35]

In the mid-1700s, Pope Benedict XIV, a Bolognese, tried to reverse the decline of the city with a series of reforms intended to stimulate the economy and promote the arts. However, these reforms achieved only mixed results. The pope's efforts to stimulate the decaying textile industry had little success, while he was more successful in reforming the tax system, liberalising trade[36] and relaxing the oppressive system of censorship.[37]

The economic and demographic decline of Bologna became even more noticeable starting in the second half of the 18th century. In 1790, the city had 72,000 inhabitants, ranking as the second largest in the Papal States; however, this figure had remained unchanged for decades.[4][38]

During this period, Papal economic policies included heavy customs duties and concessions of monopolies to single manufacturers.[38]

Modern history

Piazza del Nettuno in 1855, looking towards Piazza Maggiore

Metternich warned French king Louis Philippe I against intervention in Italian affairs, and in the spring of 1831, Austrian forces marched across the Italian peninsula, defeating the rebellion by 26 April.[39]

By the mid-1840s, unemployment levels were very high and traditional industries continued to languish or disappear; Bologna became a city of economic disparity with the top 10 percent of the population living off rent, another 20 percent exercising professions or commerce and 70 percent working in low-paid, often insecure manual jobs. The Papal census of 1841 reported 10,000 permanent beggars and another 30,000 (out of a total population of 70,000) who lived in poverty.[40] In the revolutions of 1848 the Austrian garrisons which controlled the city on behalf of the Pope were temporarily expelled, but eventually came back and crushed the revolutionaries.

Papal rule finally ended in the aftermath of

Second War of Italian Independence, when the French and Piedmontese troops expelled the Austrians from Italian lands, on 11 and 12 March 1860, Bologna voted to join the new Kingdom of Italy. In the last decades of the 19th century, Bologna once again thrived economically and socially. In 1863 Naples was linked to Rome by railway, and the following year Bologna to Florence.[41] Bolognese moderate agrarian elites, that supported liberal insurgencies against the papacy and were admirers of the British political system and of free trade, envisioned a unified national state that would open a bigger market for the massive agricultural production of the Emilian plains.[42] Indeed, Bologna gave Italy one of its first prime ministers, Marco Minghetti
.

After

interwar years, Bologna developed into an important manufacturing centre for food processing, agricultural machinery and metalworking. The Fascist regime poured in massive investments, for example with the setting up of a giant tobacco manufacturing plant in 1937.[44]

World War II

Sappers of the 136 Indian Railway Maintenance Company repair some of the extensive damage to the railyards in 1945.

Bologna suffered extensive damage during World War II. The strategic importance of the city as an industrial and railway hub connecting northern and central Italy made it a target for the Allied forces. On 24 July 1943, a massive aerial bombardment destroyed a significant part of the historic city centre and killed about 200 people. The main railway station and adjoining areas were severely hit, and 44% of the buildings in the centre were listed as having been destroyed or severely damaged. The city was heavily bombed again on 25 September. The raids, which this time were not confined to the city centre, left 2,481 people dead and 2,000 injured.[45][46] By the end of the war, 43% of all buildings in Bologna had been destroyed or damaged.[47][48]

After the

Porta Lame, waged by partisans of the 7th Brigade of the Gruppi d'Azione Patriottica against Fascist and Nazi occupation forces, did not succeed in triggering a general uprising, despite being one of the largest resistance-led urban conflicts in the European theatre.[49] Resistance forces entered Bologna on the morning of 21 April 1945. By this time, the Germans had already largely left the city in the face of the Allied advance, spearheaded by Polish forces advancing from the east during the Battle of Bologna which had been fought since 9 April. First to arrive in the centre was the 87th Infantry Regiment of the Friuli Combat Group under general Arturo Scattini, who entered the centre from Porta Maggiore to the south. Since the soldiers were dressed in British outfits, they were initially thought to be part of the allied forces; when the local inhabitants heard the soldiers were speaking Italian, they poured out onto the streets to celebrate.[citation needed
]

