William Hogarth

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For the Roman Catholic bishop, see
Bill Main
.

William Hogarth
engraver, satirist
SpouseJane Thornhill
Patron(s)Mary Edwards (1705–1743)[1]
Signature

William Hogarth

realistic portraiture to comic strip-like series of pictures called "modern moral subjects",[2] and he is perhaps best known for his series A Harlot's Progress, A Rake's Progress and Marriage A-la-Mode. Knowledge of his work is so pervasive that satirical political illustrations in this style are often referred to as "Hogarthian".[3]

Hogarth was born in

engraver, but did not complete the apprenticeship. His father underwent periods of mixed fortune, and was at one time imprisoned in lieu of payment of outstanding debts, an event that is thought to have informed William's paintings and prints with a hard edge.[4]

Influenced by French and Italian painting and engraving,[5] Hogarth's works are mostly satirical caricatures, sometimes bawdily sexual,[6] mostly of the first rank of realistic portraiture. They became widely popular and mass-produced via prints in his lifetime, and he was by far the most significant English artist of his generation. Charles Lamb deemed Hogarth's images to be books, filled with "the teeming, fruitful, suggestive meaning of words. Other pictures we look at; his pictures we read."[7][8]

Early life

Roubiliac
, 1741, National Portrait Gallery, London

William Hogarth was born at Bartholomew Close in London to Richard Hogarth, a poor

Leicester Fields, where he learned to engrave trade cards and similar products.[9][10]

Young Hogarth also took a lively interest in the street life of the metropolis and the London fairs, and amused himself by sketching the characters he saw. Around the same time, his father, who had opened an unsuccessful Latin-speaking

St John's Gate, was imprisoned for debt in the Fleet Prison for five years. Hogarth never spoke of his father's imprisonment.[11]

In 1720, Hogarth enrolled at the original

Sir James Thornhill, serjeant painter to the king. On Thornhill, Hogarth later claimed that, even as an apprentice, "the painting of St Pauls and gree[n]wich hospital ... were during this time runing in my head", referring to the massive schemes of decoration painted by Thornhill for the dome of St Paul's Cathedral, and Greenwich Hospital.[12]

Hogarth became a member of the Rose and Crown Club, with Peter Tillemans, George Vertue, Michael Dahl, and other artists and connoisseurs.[14]

Career

See also: List of works by William Hogarth

By April 1720, Hogarth was an

engraver
in his own right, at first engraving coats of arms and shop bills and designing plates for booksellers.

In 1727, he was hired by Joshua Morris, a tapestry worker, to prepare a design for the Element of Earth. Morris heard that he was "an engraver, and no painter", and consequently declined the work when completed. Hogarth accordingly sued him for the money in the Westminster Court, where the case was decided in his favour on 28 May 1728.[15]

Early works

Emblematical Print on the South Sea Scheme, 1721
The Assembly at Wanstead House. Earl Tylney and family in foreground

Early satirical works included an

Jewish figures gambling, while in the middle there is a huge machine, like a merry-go-round, which people are boarding. At the top is a goat, written below which is "Who'l Ride". The people are scattered around the picture with a sense of disorder, while the progress of the well dressed people towards the ride in the middle shows the foolishness of the crowd in buying stock in the South Sea Company, which spent more time issuing stock than anything else.[16]

Other early works include

Masquerades and Operas (1724). The latter is a satire on contemporary follies, such as the masquerades of the Swiss impresario John James Heidegger, the popular Italian opera singers, John Rich's pantomimes at Lincoln's Inn Fields, and the exaggerated popularity of Lord Burlington's protégé, the architect and painter William Kent. He continued that theme in 1727, with the Large Masquerade Ticket
.

Self-Portrait by Hogarth, ca. 1735, Yale Center for British Art.

In 1726, Hogarth prepared twelve large engravings illustrating

Samuel Butler's Hudibras
. These he himself valued highly, and they are among his best early works, though they are based on small book illustrations.

