War metaphors in cancer

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War metaphors are often used to describe a person's experience with cancer. Those who have died are said to have lost their "battle with cancer", while the living are described as "fighting cancer".

While the use of metaphors can help physicians explain cancer in a way that is understood by patients, it has been argued that words such as "battle" and "fight" are inappropriate, as they suggest that cancer can be defeated if one just fights hard enough.^[1][2][3]

History

The use of war and battle metaphors in medicine has been documented back to the 1600s.

Military metaphors are not a Western phenomenon. Battle terms are also used in traditional Chinese medicine. Contrarily, in sub-Saharan Africa, diseases are seen as a part of life that should be accepted, not fought.^[4]

Usage

War metaphors are commonly used by scientists, physicians, patients, and the general public.^[5]

A 2010 study found that greater use of metaphors by physicians was associated with better understanding by patients.^[6]

The phrase is often used when someone dies, and may appear in

Research in 2014 led by Elena Semino, a professor of linguistics at Lancaster University, alongside palliative care specialists, based on 1.5 million words of discussion, led Semino to say, "We have enough evidence to suggest that battle metaphors are sufficiently negative for enough people that they shouldn't be imposed on anyone". The study stated that doctors should avoid battle/fight metaphors unless patients themselves chose to use them, and obituaries should avoid them, especially the idea of "losing" such a battle/fight. By comparison, another common metaphor, comparing cancer to a "journey" was "less likely to lead to feelings of guilt or failure".^[10] In a study conducted in 2003 stated that war–related terminology to describe their breast cancer had higher rates of depression and "poorer quality of life".^[11]

In a 2014 article in The Guardian titled "Having cancer is not a fight or a battle", physician Kate Granger, who was diagnosed with desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor (a type of sarcoma), explains how the use of military language, whilst perhaps aiming to instil a sense of positivity, can have the opposite effect.^[12]

Criticism

The use of war metaphors can have negative effects for patients. Patients perceive treatment to be more difficult when it is described to them using violent metaphors.^[6] These metaphors can also lead to feelings of disempowerment, guilt, and fatalism.^[6] One study found that the use of war metaphors in cancer public health decreased engagement in cancer prevention behaviors.^[13] Another common criticism of this use of metaphor is that when patients die, the implication is that they did not fight enough, and if they fought harder, they would have been victorious.^[14][6] The term "journey with cancer" has been proposed to replace the war metaphors due to both help with the visualization of the disease and more gentleness for patients.^[15]

The concept of a "battle with..." is used in similar phrases such as a "battle with depression".[21]

HIV researchers also commonly use battle metaphors.^{[citation needed]} Some commentators have also criticized the use of war terms and militarization of the HIV/AIDS pandemic.^[22]

The use of war metaphors spread during the COVID-19 epidemic, in which healthcare workers were described as "brave heroes", and those affected by coronavirus as "victims".^[6]

See also

• Euphemism
• "Illness as Metaphor," an essay by Susan Sontag criticizing this type of language

References