Cold War period

Aftermath of the 1980 terrorist bombing

In the post-war years, Bologna became a thriving industrial centre as well as a political stronghold of the

new exhibition centre and business district.[51] At the end of 1978 the construction of a tower block and several diverse buildings and structures started.[52] In 1985 the headquarters of the regional government of Emilia-Romagna moved in the new district.[53]

In 1977, Bologna was the scene of

neo-fascist group Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari were convicted for carrying out the attack, while Licio Gelli—Grand Master of the underground Freemason lodge Propaganda Due (P2)—was convicted for hampering the investigation, together with three agents of the secret military intelligence service SISMI (including Francesco Pazienza and Pietro Musumeci
). Commemorations take place in Bologna on 2 August each year, culminating in a concert in the main square.

21st century

In 1999, the long tradition of left-wing mayors was interrupted by the victory of independent centre-right candidate

Anna Maria Cancellieri (as a state-appointed prefect), Virginio Merola was elected as mayor, leading a left-wing coalition comprising the Democratic Party, Left Ecology Freedom and Italy of Values.[54] In 2016, Merola was confirmed mayor, defeating the conservative candidate, Lucia Borgonzoni. In 2021, after ten years of Merola's mayorship, one of his closest allies, Matteo Lepore, was elected mayor with 61.9% of votes, becoming the most voted mayor of Bologna since the introduction of the direct elections in 1995.[55]

Geography

Territory

Aerial photograph of Bologna (north facing on the right)

Bologna is situated on the edge of the

above sea level (while elevation within the municipality ranges from 29 metres (95 ft) in the suburb of Corticella to 300 metres (980 ft) in Sabbiuno and the Colle della Guardia). The Province of Bologna stretches from the Po Plain into the Apennines; the highest point in the province is the peak of Corno alle Scale (in Lizzano in Belvedere
) at 1,945 metres (6,381 ft) above sea level.

Climate

Bologna has a

mid-latitude, four-season temperate climate (Köppen climate classification
: Cfa). Here are other classifications for the climate of this city:

Bologna Climate according to major climate systems
Climatic scheme Initials Description
Köppen system[56] Cfa Humid subtropical climate
Trewartha system[57] Do Temperate oceanic climate
Alisov system[58] — Temperate climate
Strahler system[59] — Moist continental climate
Thornthwaite system[60] — Moist subhumid mesothermal climate
Neef system[61] — Oceanic-continental transition temperate climate

Annual precipitation is around 650–750 mm (25.5–29.5 in),[62] with the majority generally falling in spring and autumn. Snow is not uncommon between late November and early March; one of the snowiest months of the past decade was February 2012.[63] Here are

climate normals for the weather station of Bologna Borgo Panigale (at the airport), unaffected by the heat dome of the city, for both 1961–1990 and 1991–2020 periods, in order to highlight changes between the two periods (snow
averages are referred to the city of Bologna, since there is not a complete archive for the Borgo Panigale area):