In the following years, he turned his attention to the production of small "

conversation pieces" (i.e., groups in oil of full-length portraits from 12 to 15 inches (300 to 380 mm) high. Among his efforts in oil between 1728 and 1732 were The Fountaine Family (c. 1730), The Assembly at Wanstead House, The House of Commons examining Bambridge, and several pictures of the chief actors in John Gay's popular The Beggar's Opera.[17][18] One of his real-life subjects was Sarah Malcolm, whom he sketched two days before her execution.[19][20]

One of Hogarth's masterpieces of this period is the depiction of an amateur performance by children of John Dryden's The Indian Emperour, or The Conquest of Mexico by Spaniards, being the Sequel of The Indian Queen (1732–1735) at the home of John Conduitt, master of the mint, in St George's Street, Hanover Square.[21][22]

Hogarth's other works in the 1730s include

The Four Times of the Day (1738),[26] and Strolling Actresses Dressing in a Barn (1738).[27] He may also have printed Burlington Gate (1731), evoked by Alexander Pope's Epistle to Lord Burlington, and defending Lord Chandos, who is therein satirized. This print gave great offence, and was suppressed. However, modern authorities such as Ronald Paulson no longer attribute it to Hogarth.[28]

Moralizing art

Harlot's Progress and Rake's Progress

A Rake's Progress, Plate 8, 1735, and retouched by Hogarth in 1763 by adding the Britannia emblem[29][30]

In 1731, Hogarth completed the earliest of his series of moral works, a body of work that led to wide recognition. The collection of six scenes was entitled

venereal disease.[33]

The inaugural series was an immediate success and was followed in 1733–1735 by the sequel A Rake's Progress.[34][35] The second instalment consisted of eight pictures that depicted the reckless life of Tom Rakewell, the son of a rich merchant, who spends all of his money on luxurious living, services from prostitutes, and gambling – the character's life ultimately ends in Bethlem Royal Hospital. The original paintings of A Harlot's Progress were destroyed in the fire at Fonthill House in 1755; the oil paintings of A Rake's Progress (1733–34) are displayed in the gallery room at Sir John Soane's Museum, London, UK.[36]

When the success of A Harlot's Progress and A Rake's Progress resulted in numerous pirated reproductions by unscrupulous printsellers, Hogarth lobbied in parliament for greater legal control over the reproduction of his and other artists' work. The result was the Engravers' Copyright Act (known as 'Hogarth's Act'), which became law on 25 June 1735 and was the first copyright law to deal with visual works as well as the first to recognise the authorial rights of an individual artist.[37]

Marriage A-la-Mode

After the old Earl's funeral
 (scene four of six)

In 1743–1745, Hogarth painted the six pictures of

National Gallery, London),[38] a pointed skewering of upper-class 18th-century society. An engraved version of the same series, produced by French engravers, appeared in 1745.[39][40]
This moralistic warning shows the miserable tragedy of an ill-considered marriage for money. This is regarded by many as his finest project and may be among his best-planned story serials.

Marital ethics were the topic of much debate in 18th-century Britain. The many marriages of convenience and their attendant unhappiness came in for particular criticism, with a variety of authors taking the view that love was a much sounder basis for marriage. Hogarth here painted a satire – a genre that by definition has a moral point to convey – of a conventional marriage within the English upper class. All the paintings were engraved and the series achieved wide circulation in print form. The series, which is set in a Classical interior, shows the story of the fashionable marriage of Viscount Squanderfield, the son of bankrupt Earl Squander, to the daughter of a wealthy but miserly city merchant, starting with the signing of a marriage contract at the Earl's grand house and ending with the murder of the son by his wife's lover and the suicide of the daughter after her lover is hanged at

Tyburn
for murdering her husband.

William Makepeace Thackeray wrote:

This famous set of pictures contains the most important and highly wrought of the Hogarth comedies. The care and method with which the moral grounds of these pictures are laid is as remarkable as the wit and skill of the observing and dexterous artist. He has to describe the negotiations for a marriage pending between the daughter of a rich citizen Alderman and young Lord Viscount Squanderfield, the dissipated son of a gouty old Earl ... The dismal end is known. My lord draws upon the counsellor, who kills him, and is apprehended while endeavouring to escape. My lady goes back perforce to the Alderman of the City, and faints upon reading Counsellor Silvertongue's dying speech at Tyburn (place of execution in old London), where the counsellor has been 'executed for sending his lordship out of the world. Moral: don't listen to evil silver-tongued counsellors; don't marry a man for his rank, or a woman for her money; don't frequent foolish auctions and masquerade balls unknown to your husband; don't have wicked companions abroad and neglect your wife, otherwise you will be run through the body, and ruin will ensue, and disgrace, and Tyburn.[41]

