Walter Ohmsen
Walter Ohmsen | |
|---|---|
| Commands held | Crisbecq Battery |
| Battles/wars | World War II |
| Awards | Federal Cross of Merit 2nd Class |
| Other work | government employee |
Walter Ohmsen (7 June 1911 – 19 February 1988) was a highly decorated Oberleutnant zur See in the Kriegsmarine during World War II. On 6 June 1944 the Western Allies launched Operation Overlord, the amphibious invasion of Normandy, France. Ohmsen was the first German defender of Fortress Europe to sight the invasion force. His battery engaged in heavy fighting and subsequently Ohmsen was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) for the defense of the Crisbecq Battery against the American 4th Infantry Division, which landed on Utah Beach. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross recognised extreme battlefield bravery or successful military leadership.
Military service
Walter Ohmsen was born on 7 June 1911, in
Normandy invasion
Ohmsen had taken command of the
On 6 June 1944, at 5 a.m. Ohmsen was the first to sight the Allied invasion fleet through the battery rangefinder.[2] He immediately reported his observation to the Kriegsmarine headquarters at Cherbourg, which triggered the German alarm throughout installations on the Atlantic coast. The notification of the award of his Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes), announced in the German newspapers on 15 June 1944, also referred to Ohmsen as the first person to report the invasion fleet off Normandy.[5] At 5:52 a.m. he received the order to open fire on the ships, which were then 17 kilometers (11 mi) away. At 5:55 a.m., Ohmsen's battery targeted and exchanged fire with the US cruisers USS Tuscaloosa and USS Quincy and the US battleship USS Nevada. At 6:30 a.m., the battery fired upon the US destroyer USS Corry and sank her.[6]
At 8 a.m., Nevada hit the foremost casemated gun. The US battleships USS Texas and USS Arkansas, originally assigned to provide covering fire for the landing at Omaha Beach, intervened to help silence the Crisbecq Battery. At 9 a.m. the concentrated fire of the three battleships put the second casemate out of action, when a shell from Nevada pierced the embrasure, killing the entire crew. The remaining gun behind casemate No. 24, withstood the naval bombardment, but was incapable of reaching targets out at sea; the gun initiated fire at 11 a.m., directed to the beach facing WN 5 Widerstandsnest 5 (Resistance Nest 5), 10 kilometers (6.2 miles) away. It caused heavy losses among the Americans and hindered the landing of material and reinforcements at Utah Beach.[6]
The American 1st Battalion,
Ohmsen was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class (Eisernes Kreuz 2. Klasse) in the morning of 7 June 1944 for his defense of his strong point against the American attacks. On the evening of 7 June he received a phone call from Cherbourg with the information that he had been awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class (Eisernes Kreuz 1. Klasse) in addition to the earlier award. Ohmsen was wounded on the left hand during a bombardment of the battery in the afternoon of 8 June.[2]
The American 1st Battalion started their second attack on the battery at 10 a.m. on 8 June and retook the village of Saint-Marcouf. At 1:30 p.m. after the naval artillery had prepared the attack with a 20-minute bombardment and rolling artillery fire the attack on the battery continued. The Americans succeeded in entering the battery perimeter. The Germans had fallen back in the shelters but the last 210 mm gun was destroyed. At 4 p.m., American forces started to blow up the shelters; seeing that his forces had been overwhelmed, Ohmsen ordered the Azeville Battery to fire on his own position with its four 105 mm guns to chase them away. The effect was immediate and the Americans fell back in disarray. Ohmsen took advantage of the situation and counterattacked with the support of Leutnant Geissler's 6th company, and pushed the Americans back to Dodainville (roughly 1.2 kilometers (0.75 miles) south southeast of the battery). American casualties reached 15% of the forces they had committed to the attack and 98 soldiers were taken prisoner.[8]
By the morning of 11 June, Ohmsen had run out of ammunition and medical equipment for the wounded and all his guns were out of service.[9] In the afternoon, he received a phone call from Konteradmiral (Counter Admiral or Rear Admiral) Walter Hennecke, who instructed him to escape with the survivors. Leaving 21 wounded German soldiers and 126 American prisoners behind, Ohmsen and 78 men broke through the American encirclement and reached the German lines at Aumeville, roughly 8 kilometers (5 mi) away.