Climate data for Bologna (1961–1990 normals, extremes 1961–1990)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.0
(68.0) 		24.8
(76.6) 		25.6
(78.1) 		28.4
(83.1) 		31.9
(89.4) 		35.6
(96.1) 		39.6
(103.3) 		38.3
(100.9) 		34.1
(93.4) 		28.2
(82.8) 		24.0
(75.2) 		22.8
(73.0) 		39.6
(103.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 4.8
(40.6) 		8.2
(46.8) 		13.4
(56.1) 		17.8
(64.0) 		22.7
(72.9) 		26.8
(80.2) 		29.9
(85.8) 		29.2
(84.6) 		25.3
(77.5) 		18.9
(66.0) 		11.1
(52.0) 		5.9
(42.6) 		17.8
(64.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 1.6
(34.9) 		4.5
(40.1) 		8.7
(47.7) 		12.7
(54.9) 		17.3
(63.1) 		21.2
(70.2) 		24.1
(75.4) 		23.6
(74.5) 		20.1
(68.2) 		14.5
(58.1) 		7.7
(45.9) 		2.8
(37.0) 		13.2
(55.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −1.5
(29.3) 		0.8
(33.4) 		3.9
(39.0) 		7.6
(45.7) 		11.8
(53.2) 		15.6
(60.1) 		18.2
(64.8) 		17.9
(64.2) 		14.8
(58.6) 		10.1
(50.2) 		4.3
(39.7) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		8.6
(47.5)
Record low °C (°F) −18.8
(−1.8) 		−12.6
(9.3) 		−8.6
(16.5) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		0.8
(33.4) 		7.0
(44.6) 		9.0
(48.2) 		9.7
(49.5) 		4.5
(40.1) 		0.2
(32.4) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		−13.4
(7.9) 		−18.8
(−1.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 42.9
(1.69) 		44.9
(1.77) 		60.4
(2.38) 		67.0
(2.64) 		65.0
(2.56) 		52.6
(2.07) 		42.8
(1.69) 		57.9
(2.28) 		61.0
(2.40) 		71.6
(2.82) 		81.3
(3.20) 		61.0
(2.40) 		708.4
(27.9)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 14.0
(5.5) 		5.0
(2.0) 		4.6
(1.8) 		0.2
(0.1) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		3.3
(1.3) 		9.4
(3.7) 		36.5
(14.4)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 7 6 8 7 8 7 5 6 5 7 8 7 81
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) 2.4 1.2 0.5 0.03 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.6 6.23
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		83 78 70 71 69 68 65 66 69 76 84 84 74
Mean monthly sunshine hours 77.5 96.1 151.9 174.0 229.4 255.0 291.4 260.4 201.0 148.8 81.0 74.4 2,040.9
Source: Servizio Meteorologico and Centro Meteorologico Bolognese [64][65]
Climate data for Bologna (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1946–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 20.7
(69.3) 		24.9
(76.8) 		27.0
(80.6) 		30.6
(87.1) 		34.9
(94.8) 		38.0
(100.4) 		39.6
(103.3) 		40.1
(104.2) 		34.8
(94.6) 		29.8
(85.6) 		24.0
(75.2) 		23.0
(73.4) 		40.1
(104.2)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 7.2
(45.0) 		9.9
(49.8) 		15.1
(59.2) 		19.1
(66.4) 		23.9
(75.0) 		28.5
(83.3) 		31.4
(88.5) 		31.3
(88.3) 		25.7
(78.3) 		19.3
(66.7) 		12.6
(54.7) 		7.7
(45.9) 		19.3
(66.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 3.3
(37.9) 		5.2
(41.4) 		9.6
(49.3) 		13.4
(56.1) 		18.2
(64.8) 		22.7
(72.9) 		25.2
(77.4) 		25.1
(77.2) 		20.2
(68.4) 		14.9
(58.8) 		9.0
(48.2) 		4.1
(39.4) 		14.2
(57.7)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −0.5
(31.1) 		0.4
(32.7) 		4.0
(39.2) 		7.8
(46.0) 		12.5
(54.5) 		16.8
(62.2) 		19.1
(66.4) 		19.0
(66.2) 		14.6
(58.3) 		10.5
(50.9) 		5.4
(41.7) 		0.5
(32.9) 		9.2
(48.5)
Record low °C (°F) −18.8
(−1.8) 		−14.4
(6.1) 		−9.7
(14.5) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		0.8
(33.4) 		7.0
(44.6) 		9.0
(48.2) 		9.7
(49.5) 		4.5
(40.1) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		−13.4
(7.9) 		−18.8
(−1.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 34.0
(1.34) 		44.3
(1.74) 		54.2
(2.13) 		74.2
(2.92) 		58.0
(2.28) 		57.3
(2.26) 		40.5
(1.59) 		52.5
(2.07) 		67.5
(2.66) 		72.3
(2.85) 		68.0
(2.68) 		48.5
(1.91) 		671.3
(26.43)
Average snowfall cm (inches) 3.3
(1.3) 		11.3
(4.4) 		3.4
(1.3) 		0.8
(0.3) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		1.0
(0.4) 		3.0
(1.2) 		22.8
(8.9)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 5.9 5.6 7.1 8.2 8.1 6.1 4.2 5.2 5.4 7.1 6.4 5.8 75.1
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) 1.4 1.6 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.2 5.2
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		83 78 70 71 69 68 65 66 69 76 84 84 74
Mean monthly sunshine hours 77.5 96.1 151.9 174.0 229.4 255.0 291.4 260.4 201.0 148.8 81.0 74.4 2,040.9
Source 1: Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale[67]
Source 2: Servizio Meteorologico and Centro Meteorologico Bolognese (precipitation 1971–2000, snow 1991-2020, sun and humidity 1961–1990)[68][64][65]