Industry and Idleness

Industry and Idleness Plate 1, The Fellow 'Prentices at their Looms

In the twelve prints of

Sheriff (plate 8), Alderman (plate 10), and finally the Lord Mayor of London in the last plate in the series. The idle apprentice, who begins "at play in the church yard" (plate 3), holes up "in a Garrett with a Common Prostitute" after turning highwayman (plate 7) and "executed at Tyburn" (plate 11). The idle apprentice is sent to the gallows by the industrious apprentice himself. For each plate, there is at least one passage from the Bible at the bottom, mostly from the Book of Proverbs
, such as for the first plate:

"Industry and Idleness, shown here, 'Proverbs Ch:10 Ver:4 The hand of the diligent maketh rich.'"

Beer Street and Gin Lane

Beer Street

Later prints of significance include his pictorial warning of the consequences of alcoholism in

English beer, in contrast to Gin Lane, in which the effects of drinking gin are shown – as a more potent liquor, gin caused more problems for society.[44] There had been a sharp increase in the popularity of gin at this time, which was called the 'Gin Craze.' It started in the early 18th century, after a series of legislative actions in the late 17th century impacted the importation and manufacturing of alcohol in London. Among these, were the Prohibition of 1678, which barred popular French brandy imports, and the forced disbandment, in 1690, of the London Guild of Distillers,[45] whose members had previously been the only legal manufacturers of alcohol, leading to an increase in the production and then consumption of domestic gin.[46]

In Beer Street, people are shown as healthy, happy and prosperous, while in Gin Lane, they are scrawny, lazy and careless. The woman at the front of Gin Lane, who lets her baby fall to its death, echoes the tale of Judith Dufour, who strangled her baby so she could sell its clothes for gin money.[47] The prints were published in support of the Gin Act 1751.

Hogarth's friend, the magistrate Henry Fielding, may have enlisted Hogarth to help with propaganda for the Gin Act; Beer Street and Gin Lane were issued shortly after his work An Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers, and Related Writings, and addressed the same issues.[48]

The Four Stages of Cruelty

First Stage of Cruelty

Other prints were his outcry against inhumanity in

hanged
stickman figure upon a wall, with the name "Tom Nero" underneath, and is pointing to this dog torturer.

The second shows Tom Nero has grown up to become a

dray, as the drayman
dozes off on the job.

In the third print, Tom is shown to be a murderer, surrounded by a mob of accusers. The woman he has apparently killed is lying on the ground, brutally slain, with a trunk and sack of stolen goods near by. One of the accusers holds a letter from the woman to Tom, speaking of how wronging her mistress upsets her conscience, but that she is resolved to do as he would have her, closing with: "I remain yours till death."

The fourth, titled The Reward of Cruelty, shows Tom's withering corpse being publicly dissected by scientists after his execution by hanging; a noose still around his neck. The dissection reflects the Murder Act 1751, which allowed for the public dissection of criminals who had been hanged for murder.

Portraits

David Garrick as Richard III, 1745

Hogarth was also a popular

portrait painter. In 1745, he painted actor David Garrick as Richard III,[49] for which he was paid £200, "which was more", he wrote, "than any English artist ever received for a single portrait." With this picture Hogarth established the genre of theatrical portraiture as a distinctively British kind of history painting.[50] In 1746, a sketch of Simon Fraser, 11th Lord Lovat, afterwards beheaded on Tower Hill, had an exceptional success.[51]

Portrait of a Man, 1741

In 1740,

British painting. There are also portraits of his wife, his two sisters, and of many other people; among them Bishop Hoadly and Bishop Herring. The engraved portrait of John Wilkes was a bestseller.[55][56]

Historical subjects

For a long period, during the mid-18th century, Hogarth tried to achieve the status of a