On 12 June, the soldiers of the 9th Infantry Division, who had come ashore the previous day, readied themselves for an attack on the battery. At 8:30 a.m., the men of the 2nd Battalion of the 39th Infantry Regiment started their attack but found only an empty battery. The fighting over the battery took a heavy toll on both sides, 307 German soldiers died to defend it and about as many Americans died to take it.[9]
On 14 June, Ohmsen and his men reached the Morsalines battery, where he was decorated with the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.[10] Ohmsen and his men were subsequently assigned to an infantry company and took part in the final days of the Battle of Cherbourg. Ohmsen was taken prisoner of war in Cherbourg on 26 June by the American forces. He was released on 15 March 1946.[11]
Later life
After World War II, Ohmsen initially worked as a government employee of the
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From 1968 to 1978, Ohmsen was one of the organizers of the
Awards and decorations
- Iron Cross (1939)
- War Merit Cross 2nd Class with Swords (20 April 1941)[1]
- Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 14 June 1944 as Oberleutnant (M.A.) and chief of the Marinebatterie "Marcouf" (Marine-Artillerie-Abteilung 260)[13][Note 3]
- Freiherr-von-Stein commemorative medal[10]
- Federal Cross of Merit 2nd Class[10]
Promotions
| Kriegsmarine | |
|---|---|
| 1 April 1933: | Matrosengefreiter (Seaman)[15] |
| 1 September 1934: | Bootsmannsmaat (Boatswain's Mate Third Class)[15] |
| 1 September 1936: | Oberbootsmannsmaat (Boatswain's Mate Second Class)[15] |
| 1 November 1936: | Bootsmann (Boatswain's Mate First Class)[15] |
| 1 July 1937: | Oberbootsmann (Chief Boatswain's Mate)[15] |
| 1 July 1940: | Stabsoberbootsmann (Senior Chief Boatswain's Mate)[15] |
| 29 September 1941: | Kriegsoffiziersanwärter (Officer Candidate)[15] |
| 1 January 1942: | Leutnant (M.A.) (Ensign)[15] |
| 1 July 1942: | Oberleutnant (M.A.) (Lieutenant Junior Grade)[15] |
| Bundesmarine | |
| 17 March 1956: | Kapitänleutnant (Lieutenant)[15] |
| 15 November 1957: | Korvettenkapitän (Lieutenant Commander)[15] |
| 13 August 1965: | Fregattenkapitän (Commander)[15] |
Notes
- ^ The German Reichsmarine was renamed to Kriegsmarine on 1 June 1935.
- ^ At around noon on 21 August 1944 an enormous explosion of the ammunition of the 210mm shells and their powder charges stored in No. 19 casemate pushed the walls of the ammunition room outwards, causing the 1,200 metric ton ceiling to pitch backwards. About a dozen American soldiers were killed, two jeeps and one GMC truck were thrown on the other side of the road. Forensic evidence showed that the explosion was caused by a soldier who had entered the casemate with a cigarette.[4]
- ^ According to Scherzer as chief of the Seeziel-Batterie "Marcouf" (Marine-Artillerie-Abteilung 260).[14]
References
Citations
- ^ a b Tanne, p. 66.
- ^ a b c d e Tanne, p. 67.
- ^ Tanne, p. 36.
- ^ Tanne, p. 61.
- SHZ.de. 6 June 2014.
- ^ a b Tanne, p. 49.
- ^ Tanne, p. 54.
- ^ Tanne, p. 55.
- ^ a b Tanne, p. 56.
- ^ a b c d e Tanne, p. 68.
- ^ Tanne, p. 58.
- ^ "Walter Ohmsen". Der Spiegel 36/1954 (in German). 31 August 1954. Retrieved 10 August 2010.
- ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 329.
- ^ Scherzer 2007, p. 577.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Dörr 1996, p. 103.
Bibliography
- Dörr, Manfred (1996). Die Ritterkreuzträger der Überwasserstreitkräfte der Kriegsmarine—Band 2: L–Z [The Knight's Cross Bearers of the Surface Forces of the Navy—Volume 2: L–Z] (in German). Osnabrück, Germany: Biblio Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7648-2497-6.
- ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
- Penrose, Jane (2004). The D-Day companion: leading historians explore history's greatest amphibious assault. ISBN 1-84176-779-4.
- Scherzer, Veit (2007). Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives [The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives] (in German). Jena, Germany: Scherzers Militaer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-938845-17-2.
- Tanne, Philippe. Batterie de Crisbecq — The Crisbecq Battery (in French and English). Album Memorial by Editions Aubert'Graphic.
External links
- Der Spiegel 36/1954 (in German)
- Deutsche Marinearchiv
- BBC h2g2 - the Defenders' Story
- Sinking of the USS Corry (DD-463)
- "Marinestützpunktkommandos". Das Bundesarchiv (in German). Retrieved 10 March 2014.
- Knuth Penaranda (6 June 2014). "Erinnerungen an den D-Day: Soldat aus Elmshorn: Walter Ohmsens längster Tag". Elmshorner Nachrichten (in German). Retrieved 11 January 2015.