Government

See also: Mayor of Bologna

Municipal government

The legislative body of the municipality is the City Council (Consiglio Comunale), which is composed by 48 councillors elected every five years with a corrected proportional system (granting the majority to the list or alliance of lists which receives more votes), contextually to the mayoral elections. The executive body is the City Committee (Giunta Comunale), composed by 12 assessors, that is nominated and presided over by a directly elected mayor. The current mayor of Bologna is Matteo Lepore (PD), elected on 4 October 2021 with 61.9% of the votes.[55]

The municipality of Bologna is subdivided into six administrative boroughs (quartieri), down from the former nine before the 2015 administrative reform. Each borough is governed by a Council (Consiglio) and a president, elected contextually to the city mayor. The urban organization is governed by the Italian Constitution (art. 114). The boroughs have the power to advise the mayor with nonbinding opinions on a large spectrum of topics (environment, construction, public health, local markets) and exercise the functions delegated to them by the City Council; in addition, they are supplied with an autonomous founding to finance local activities.

Provincial and regional government

Fiera District, seat of the regional government of Emilia-Romagna

Bologna is the capital of the eponymous metropolitan city and of

Kenzo Tange
in 1985.

According to the last governmental dispositions concerning administrative reorganisation, the urban area of Bologna is one of the 15 metropolitan municipalities (città metropolitane), new administrative bodies fully operative since 1 January 2015.[71] The new Metro municipalities, giving large urban areas the administrative powers of a province, are conceived for improving the performance of local administrations and to slash local spending by better co-ordinating the municipalities in providing basic services (including transport, school and social programs) and environment protection.[72] In this policy framework, the mayor of Bologna is designated to exercise the functions of a metropolitan mayor (sindaco metropolitano), presiding over a Metropolitan Council formed by 18 mayors of municipalities within the Metro municipality.

The Metropolitan City of Bologna is headed by the metropolitan mayor (sindaco metropolitano) and by the Metropolitan Council (Consiglio metropolitano). Since 21 June 2016 Virginio Merola, as mayor of the capital city, has been the mayor of the Metropolitan City.

Cityscape

Further information: Category:Buildings and structures in Bologna
Panoramic view of central Bologna
San Petronio Basilica, Palazzo dei Banchi, and Palazzo del Podestà
The colourful open-air market of Via Pescherie Vecchie
Sanctuary of the Madonna di San Luca
The porticoes of Bologna are a symbol of the city.

Until the late 19th century, when a large-scale urban renewal project was undertaken, Bologna was one of the few remaining large walled cities in Europe; to this day and despite having suffered considerable bombing damage in 1944, Bologna's 142 hectares (350 acres) historic centre is Europe's second largest,[73] containing an immense wealth of important medieval, renaissance, and baroque artistic monuments.