The Idler, the three essays written by Reynolds for the months of September through November 1759 are directed at Hogarth. In them, Reynolds argues that this "connoisseur" has a "servile attention to minute exactness" and questions their idea of the imitation of nature as "the obvious sense, that objects are represented naturally when they have such relief that they seem real." Reynolds rejected "this kind of imitation", favouring the "grand style of painting" which avoids "minute attention" to the visible world.[57] In Reynolds' Discourse XIV, he grants Hogarth has "extraordinary talents", but reproaches him for "very imprudently, or rather presumptuously, attempt[ing] the great historical style."[58]

Writer, art historian and politician, Horace Walpole, was also critical of Hogarth as a history painter, but did find value in his satirical prints.[59]

Biblical scenes

Hogarth's history pictures include The Pool of Bethesda and The Good Samaritan, executed in 1736–1737 for

St. Mary Redcliffe, Bristol (1755–56).[63]

The Gate of Calais

The Gate of Calais (1748; now in Tate Britain) was produced soon after his return from a visit to France.[64] Horace Walpole wrote that Hogarth had run a great risk to go there since the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle.

Back home, he immediately executed a painting of the subject in which he unkindly represented his enemies, the Frenchmen, as cringing, emaciated and superstitious people, while an enormous sirloin of beef arrives, destined for the English inn as a symbol of British prosperity and superiority. He claimed to have painted himself into the picture in the left corner sketching the gate, with a "soldier's hand upon my shoulder", running him in.[65]

Other later works

Eva Marie Veigel and husband David Garrick, c. 1757–1764, Royal Collection at Windsor Castle

Notable Hogarth engravings in the 1740s include

Marriage à-la-mode (1745; executed by French artists under Hogarth's inspection), and The Stage Coach or The Country Inn Yard (1747).[66]

In 1745, Hogarth painted a self-portrait with his pug dog,

March of the Guards to Finchley (formerly located in Thomas Coram Foundation for Children, now Foundling Museum).[68]

Others works included his ingenious

cockfighting in The Cockpit (1759); his attack on Methodism in Credulity, Superstition, and Fanaticism (1762);[71] his political anti-war satire in The Times, plate I (1762);[72] and his pessimistic view of all things in Tailpiece, or The Bathos (1764).[73]

In 1757, Hogarth was appointed Serjeant Painter to the King.[74]

Writing

The Analysis of Beauty plate 1 (1753)

Hogarth wrote and published his ideas of artistic design in his book

Line of Beauty).[76] By some of Hogarth's adherents, the book was praised as a fine deliverance upon aesthetics; by his enemies and rivals, its obscurities and minor errors were made the subject of endless ridicule and caricature.[77] For instance, Paul Sandby produced several caricatures against Hogarth's treatise.[78] Hogarth wrote also a manuscript called Apology for Painters (c. 1761)[79] and unpublished "autobiographical notes".[80]

Painter and engraver of modern moral subjects

Hogarth lived in an age when artwork became increasingly commercialized, being viewed in shop windows, taverns, and public buildings, and sold in printshops. Old hierarchies broke down, and new forms began to flourish: the ballad opera, the bourgeois tragedy, and especially, a new form of fiction called the novel with which authors such as Henry Fielding had great success. Therefore, by that time, Hogarth hit on a new idea: "painting and engraving modern moral subjects ... to treat my subjects as a dramatic writer; my picture was my stage", as he himself remarked in his manuscript notes.

He drew from the highly moralizing

Protestant tradition of Dutch genre painting, and the very vigorous satirical traditions of the English broadsheet
and other types of popular print. In England the fine arts had little comedy in them before Hogarth. His prints were expensive, and remained so until early 19th-century reprints brought them to a wider audience.

Parodic borrowings from Old Masters

When analysing the work of the artist as a whole,

Venus
doth but coarsely imitate."

Personal life

St Mary on Paddington Green Church, London. William Hogarth and Jane Thornhill eloped here, in 1729, in a previous incarnation of the church building.

