White-throated xenops

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White-throated xenops

Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Furnariidae
Genus: Xenops
Species:
X. minutus
Binomial name
Xenops minutus
(Sparrman, 1788)

The white-throated xenops (Xenops minutus) is a

Furnariidae. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay.[2]

Taxonomy and systematics

The white-throated xenops was formerly considered a subspecies of the

sensu lato might consist of more than one species.[4][5]

The white-throated xenops is

monotypic: No subspecies are recognized.[2]

Description

The white-throated xenops is about 12 cm (4.7 in) long and weighs about 10 to 13 g (0.35 to 0.46 oz). Its bill is wedge-shaped, fairly stubby, and slightly upturned. The sexes are alike and juveniles resemble adults. Adults have a conspicuous buff or whitish

ochraceous band on the flight feathers. Their throat is pale with little or no streaking. The rest of their underparts are plain dull grayish brown. Their iris is dark brown, their maxilla dull black, their mandible dull grayish white with a dark gray tip, and their legs and feet bluish gray.[6]

Distribution and habitat

The white-throated xenops is found in eastern and southeastern Brazil from

semideciduous forest, mature secondary forest, and gallery forest. In elevation it occurs from sea level to 1,500 m (4,900 ft).[6][7]

Behavior

Movement

The white-throated xenops is a year-round resident throughout its range.[6]

Feeding

The white-throated xenops' diet is almost entirely arthropods, both adult and larval. It has been recorded eating termites, Hymenoptera like ants and bees, beetles, katydids, millipedes, and spiders. It typically forages from the forest understory to its mid level but does ascend to the canopy. It often joins mixed-species foraging flocks. It captures prey by gleaning, hammering, chiseling, and prying with its upturned bill. It does much of its foraging on fairly thin dead branches, often rotten ones and those that have fallen into the understory, and also feeds along vines.[6]

Breeding

The white-throated xenops' breeding biology has not been studied but is assumed to be similar to that of its former "parent" species, the plain xenops, for which see here: Plain xenops#Breeding.[6]

Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open.

Songs and calls
Listen to white-throated xenops in the plain xenops list on xeno-canto

Vocalization

The white-throated xenops' song is an "extr. high, hurried series of 5-10 x 'seep---' ".[7]

Status

The

IUCN has assessed the white-throated xenops as being of Least Concern. It has a fairly large range, but its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.[1]

References

  1. ^
    doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T103670750A112378962.en
    . Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  2. ^
    Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). "Ovenbirds, woodcreepers"
    . IOC World Bird List. v 13.2. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
  3. ^ HBW and BirdLife International (2022) Handbook of the Birds of the World and BirdLife International digital checklist of the birds of the world. Version 7. Available at: http://datazone.birdlife.org/userfiles/file/Species/Taxonomy/HBW-BirdLife_Checklist_v7_Dec22.zip retrieved December 13, 2022
  4. ^ Remsen, J. V. Jr., J. I. Areta, E. Bonaccorso, S. Claramunt, G. Del-Rio, A. Jaramillo, D. F. Lane, M. B. Robbins, F. G. Stiles, and K. J. Zimmer. Version 31 May 2023. A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. https://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm retrieved May 31, 2023
  5. ^ Clements, J. F., T. S. Schulenberg, M. J. Iliff, T. A. Fredericks, J. A. Gerbracht, D. Lepage, S. M. Billerman, B. L. Sullivan, and C. L. Wood. 2022. The eBird/Clements checklist of birds of the world: v2022. Downloaded from https://www.birds.cornell.edu/clementschecklist/download/ retrieved November 10, 2022
  6. ^ a b c d e Decker, S. (2020). Plain Xenops (Xenops minutus), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.plaxen1.01 retrieved August 16, 2023
  7. ^
    ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7
    .
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