Bologna developed along the

Via Emilia as an Etruscan and later Roman colony; the Via Emilia still runs straight through the city under the changing names of Strada Maggiore, Rizzoli, Ugo Bassi, and San Felice. Due to its Roman heritage, the central streets of Bologna, today largely pedestrianized, follow the grid pattern of the Roman settlement. The original Roman ramparts were supplanted by a high medieval system of fortifications, remains of which are still visible, and finally by a third and final set of ramparts built in the 13th century, of which numerous sections survive. No more than twenty medieval defensive towers remain out of up to 180 that were built in the 12th and 13th centuries before the arrival of unified civic government. The most famous of the towers of Bologna are the central Due Torri (Asinelli and Garisenda), whose iconic leaning forms provide a popular symbol of the town.[74]

The cityscape is further enriched by its elegant and extensive porticoes, for which the city is famous. In total, there are some 38 kilometres (24 miles) of porticoes in the city's historical centre[16] (over 45 km (28 mi) in the city proper), which make it possible to walk for long distances sheltered from the elements.

The Portico di San Luca is possibly the world's longest.

Porta Saragozza (one of the twelve gates of the ancient walls built in the Middle Ages, which circled a 7.5 km (4.7 mi) part of the city) with the Sanctuary of the Madonna di San Luca, a church begun in 1723 on the site of an 11th-century edifice which had already been enlarged in the 14th century, prominently located on a hill (289 metres (948 feet)) overlooking the town, which is one of Bologna's main landmarks. The winding 666 vault arcades, almost four kilometres (3,796 m or 12,454 ft) long, effectively links San Luca, as the church is commonly called, to the city centre. Its porticos provide shelter for the traditional procession which every year since 1433 has carried a Byzantine icon of the Madonna with Child attributed to Luke the Evangelist down to the Bologna Cathedral during the Feast of the Ascension.[16]

In 2021, the porticoes were named as a

UNESCO World Heritage Site.[16]

San Giacomo Maggiore are other magnificent examples of 14th-century architecture, the latter also featuring Renaissance artworks such as the Bentivoglio Altarpiece by Lorenzo Costa. Finally, the Church of San Michele in Bosco
is a 15th-century religious complex located on a hill not far from the city's historical center.

View from the top of the Basilica di San Petronio: the dome of Santuario di Santa Maria della Vita dominates the foreground; the Asinelli (higher) and Garisenda towers (Due Torri) are seen on the right.

Economy

Unipol Tower, at 127 m, is the city's tallest building.

In terms of total GDP, the Metropolitan City of Bologna generated a value of about €35 billion ($40.6 billion) in 2017, equivalent to €34,251 ($40,165) per capita, the third highest figure among Italian provinces (after Milan and Bolzano/Bozen).[77]

The economy of Bologna is characterized by a flourishing industrial sector, traditionally centered on the transformation of agricultural and zootechnical products (

Sacmi), construction equipment (Maccaferri); energy (Hera Group), automotive (Ducati, Lamborghini), footwear, textile, engineering, chemical, printing and publishing (Cappelli, il Mulino, Monrif Group [it], Zanichelli
).

In particular, Bologna is considered the centre of the so-called "packaging valley", an area well known for its high concentration of firms specialised in the manufacturing of automatic

packaging machines (Coesia [it], IMA).[78] Furthermore, Bologna is well known for its dense network of cooperatives, a feature that dates back to the social struggles of farmers and workers in the 1800s and that today produces up to a third of its GDP[79] and occupies 265 thousand people in the Emilia-Romagna region.[80]

Transport

A Trolleybus of the urban trolleybus network managed by TPER, photographed in Via Saffi

Bologna is home to the Bologna Guglielmo Marconi Airport, the seventh busiest Italian airport for passenger traffic (8 million passengers handled in 2017).

Bologna Centrale railway station is one of Italy's most important train hubs thanks to the city's strategic location as a crossroad between north–south and east–west routes. It serves 58 million passengers annually.[81] The city hosts several minor railway stations (see List of railway stations in Bologna).

Bologna San Donato classification yard, with 33 railway tracks, used to be the largest freight hub in Italy by size and traffic.[82] Since 2018, it has been repurposed as the Bologna San Donato railway test circuit.[83]

The city is also served by a large network of public bus lines, including

Trasporto Passeggeri Emilia-Romagna
(TPER).