On 23 March 1729, Hogarth eloped with

Sir James Thornhill.[81]

A William Hogarth portrait of Jane

Sir James saw the match as unequal, as Hogarth was a rather obscure artist at the time. However, when Hogarth started on his series of moral prints, A Harlot's Progress, some of the initial paintings were placed either in Sir James' drawing room or dining room, through the conspiring of Jane and her mother, in the hopes of reconciling him with the couple. When he saw them, he inquired as to the artist's name and, upon hearing it, replied: "Very well; the man who can produce such representations as these, can also maintain a wife without a

portion."[82][83] However, he soon after relented, becoming more generous to, and living in harmony with the couple until his death.[84][85]

Hogarth was initiated as a

Freemason before 1728 in the Lodge at the Hand and Apple Tree Tavern, Little Queen Street, and later belonged to the Carrier Stone Lodge and the Grand Stewards' Lodge; the latter still possesses the 'Hogarth Jewel' which Hogarth designed for the Lodge's Master to wear.[86] Today the original is in storage and a replica is worn by the Master of the Lodge. Freemasonry was a theme in some of Hogarth's work, most notably 'Night', the fourth in the quartet of paintings (later released as engravings) collectively entitled the Four Times of the Day
.

William Hogarth's house in Chiswick

His main home was in Leicester Square (then known as Leicester Fields), but he bought a country retreat in Chiswick in 1749, the house now known as Hogarth's House and preserved as a museum, and spent time there for the rest of his life.[87][88] The Hogarths had no children, although they fostered foundling children. He was a founding Governor of the Foundling Hospital.

Among his friends and acquaintances were many English artists and satirists of the period, such as Francis Hayman, Henry Fielding, and Laurence Sterne.

Death

The Bathos, 1764 - His final work

On 25 October 1764, Hogarth was conveyed from his villa in Chiswick to his home in Leicester Fields, in weak condition. He had been in a weakened state for a while by this time, but was said to be in a cheerful mood and was even still working—with some help; doing more retouches on The Bench on this same day.[89] On 26 October, he received a letter from Benjamin Franklin and wrote up a rough draft in reply.[90]

Before going to bed that evening, he had boasted about eating a pound of beefsteaks for dinner, and reportedly looked more robust than he had in a while at this time.[91] However, when he went to bed, he suddenly began vomiting; something that caused him to ring his bell so forcefully that it broke. Hogarth died around two hours later,[92][93] in the arms of his servant, Mrs Mary Lewis.[90][94] John Nichols claimed that he died of an aneurysm, which he said took place in the "chest."[92][93][91] Horace Walpole claimed that he died of "a dropsy of his breast."[12]

Mrs Lewis, who stayed on with Jane Hogarth in Leicester Fields,[91] was the only non-familial person acknowledged financially in Hogarth's will and was left £100 (approximately £18,651.61 in 2020[95]) for her "faithful services."[90][96]

Tomb of William and Jane Hogarth in Chiswick

Hogarth was buried at

St. Nicholas Church, Chiswick, now in the west of London.[97][98] His friend, actor David Garrick, composed the following inscription for his tombstone:[99]

Farewell great Painter of Mankind
Who reach'd the noblest point of Art
Whose pictur'd Morals charm the Mind
And through the Eye correct the Heart.

If Genius fire thee, Reader, stay,
If Nature touch thee, drop a Tear:
If neither move thee, turn away,
For Hogarth's honour'd dust lies here.

Influence and reputation

Hogarth's works were a direct influence on John Collier, who was known as the "Lancashire Hogarth".[100] The spread of Hogarth's prints throughout Europe, together with the depiction of popular scenes from his prints in faked Hogarth prints, influenced Continental book illustration through the 18th and early 19th centuries, especially in Germany and France. He also influenced many caricaturists of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. Hogarth's influence lives on today as artists continue to draw inspiration from his work.

Hogarth's paintings and prints have provided the subject matter for several other works. For example,

BBC radio play The Midnight House by Jonathan Hall, based on the M. R. James ghost story "The Mezzotint" and first broadcast on BBC Radio 4
in 2006.

Russell Banks' short story "Indisposed" is a fictional account of Hogarth's infidelity as told from the viewpoint of his wife, Jane. Hogarth was the lead character in Nick Dear's play The Art of Success,[101] whilst he is played by Toby Jones in the 2006 television film A Harlot's Progress.

