Wildlife of Cape Verde
The wildlife of Cape Verde is found across its
With the exception of
In the centuries since settlement began, more mainland species (such as the green
The flora consists of tropical dry forests, scrub land,
Some of the wildlife species of Cape Verde are considered as endemic, evolving over millions of years of isolation; the grey-headed kingfisher (Halcyon leucocephala) survived here on insects in the absence of water in the lands of the islands.[4]
In the process of development, many lands in the islands were converted to agricultural fields and several hundred varieties of herbaceous plant and tree species were introduced, resulting in depletion of the original vegetation. However, efforts are now underway at reforestation to improve the wildlife of Cape Verde, with reported planting of three million new trees every year (about 7000 per day), with pine, oak, sweet chestnut and acacia as the prominent varieties being planted.[2][4] Cape Verde is also one of the world's top ten coral reef biodiversity hotspots.[5]
Geography
The Cape Verde archipelago, a cluster of 10 islands and three islets located in the eastern
The Cape Verde islands are a very degraded area. Due to proximity to the Sahara, most of the Cape Verde islands are dry, but on islands with high mountains and farther away from the coast, the humidity is much higher, giving a rainforest habitat that is very degraded by the strong human presence. Northeastern slopes of high mountains often receive a lot of rain while Southwest slopes are much drier. This umbria areas are identified with cool and moisture. Some islands, as Santiago with steep mountains, are covered with vegetation where the dense moisture condenses and soaks the plants, rocks, soil, logs, moss etc.
The laurel forest is a type of cloud forest that has developed on mountains, where the dense moisture from the sea or ocean, is precipitated by the action of the relief. The terrain forces up wet and warm air masses, which cool and decreases the dew point, causing moisture to condense and fall as rain or fog. This creates a habitat that is cool, saturating air and soil with moisture.
Protected areas
The protected areas declared under the Official Gazette of Cape Verde, in February 2003 are:[3]
In Santo Antão Island the protected areas are Moroços – Natural Park, Cova/Ribeira Paúl/Torre – Natural Park, Cruzinha – Natural Reserve, Pombas – Protected Landscape and Tope de Coroa – Natural Park.[3]
São Vicente Island has the Monte Verde – Natural Park.[3]
Branco and Raso Islets – Integrated Reserve is the natural reserve in Santa Luzia Island.[3]
São Nicolau Island has Monte Gordo Natural Park and Monte do Alto das Cabaças Natural Reserve.[3]
Sal Island has 11 protected areas namely, the Salinas de Pedra Lume and Cagarral – Protected Landscape, the Monte Grande – Protected Landscape, the Rabo de Junco – Natural Reserve, the Baía da Murdeira – Natural (Marine) Reserve, the Costa da Fragata – Natural Reserve, the Serra Negra – Natural Reserve, the Buracona-Ragona – Protected Landscape, the Salinas de Santa Maria – Protected Landscape, the Morrinho do Filho –Natural Monument, the Ponta do Sino – Natural Reserve, the Morrinho do Açucar – Natural Monument.[3]
In Maio Island protected are the Terras Salgadas – Natural Reserve, Casas Velhas – Natural Reserve, Barareiro e Figueira – Natural Park, Lagoa Cimidor – Natural Reserve, Praia do Morro – Natural Reserve, Salinas de Porto Inglês – Protected Landscape, Monte Penoso e Monte Branco – Protected Landscape and Monte Santo António – Protected Landscape.[3]
Boa Vista Island has the largest number of parks and natural monuments. These are: The Boa Esperança – Natural Reserve; the Ilhéu de Baluarte – Integrated Natural Reserve, the Ilhéu dos Pássaros – Integrated Natural Reserve, the Ilhéu de Curral Velho – Integrated Natural Reserve, the Ponta do Sol – Natural Reserve, the Tartaruga – Natural Reserve, the Natural Park do Norte – Natural Park, the Monte Caçador e Pico Forçado – Protected Landscape; the Morro de Areia – Natural Reserve; the Curral Velho – Protected Landscape; the Monte Santo António –Natural Monument; the Ilhéu de Sal-Rei – Natural Monument; the Monte Estância – Natural Monument; and the Rocha Estância – Natural Monument.[3]
The Santiago Island has two preserved areas in the Serra da Malagueta – Natural Park and the Serra Pico de Antónia – Natural Park.[3]
The Fogo Island has Bordeira, Chã das Caldeiras e Pico Novo Natural Park.[3]
The Rombo Islets have an Integrated Reserve.[3]
With a view to preserve the marine ecosystems and develop fisheries pragmatically, the action initiated included creation of Marine reserves: Santa Luzia Island, and the Islets Raso and Branco, Boavista, Sal and Maio Islands; and Conservation of Cape Verde Endangered Marine Species Project.[3]
Flora
Historically, Cape Verde was probably not rich with greenery, although the evidence of the situation in earlier times is severely lacking.[1] When Cape Verde was first discovered and colonized by the Portuguese in the 15th century, the wildlife consisted mainly of dry forests and scrub habitat, which underwent a sea change under the influence of the inhabitants of this then isolated and uninhabited group of islands. The endemic flora and fauna of the islands were disturbed and have now remained confined mostly in the mountain peaks, steep slopes and other inaccessible areas.[1]
Vegetation in the islands is basically of the
There are 664 listed plant species, which include two threatened species.