As of May 2023, the first line of the new Bologna tramway is under construction.[84] Overall, a four line tramway network is planned.[85]

The large commuter rail service centred on Bologna is branded as the Bologna metropolitan railway service.

Bologna public transportation statistics

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Bologna, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 53 min. 9% of public transit riders ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 12 min, while 16% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 5.4 km, while 7% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.[86]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1921212,754—    
1931249,226+17.1%
1936281,162+12.8%
1951340,526+21.1%
1961444,872+30.6%
1971490,528+10.3%
1981459,080−6.4%
1991404,378−11.9%
2001371,217−8.2%
2011371,337+0.0%
2021387,842+4.4%
Source:
ISTAT

At the end of 2016, the city proper had a population of 388,254 (while 1 million live in the greater Bologna area), located in the province of Bologna, Emilia-Romagna, of whom 46.7% were male and 53.3% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 12.86 percent of the population compared to pensioners who number 27.02 percent. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 percent (minors) and 19.94 percent (pensioners). The average age of Bologna resident is 51 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the population of Bologna grew by 0.0 percent, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.56 percent.[87]

The current birth rate of Bologna is 8.07 births per 1,000 inhabitants compared to the Italian average of 9.45 births.

Education

Bologna University, established in AD 1088, is the world's oldest university in continuous operation
.

The University of Bologna, conventionally said to have been founded in 1088 by glossators Irnerius and Pepo,[88] is the oldest university in continuous operation, and the first university in the sense of a higher-learning and degree-awarding institute, as the word universitas was coined at its foundation,[9][89][12][13] as well as one of the leading academic institutions in Italy and Europe.[90] It was an important centre of European intellectual life during the Middle Ages, attracting scholars from Italy and throughout Europe.[91] The Studium, as it was originally known, began as a loosely organized teaching system with each master collecting fees from students on an individual basis. The location of the early University was thus spread throughout the city, with various colleges being founded to support students of a specific nationality.

Anatomical theatre of the Archiginnasio, dating from 1637

In the Napoleonic era, the headquarters of the university were moved to their present location on

Copernicus. Laura Bassi, appointed in 1732, became the first woman to officially teach at a university in Europe. In more recent history, Luigi Galvani, the discoverer of bioelectromagnetics, and Guglielmo Marconi, the pioneer of radio technology, also worked at the university. The University of Bologna remains one of the most respected and dynamic post-secondary educational institutions in Italy. To this day, Bologna is still very much a university town, with over 80,000 enrolled students in 2015. This community includes a great number of Erasmus, Socrates, and overseas students.[92] The university's botanical garden, the Orto Botanico dell'Università di Bologna
, was established in 1568; it is the fourth oldest in Europe.

Bologna Center in the city, which hosts one of the overseas campuses of the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS). SAIS Bologna was founded in 1955 as the first campus of a US post-graduate school to open in Europe.[93] It was inspired by Marshall Plan efforts to build a cultural bridge between America and Europe.[94] Today, the Bologna Center also hosts the Associazione italo-americana "Luciano Finelli", which supports cross-cultural awareness and exchange between Italy and the United States.[95]

Dickinson College, Indiana University, Brown University, and the University of California also have campuses or antennas in the city.

In addition, Bologna hosts a music school, Conservatorio Giovanni Battista Martini, established in 1804, and an art school, Accademia di Belle Arti di Bologna, founded in 1802. Both institutions were born as part of the reforms introduced by Napoleon Bonaparte.

Culture

International museum and library of music
displays ancient musical instruments and unique musical scores from the 16th to the 20th centuries.