Hogarth's House in Chiswick, west London, is now a museum;[102] the major road junction next to it is named the Hogarth Roundabout. In 2014 both Hogarth's House and the Foundling Museum held special exhibitions to mark the 250th anniversary of his death.[103][104] In 2019, Sir John Soane's Museum, which owns both The Rake's Progress and The Humours of an Election, held an exhibition which assembled all Hogarth's series of paintings, and his series of engravings, in one place for the first time.[105]

Stanley Kubrick based the cinematography of his 1975 period drama film, Barry Lyndon, on several Hogarth paintings.

In Roger Michell's 2003 film The Mother, starring Anne Reid and Daniel Craig, the protagonists visit Hogarth's tomb during their first outing together. They read aloud the poem inscribed there and their shared admiration of Hogarth helps to affirm their connection with one another.

Selected works

Paintings
Engravings

See also

Notes

  1. ^ "William Hogarth – Miss Mary Edwards : The Frick Collection". collections.frick.org.
  2. ^ "The Rococo Influence in British Art – dummies". dummies. Retrieved 23 June 2017.
  3. ^ According to Elizabeth Einberg, "by the time he died in October 1764 he had left so indelible a mark on the history of British painting that the term 'Hogarthian' remains instantly comprehensible even today as a valid description of a wry, satirical perception of the human condition." Hogarth the Painter, London: Tate Gallery, 1997, p. 17.
  4. ^ Ronald Paulson, Hogarth, vol. 1: The 'Modern Moral Subject', 1697–1732 (New Brunswick 1991), pp. 26–37.
  5. ^ Frederick Antal, Hogarth and His Place in European Art (London 1962); Robin Simon, Hogarth, France and British Art: The rise of the arts in eighteenth-century Britain (London 2007).
  6. ^ Bernd W. Krysmanski, Hogarth's Hidden Parts: Satiric Allusion, Erotic Wit, Blasphemous Bawdiness and Dark Humour in Eighteenth-Century English Art (Hildesheim, Zurich and New York: Georg Olms 2010).
  7. ^ Lamb, Charles, The Works of Charles and Mary Lamb, E.V. Lucas Publishing, 1811, Vol. 1, p. 82, "On the genius and character of Hogarth".
  8. ^ Charles Lamb, "On the genius and character of Hogarth; with some remarks on a passage in the writings of the late Mr. Barry".
  9. ^ Ellis Gamble Biographical Details. The British Museum.
  10. ^ W. H. K. Wright. The Journal of the Ex Libris Society, Volume 3 (A & C. Black, Plymouth, 1894)
  11. ^ Ronald Paulson, Hogarth, vol. 1 (New Brunswick 1991), pp. 26–37.
  12. ^
    ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 16 August 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership
    required.)
  13. ^
    ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 16 August 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership
    required.)
  14. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
     (Oxford University Press, 2004)
  15. ^ Ronald Paulson, Hogarth, vol. 1: The 'Modern Moral Subject' (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1991), pp. 155-157.
  16. ^ See Ronald Paulson, Hogarth's Graphic Works (3rd edition, London 1989), no. 43. For more details, see David Dabydeen, Hogarth, Walpole and Commercial Britain (London 1987).
  17. ^ Paulson, Hogarth, vol. 1, pp. 172–185, 206–215.
  18. ^ Elizabeth Einberg, William Hogarth: A Complete Catalogue of the Paintings (New Haven and London: Yale University Press 2016), nos. 11, 20, 14, 13A–D.
  19. ^ Einberg, William Hogarth: A Complete Catalogue of the Paintings, no. 68.
  20. ^ Sarah Malcolm, The Hogarth Room, The Tate, retrieved 7 August 2014
  21. ^ Ronald Paulson, Hogarth, vol. 2 (New Brunswick 1992), pp. 1–4.
  22. ^ Einberg, William Hogarth: A Complete Catalogue of the Paintings, no. 63.
