Wheelchair basketball
This article needs additional citations for verification. (March 2013) |
Highest governing body | |
---|---|
Characteristics | |
Mixed-sex | No |
Type | Indoor |
Presence | |
Paralympic | 1960 |
Wheelchair basketball is a style of basketball played using a sports wheelchair.[1] The International Wheelchair Basketball Federation (IWBF) is the governing body for this sport.[2] It is recognized by the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) as the sole competent authority in wheelchair basketball worldwide. FIBA has recognized IWBF under Article 53 of its General Statutes.[3]
The IWBF has 95 National Organizations for Wheelchair Basketball (NOWBs) participating in wheelchair basketball throughout the world, with this number increasing each year. It is estimated that more than 100,000 people play wheelchair basketball from recreation to club play and as elite national team members.[4]
Wheelchair basketball is included in the Paralympic Games. The Wheelchair Basketball World Championship is played two years after every Paralympic Games. Major competition in wheelchair basketball comes from Canada, Australia, the United States, Great Britain, the Netherlands, and Japan.
History
1940s to 1960s
In 1944, Ludwig Guttmann, through the rehabilitation program at the Stoke Mandeville Hospital, in Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, England, adapted existing sports to use wheelchairs.[5] It was known as wheelchair netball.
At around the same time, starting from 1946, wheelchair basketball games were played primarily between
The
The number of wheelchair events and participants grew quickly. Wheelchair
Wheelchair basketball, as we know it now, was first played at the 1956 International Stoke-Mandeville Games. The US "Pan Am Jets" team won the tournament.[9]
1970s to present
In 1973, the International Stoke Mandeville Games Federation (
In 1989, ISMGF accepted for its former wheelchair basketball sub-section to be named International Wheelchair Basketball Federation (IWBF).
Full independence came in 1993 with the IWBF becoming the world body for wheelchair basketball with full responsibility for development of the sport. Over the following years, IWBF membership grew in size, and based on the number of National Organizations for Wheelchair Basketball (NOWBs) with active programs, the international federation configured itself into four geographical zones: Africa, Americas, Asia/Oceania and Europe.
Wheelchair Basketball World Championship
This article needs to be updated.(September 2015) |
World championships for the sport have been held since 1973, with Bruges, Belgium being the first host city. Great Britain won the first world championship for men. Of the first 11 men's world championships, six were won by the United States (1979, 1983, 1986, 1994, 1998, 2002), two were won by Great Britain (1973, 2018), two were won by Australia (2010, 2014); and once each by Israel (1975), France (1990) and Canada (2006). Canada has won five of the women's world championship titles (1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2014), the United States two (1990, 2010) and the Netherlands one (2018).[10]
Rules
Wheelchair basketball retains most major rules and scoring of basketball, and maintains a 10-foot basketball hoop and standard basketball court. The exceptions are rules which have been modified with consideration for the wheelchair. For example, "travelling" in wheelchair basketball occurs when the athlete touches their wheels more than twice after receiving or dribbling the ball.[11] The individual must pass, bounce, or shoot the ball before touching the wheels again.[12]
In some countries, such as Canada, Australia, and England, non-disabled athletes using wheelchairs are allowed to compete alongside other athletes on mixed teams.
Classifications
Classification is an international regulation for playing wheelchair basketball to harmonize players' different levels of disabilities. All teams which compete above a recreational level use the classification system to evaluate the functional abilities of players on a point scale of 1 to 4.5. Minimally disabled athletes are classified as a 4.5, and an individual with the highest degree of disability (such as a paraplegic with a complete injury below the chest) would be classified as a 1.0. Competitions restrict the number of points allowable on the court at one time. The five players from each team on the court during play may not exceed a total of 14 points. In places where teams are integrated, non-disabled athletes compete as either a 4.5 in Canada or a 5.0 in Europe; however, non-disabled athletes are not allowed to compete internationally.[13]
Basketball chair design
Basketball
Wheelchair 3on3
Wheelchair 3 on 3 started in 2019.
See also
- Wheelchair basketball at the Summer Paralympics
- Wheelchair Basketball World Championship
- IWBF U23 World Wheelchair Basketball Championship
- Basketball ID at the 2000 Summer Paralympics
- European Wheelchair Basketball Championship
- Africa Wheelchair Basketball Championship
- Real (Manga)
References
- ^ "What is Wheelchair Basketball". ActiveSG. Retrieved 2019-04-03.
- ^ "Home page". International Wheelchair Basketball Federation. Retrieved 2019-04-03.
- ^ "Wheelchair basketball". Capstone. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
- ^ Estimates of number of players according to the IWBF website Archived 2008-12-16 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "History of the Sport". Wheelchair Basketball Canada. Retrieved 2019-04-03.
- ^ "History of Wheelchair Basketball". International Wheelchair Basketball Federation. 2018-01-11. Retrieved 2019-04-03.
- S2CID 239919988.
- ^ "Nugent, Timothy J. (1923-)". University of Illinois Archives. Retrieved 2016-11-17.
- PMID 25729153.
- ^ Fontaine, Pamela (2000). Wheelchair basketball. Boston: 66 leaves. p. 20.
- ^ "Basic Rules of the Game". BC Wheelchair Basketball Society. Retrieved 2019-04-03.
- ^ Syzman, Robert (January 14, 2014). "Ball Size and Distance". Consumer health.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ "Basketball". International Paralympic Committee.
- ^ "Science of the summer Olympics: engineering for mobility" Cooper R. National Science Foundation Directorate for Engineering. Retrieved 9 October 2014
- Jerusalem Post article about wheelchair basketball: "Hoop Dreams"
- Learn about Wheelchair Basketball and Find Activities
- "The 50th Anniversary of Wheelchair Basketball, A History," by Horst Strohkendl, Waxman Publishing Co, NY, 1996
- World History of Wheelchair Basketball, British Wheelchair Basketball
- History, National Wheelchair Basketball Association