Wickham Steed

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Henry Wickham Steed
Wickham Steed in 1920
Born
Henry Wickham Steed

(1871-10-10)10 October 1871
Long Melford, Suffolk, England
Died13 January 1956(1956-01-13) (aged 84)
Wootton, England
Occupation(s)Journalist, editor, and historian

Henry Wickham Steed (10 October 1871 – 13 January 1956) was an English journalist and historian. He was editor of The Times from 1919 to 1922.

Early life

Born in Long Melford, England, Steed was educated at Sudbury Grammar School and the universities of Jena, Berlin and Paris. While in Europe, he demonstrated an early interest in social democracy and met with a range of left-wing figures, including Friedrich Engels, Wilhelm Liebknecht, August Bebel, and Alexandre Millerand. His encounters formed the basis of his first book, The Socialist and Labour Movement in England, Germany & France (1894).[citation needed]

Foreign correspondent

Appointed by

anti-Semite and a Germanophobe, in an editorial published in The Times on 31 July 1914, Steed labelled efforts to stop the impending war as "a dirty German-Jewish international financial attempt to bully us into advocating neutrality".[2] From 22 July 1914, Steed, in close agreement with The Times' proprietor, Lord Northcliffe, took a very bellicose line, and in editorials written on 29 and 31 July, Steed urged that the British Empire should enter the coming war.[3]

Seen as a leading expert on Eastern Europe, Steed's views had much influence with decision-makers such as high-level bureaucrats and Cabinet politicians in the

Slavic woman from the Balkans.[1] In October 1918, Steed met with Serbian Prime Minister Nikola Pašić to gain his support for the Yugoslav concept but was deeply angered when he learned that Pašić saw the new state as merely as extension of Greater Serbia and had no intention of sharing power with the Croats or the Slovenes.[1] Steed charged Pašić with being a new "sultan" and severed his friendship with him.[1]

Editor of The Times

When the editor of The Times, Geoffrey Dawson, resigned from his post in February 1919, Steed was Northcliffe's first choice to succeed him. Steed had worked closely with Northcliffe during the war, becoming an adviser to him on foreign affairs. Steed was forced to contend with Northcliffe throughout most of his tenure as editor, as the press baron retained considerable control over the affairs of the newspaper.[citation needed]

After the war, Steed strongly disapproved of the

Bolshevik regime in Russia. In an editorial written in another Northcliffe paper, the Daily Mail on 28 March 1919, Steed accused the British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, whom Steed detested, of betraying the White Russians because of a plot by "international Jewish financiers" and the Germans to help the Bolsheviks stay in power.[4]

In 1920, Steed endorsed as genuine a notorious anti-Semitic forgery,

The Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, writing in an editorial in The Times in which he blamed the Jews for World War I and the Bolshevik regime and called them the greatest threat to the British Empire. However, he retracted his view on the Protocols in 1921, when his paper's Constantinople correspondent proved them to be a forgery.[5]

Steed was Northcliffe's personal choice for the editorship, but by 1922, the press baron was increasingly frustrated by Steed's failure to return The Times to profitability. After Northcliffe's death in August 1922, the new owners, John Jacob Astor and John Walter, dismissed Steed on 24 October and brought back Dawson as editor.[citation needed]

Final years

In 1923, Steed became editor of

William Thomas Stead in 1890. In the early 1930s, he was one of the first English speakers to express alarm about the new German dictatorial chancellor, Adolf Hitler. In 1934, he caused sensation with an article claiming to have evidence of secret German experiments in airborne biological warfare.[6] The British government was sufficiently alarmed to start stockpiling vaccines[7] although a retrospective analysis by the epidemiologist Martin Hugh-Jones has suggested that Steed's evidence could not have amounted to much.[8] On the title page of his 1934 work, Hitler Whence and Whither?, Steed is described as a lecturer in Central European History at King's College London
.

He died in Wootton, West Oxfordshire.

In popular culture

Steed, played by actor

King Edward VII, Georges Clemenceau, and Alexander Izvolsky
.

Works

  • The Habsburg Monarchy (1913)
  • A Short History of Austria-Hungary and Poland (1914)
  • Through Thirty Years, 1892-1922: A personal narrative (1924)
  • Journalism (1928)
  • The Real Stanley Baldwin (1930)
  • The Antecedents of Post-war Europe (1932)
  • A Way to Social Peace (1934)
  • Hitler Whence and Whither? (1934)
  • The Meaning of Hitlerism (1934)
  • Vital Peace: A study of risks (1936)
  • The Doom of the Habsburgs (1937)
  • The Press (1938)
  • Our War Aims (1939)

See also

  • Robert William Seton-Watson

References

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d Margaret Macmillan, Paris 1919, p. 114f.
  2. ^ Niall Ferguson, The Pity of War, p. 32, 195.
  3. ^ Niall Ferguson, The Pity of War, p. 217.
  4. ^ Margaret Macmillan, Paris 1919, p. 80.
  5. ^ Andre Liebich: "The Antisemitism of Henry Steed", Patterns of Prejudice, Vol. 46, No. 2, 2002. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  6. Nineteenth Century and After
     116 (1934), 1–15.
  7. ^ Brett Holman, Airminded: The Wickham Steed affair in popular culture, 17 February 2007
  8. ^ Martin Hugh-Jones, 'Wickham Steed and German biological warfare research', Intelligence and National Security 7 (1992), 379–402.

Bibliography

  • Ferguson, Niall The Pity of War, London: Basic Books, 1999.
  • Macmillan, Margaret
    Paris 1919 New York: Random House, 2002.

External links

Media offices
Preceded by Editor of The Times
1919–1922 		Succeeded by
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