Fauna
The island has five mammals out of which three are threatened, 75 species of birds including 2 threatened species, 19 reptiles, 132 varieties of fish species including one threatened species.[8] However, the islands do not have snakes and large mammals.[4]
Mammals
The only indigenous mammal found in the island is the
Birds
Cape Verde has many species of endemic birds, which are observed by keen
Lizards
Invertebrates
Cape Verde has a reported 58 endemic species of
Marine life
The tropical marine environment of the Cape Verde islands of Boavista, Sal and Maio is reported to have a high diversity of sea life. Boavista is part of the
Marine species reported are
Eighteen species of whales and dolphins have been recorded in the waters of the Cape Verde archipelago.[13] The area is cited as one of two known breeding grounds for the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) of the Northern Hemisphere.[14] Humpback whales migrate annually from the North Sea to winter around Cape Verde from January to mid-May. The humpback whale population became limited due to severe overfishing during the 19th century and, although the total North Atlantic population of humpbacks had rebounded to more than 10,000 individuals by 1993, the Cape Verde population remained uncertain as of 2009.[14]
Threats and legal redress
The status of biological resources of Cape Verde, in the process of degradation, was recognized in 1996 which prompted action in 2005 with several legal instruments that were introduced by the government of Cape Verde. In spite of all the legislation, the level of degradation reported in the
Further, with a view to preserve the marine ecosystems and develop fisheries pragmatically the action initiated included creation of Marine reserves: Santa Luzia Island, and the Islets Raso and Branco, Boavista, Sal and Maio Islands; and Conservation of Cape Verde Endangered Marine Species Project.[3]
- Organizations
Institutions and organizations involved with the preservation and conservation of the biodiversity of Cape Verde are: The Directorate General of Agriculture, Forest and Livestock Production, the Institute for the Development of Fisheries (INDP), the University of Cape Verde's National Institute of Agricultural Research and Development (INIDA) and Project Biodiversity.
Noting that the exclusive biological species of Cape Verde are not represented in any germplasm banks across the world and that its fauna and flora of Cape Verde are extremely vulnerable to climate adversities with the natural regenerative conditions considered as poor, INIDA has established "a collection of biological resources for ex situ conservation as a means of backing in-situ conservation of species threatened in some way, as they may be introduced in the wild as needs be, in sites where they are best adapted, through a finely tuned reintroduction program."[3]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Cape Verde Islands dry forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f "Cape Verde Islands". Birdlife International. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Third report (Cape Verde)" (PDF). cbd.int/doc/world. pp. 3–6, 14, 59, 83–84, 98. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-84162-276-7. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
- ^ a b c d e "Cape Verde". Living National Treasures. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
- ^ "Location". Instruction to kid pages: henry.k12.ga.us/. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
- ISBN 978-3-924500-98-6.
- ^ a b c "Biodiversity and Protected Areas – Cape Verde" (PDF). Earthtrends countryprofiles. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 October 2004. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
- ^ a b c d e f "Cape Verde:Plant and animal life". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
- .
- ^ Slater, James Alexander (1964). "A Catalogue of the Lygaeidae of the World". Geocities.ws. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
- ^ "Animals in Cape Verde". Listofcountriesoftheworld.com. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
- ISSN 2074-5737.
- ^ ISSN 2074-5737.
External links
- "Aves de Cabo Verde" (in Portuguese)