Over the centuries, Bologna has acquired many nicknames: "the fat" (la grassa) refers to its cuisine, in which the most famous specialities are prepared using rich meats (especially pork), egg pasta and dairy products, such as butter and Parmesan. Another nickname that has been given to the city is "the red" (la rossa), which was originally used as a reference to the colour of the buildings in the city centre, has later become connected with the communist ideology supported by the majority of the population, in particular after World War II: until the election of a centre-right mayor in 1999, the city was renowned as a bastion of the Italian Communist Party.[96] The centre-left regained power again in the 2004 mayoral elections, with the election of Sergio Cofferati. It was one of the first European cities to experiment with the concept of free public transport.[97] Bologna has also two other nicknames: the first one, "the towered" (la turrita) refers to the high number of medieval towers that can be found in the city, even if today only 24 towers are still standing. The second one, "the learned" (la dotta) is a reference to its university.

University

Bologna's university was founded in 1088 and it is considered the oldest university in the world. According to the QS University Rankings, Bologna university is the 4th-ranked Italian university and the 180th-ranked in the world.

The large number of students coming from all over Italy and the world (there are several campuses of foreign universities in Bologna, including Johns Hopkins University, Dickinson College, Indiana University, Brown University, the University of California and more) has a considerable effect on everyday life. While it contributes to livening up the city centre (an area in which the average age of the residents is very high) and it also helps to promote cultural initiatives, on the other hand, it creates public order and waste management problems that stem from the lively nightlife of the university district.

Entertainment and performing arts

Façade of Arena del Sole theatre

The city of Bologna became a UNESCO City of Music on 26 May 2006. According to UNESCO, "As the first Italian city to be appointed to the Network, Bologna has demonstrated a rich musical tradition that is continuing to evolve as a vibrant factor of contemporary life and creation. It has also shown a strong commitment to promoting music as an important vehicle for inclusion in the fight against racism and in an effort to encourage economic and social development. Fostering a wide range of genres from classical to electronic, jazz, folk and opera, Bologna offers its citizens a musical vitality that deeply infiltrates the city's professional, academic, social and cultural facets."[98]

The theatre was a popular form of entertainment in Bologna until the 16th century. The first public theater was the Teatro alla Scala, active since 1547 in Palazzo del Podestà. An important figure of Italian Bolognese theatre was Alfredo Testoni, the playwright, and author of Cardinal Lambertini, which has had great theatrical success since 1905, repeated on screen by the Bolognese actor Gino Cervi. In 1998, the City of Bologna initiated the project "Bologna dei Teatri" (Bologna of the Theatres), an association of the major theatrical facilities in the city. This is a circuit of theatres which offer diverse theatrical opportunities, ranging from Bolognese dialect to contemporary dance, but with a communications strategy and promoting unity. Specifically, the shows on the bill in various theatres participating in the project are advertised weekly through a single poster. Bologna's opera house is the Teatro Comunale di Bologna. The Orchestra Mozart, whose music director was Claudio Abbado until his death in 2014, was created in 2004.

Bologna hosts a number of international music, art, dance and film festivals, including Angelica,[99] Bologna and Contemporanea (festivals on contemporary music),[100] Bolognafestival (international classical music festival),[101] Bologna Jazz Festival,[102] Biografilm Festival (devoted to biographical movies),[103] BilBolBul (a comics festival),[104] Danza Urbana (a street contemporary dance festival),[105] F.I.S.Co (festival on contemporary art, now merged into Live Arts Week), Future Film Festival (animation and special effects),[106] Il Cinema Ritrovato (film festival about rare and forgotten movies),[107] Live Arts Week, Gender Bender (festival on gender identity, sexual orientation, and body representation),[108] Homework festival (electronic music festival),[109] Human Rights Film Festival,[110] Some Prefer Cake (lesbian film festival),[111] Zecchino d'Oro (a children's song contest).

