White City (amusement parks)
White City is the common name of dozens of
Like their Luna Park and Electric Park cousins, a typical White City park featured a
Origin
The enormously successful 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago attracted 26 million visitors and featured a section that is now commonly considered the first amusement park: a midway (the mile-long Midway Plaisance), the world's first Ferris wheel (constructed by George Washington Gale Ferris Jr.), a forerunner of the modern roller coaster (Thomas Rankin's Snow and Ice Railway, later moved to Coney Island),[1] lighting and attractions powered by alternating current (Sebastian Ziani de Ferranti had completed the first power plant with AC power in London just the year before), and the debut of several kinds of foods in the United States, including hamburgers, shredded wheat, Cracker Jack, Juicy Fruit chewing gum, and pancakes made using Aunt Jemima pancake mix. The Zoopraxographical Hall was the first commercial theater.[2] Ragtime composed and performed by Scott Joplin exposed millions of people to a new form of music and instantly became a staple for fairs and carnivals.[3]
While the Midway Plaisance became the Exposition's main drawing card, it was not the primary purpose of the
While Steeplechase Park eventually became one of the earliest embodiments of an amusement park, Chicago had one to replace Midway Plaisance a year after the close of the Columbian Exposition,
Foretelling a fate similar to most amusement parks that followed, Paul Boyton's Water Chutes went out of business in 1908,
White City parks and the amusement park boom
In the half decade after the end of the Columbian Exposition, the American concept of the amusement park was starting to take hold, with the increased popularity of
As the end of the 19th century approached, a few exhibition parks - those inspired by the exhibits and midways of either the Columbian Exposition or the (later) Pan-American Exposition - started to appear. Before the end of the year 1900, White City amusement parks were making their appearance in Philadelphia (1898 - it was also known as Chestnut Hill Park) and Cleveland (1900). Soon, some long-established parks changed their names to White City upon the addition of amusement rides and a midway (Seattle, for example). As the American amusement park was increasing in popularity in the first few years of the 1900s, the success of the 1901 Pan-American Exposition (particularly its "Trip to the Moon" ride, featuring "Luna Park") led to the first Luna Park in Coney Island in 1903... and an explosion of nearly identical amusement parks soon followed. There were roughly 250 amusements operating in the United States in 1899; the number almost tripled (700) by 1905; and more than doubled again (to 1500) by 1919 - and these latter figures do not include the amusement parks that were opened and permanently closed by then.[5]
While the White City in Chicago was not the first one of that name, it was certainly one of the most fondly remembered. Within years of its 1905 founding, dozens of White City parks dotted the United States (with Australia and the United Kingdom having namesakes built by the 1910s). Although most White City parks were out of business by the end of the United States involvement in World War I, a few survived into the middle third of the 20th century. The Chicago White City lasted until 1946; the Worcester park survived until 1960. Of the White City amusement parks, only one survives, the last exhibition park still standing: Lakeside Amusement Park.[5] Built and opened in 1908 just outside the Denver, Colorado city limits, Lakeside Park was advertised as "Denver's White City" and "The Coney Island of the West" from its inception throughout the 1910s.[7] Although the official use of the White City moniker was largely discontinued by the 1920s, members of the local populace continued to refer to the park as "White City," and a number of the park's 1908 structures and attractions remain.
List of White City amusement parks
The following is a list of amusement parks that have had the name White City in the United States, Australia, and the United Kingdom.
- White City (Atlanta), Georgia
- White City (Bellingham), Washington (1906–1912)[8]
- White City (Binghamton), New York (1902–1910), also called Wagner's Park[9]
- White City (Boise), Idaho
- White City (Chicago), Illinois (1905–1946)
- White City (Cleveland), Ohio (1900–1908),[10] reopened 1909 as Cleveland Beach Park[11]
- White City (Dayton), Ohio (1907–1910); grounds flooded in 1913, then became Island MetroPark in 1914[12][13]
- White City (Des Moines), Iowa
- White City (Duluth), Minnesota
- White City (Excelsior Springs), Missouri[14]
- White City (Fort Worth), Texas - official name: Rosen Heights Amusement Park. Opened 1905; last structure standing (pavilion) destroyed by fire, 17 June 1933[15]
- White City (Houghton), Michigan[16]
- Broad Ripple Park[17]
- 1908 Olympic Games
- White City (Louisville), Kentucky (1907–1912)[19]
- White City, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom (1907–1928)[20] - originally open 1827 as a botanical garden;[21] became amusement park 1907 (closed in 1928); track and stadium built 1930, closed 1982 (demolished in 1980s)[22] Now a shopping center.
- White City (Milwaukee), Wisconsin
- White City (New Orleans), Louisiana (1907–1913)
- White City (Oswego), New York (1906–1918)[5]
- White City (Peoria), Illinois (1943-?)
- White City (Perth), Western Australia (circa 1914 - 1929)
- White City (Philadelphia), Pennsylvania (1898–1911),[23][24] also known as Chestnut Hill Park
- White City (Seattle), Washington (1888–1911)[25][26]
- White City (Springfield, Missouri) (1907–1912)[27][28]
- White City (Sydney), New South Wales (1913–1917), became site of White City Tennis Club (stadium opened 1922, demolished 2022)[29][30][31]
- White City (Syracuse), New York (1906–1915)[5]
- White City (Toledo), Ohio (1905-1915) This park was purchased by the city of Toledo in 1915, and became what is now Jermain Park.
- White City (Trenton), New Jersey (1907–1920)[32] - also known as Capital Park, White City was built in Spring Lake Park (opened in 1895 with picnic area and merry-go-round)[33]
- White City (Vancouver), British Columbia
- White City (West Haven), Connecticut (1903-?), also known as White City, Savin Rock
- White City (Shrewsbury, Massachusetts), Massachusetts (1905–1960)
References
- ^ ISBN 0-87972-342-4
- ISBN 978-0-309-10112-7.
- ISBN 0-393-04810-1
- ISBN 0-8117-2973-7
- ^ ISBN 0-8117-3262-2
- ^ a b
Dale Samuelson, AJP Samuelson, and Wendy Yegoiants, The American Amusement Park (MBI Publishing Company 2001) ISBN 0-7603-0981-7
- ^ "Jefferson County, Colorado Genealogy and History - presented by Genealogy Trails History Group".
- ^ Residents sought weekend solace at parks - Bellingham Herald, 20 October 2003
- ISBN 0-7385-0447-5
- ^ Encyclopedia of Cleveland History
- ISBN 0-7385-1997-9
- ^ History of Island MetroPark
- ^ Southwest Ohio Amusement Park Historical Society: White City
- ^ "Vertical Files". Excelsior Springs Museum & Archives. 2019-02-19. Retrieved 2022-07-10.
- ISBN 0-87565-133-X
- ISBN 0-8143-2396-0
- ISBN 0-253-31222-1
- ISBN 0-7190-5783-3
- ^ University of Louisville Libraries: Digital Collections
- ISBN 1-873592-78-7
- ^ History of White City (Manchester)
- ^ Remembering White City: But a stone's throw from Old Trafford a White City once stood - betfair.com
- ISBN 0-8142-0580-1
- ISBN 0-7385-6297-1
- ^ Queenie the elephant causes pandemonium at Seattle's White City amusement park on May 28, 1909
- ^ Playland -- Seattle's Amusement Park (1930-1961) - historylink.org
- ^ Historical Postcards of Springfield, Missouri
- ISBN 0-7385-3359-9
- ^ White City Tennis Club page
- ^ White City Blue - Sydney Morning Herald, 15 December 2003
- ^ "Lost Sydney: White City Amusement Park". www.visitsydneyaustralia.com.au. Retrieved 2022-01-05.
- ^ Hamilton/Trenton Marsh
- ^ Pictures of White City Park - Amusement Park Nostalgia
See also
- World's Columbian Exposition - White City exhibit that inspired its use as an amusement park name
- White City - lists many uses of the name, mainly not related to amusement parks