Cuisine

Tagliatelle al ragù, as served in Bologna

Bologna is renowned for its culinary tradition. It is the home of the famous Bolognese sauce, a meat-based pasta sauce. In Italy, it is called ragù and is substantially different from the variety found worldwide. In Bologna, the sauce is served primarily with tagliatelle, and serving it with spaghetti is considered odd.[112]

Situated in the fertile

lasagne, tortellini served in broth, and mortadella, the original Bologna sausage, are among the local specialties.[115]

Traditional Bolognese desserts are often linked to holidays, such as fave dei morti ("cookies of the dead"), multi-coloured almond paste cookies made for All Saints' Day, jam-filled raviole cookies that are served on Saint Joseph's Day, and carnival sweets known as sfrappole, a light and delicate fried pastry topped with powder sugar, certosino or panspeziale ("carthusian" or "apothecary-cake"), a spicy cake served on Christmas. Torta di riso, a custard-like cake made of almonds, rice and amaretto, is made throughout the year,[116] as well as the zuppa inglese.

Sport

The PalaDozza, Bologna's historic basketball arena

In Bologna, unlike the vast majority of Italian cities,

Italian basketball championships, two EuroLeagues, one EuroCup and one FIBA Saporta Cup, making them one of the most influential European basketball clubs; the latter won two league titles between 1999 and 2005. The Italian Basketball League, which operates both Serie A and Serie A2, has its headquarters in Bologna. There are two indoor arenas in the city: PalaDozza, the oldest one with a capacity of 5,570 seats, and Segafredo Arena, a temporary venue with a capacity of 9,980 seats. A third arena with a capacity of 11,000 seats, the Unipol Arena, is located in Casalecchio di Reno
, neighbouring to Bologna.

The 32,000-capacity Stadio Renato Dall'Ara is the home of Bologna FC 1909.

Bologna F.C. 1909, have won seven Italian league championships (the latest in 1963–64), which makes them the sixth most successful team in the history of the league; in their heyday in the 1930s Bologna FC was called "Lo squadrone che tremare il mondo fa" (Italian for "The Team that Shakes the World"). The club play at the 38,000-capacity Stadio Renato Dall'Ara, which has hosted the Italian national team in both football and rugby union, as well as the San Marino national football team. It was also a venue at the 1990 FIFA World Cup
.

Rugby union is also present in the city: Rugby Bologna 1928 is not only one of the oldest Italian rugby union clubs but also the first club affiliated to the Italian rugby union federation.[118] and, to date (2014) is Italy's oldest rugby union club still in operation. The club took part in the top tier of the Italian championship for the first 25 years of their history never winning the title but getting to the runner-up place several times; they returned to the top division (Serie A1 then Super 10), in the late 1990s and faced serious financial problems which led them to the relegation and almost to disappearance.[citation needed]

baseball stadium located in Bologna.[56][119][120] It is home to the home games of Fortitudo Baseball Bologna, in the Italian Baseball League.[56][121]

People

Main category: People from Bologna
Giovanni Artusi
Pope Benedict XIV, born in Bologna in 1675
Annibale Carracci, ca.1580
Chiara Caselli, 2002
Pier Ferdinando Casini, 2016
Luigi Galvani
Pope Gregory XIII, 1586
Pope Gregory XV, 1622
Guglielmo Marconi, 1908
Gaspare Tagliacozzi
the following made Bologna their home
Petronius of Bologna
Olha Kharlan
, 4-time women's world sabre world champion

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Italy

Bologna is

twinned with:[146]

See also

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Further reading

See also: Bibliography of the history of Bologna
  • Mancini, Giorgia, and Nicholas Penny, eds. The Sixteenth Century Italian Paintings: Volume III: Ferrara and Bologna (National Gallery Catalogues) (2016).
  • Rashdall, Hastings. The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages: Volume 1, Salerno, Bologna, Paris (2010).
  • Robertson, Anne Walters. Tyranny under the Mantle of St Peter: Pope Paul II and Bologna (2002)

Guide books

  • Grieco, Romy. Bologna: a city to discover(1976)
  • Insight Guides. Pocket Bologna (2016).
  • Noyes, Mary Tolaro. Bologna Reflections (2009).
  • Uras, Martina. "Bologna Photo Guide"

Older guides

External links
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