  23. ^ Paulson, Hogarth's Graphic Works, 3rd edition, no. 128.
  24. ^ Benjamin N. Ungar, "Take Me to the Southwark Fair: William Hogarth's Snapshot of the Life and Times of England's Migrating Early 18th Century Poor".
  25. doi:10.11588/artdok.00008020
    .
  26. ^ Sean Shesgreen, Hogarth and the Times-of-the-Day Tradition (Ithaca, New York: Cornell UP, 1983).
  27. ^ Christina H. Kiaer, "Professional Femininity in Hogarth's Strolling Actresses Dressing in a Barn," Art History, 16, No. 2 (June 1993), pp. 239-65.
  28. ^ See Paulson, Hogarth's Graphic Works, 3rd edition, p. 35.
  29. ^ J. B. Nichols, 1833 p.192 "PLATE VIII. ... Britannia 1763"
  30. ^ J. B. Nichols, 1833 p.193 "Retouched by the Author, 1763"
  31. ^ Einberg, William Hogarth: A Complete Catalogue of the Paintings, nos. 21–26.
  32. ^ Ronald Paulson, Hogarth's Graphic Works, 3rd edition (London: The Print Room 1989), nos. 121–126.
  33. ISBN 1429919566
    .
  34. ^ For the paintings, see Einberg, William Hogarth: A Complete Catalogue of the Paintings, nos. 74–81. For the engravings, see Paulson, Hogarth's Graphic Works, 3rd edition, nos. 132–139.
  35. ^ Hogarth's The Rake's Progress and other of his works.
  36. ^ "A Rake's Progress". Sir John Soane's Museum. 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
  37. ISBN 978-9053569139
    . Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  38. ^ Robert L. S. Cowley, Marriage A-la-Mode: a re-view of Hogarth's narrative art (Manchester University Press, 1983); Judy Egerton, Hogarth's 'Marriage A-la-Mode', London: The National Gallery 1997.
  39. ^ Paulson, Hogarth's Graphic Works, 3rd edition, nos. 158-163.
  40. ^ Print series in detail
  41. ^ Thackeray, William Makepeace, The English Humourists of the Eighteenth Century.
  42. ^ a b Paulson, Hogarth's Graphic Works, 3rd edition, nos. 168–179.
  43. ^ Paulson, Hogarth's Graphic Works, 3rd edition, nos. 185–186.
  44. ^ See Mark Hallett, The Spectacle of Difference (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1999), pp.198–222.
  45. ISBN 9781932112252
    .
  46. ISBN 9781780226491
    .
  47. ^ See "Hogarth, the father of the modern cartoon", The Telegraph, 13 May 2015.
  48. ^ See "William Hogarth, Beer Street and Gin Lane, two prints", British Museum. Archived 31 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  49. ^ Einberg, William Hogarth: A Complete Catalogue of the Paintings, no. 185.
  50. ^ Robin Simon, Shakespeare, Hogarth and Garrick: Plays, Painting and Performance (London 2023).
  51. ^ Paulson, Hogarth's Graphic Works, 3rd edition, no. 166.
  52. ISBN 0300058330
  53. ^ Einberg, William Hogarth: A Complete Catalogue of the Paintings, no. 128.
  54. ^ Einberg, William Hogarth: A Complete Catalogue of the Paintings, no. 148.
  55. ^ Paulson, Hogarth's Graphic Works, 3rd edition, no. 214.
  56. ^ Hogarth & John Wilkes - UK Parliament Living Heritage
  57. ISBN 9780520213005
    .
  58. ISBN 9780520213005
    .
  59. ISBN 9780520213005
    .
  60. ^ Elizabeth Einberg, William Hogarth: A Complete Catalogue of the Paintings (New Haven and London: Yale University Press 2016), nos. 90–91.
  61. ^ Einberg, William Hogarth: A Complete Catalogue of the Paintings, no. 198.
  62. ^ Einberg, William Hogarth: A Complete Catalogue of the Paintings, no. 204.
  63. ^ M. J. Liversidge, William Hogarth's Bristol Altar-Piece (Bristol Historical Association pamphlet, no. 46, 1980) 24 pp.
  64. ^ Einberg, William Hogarth: A Complete Catalogue of the Paintings, no. 201.
  65. ^ J. B. Nichols, 1833 p.63 "in one corner introduced my own portrait"
  66. ^ Paulson, Hogarth's Graphic Works, 3rd edition, nos. 152, 158–163, 167.
  67. ^ Einberg, William Hogarth: A Complete Catalogue of the Paintings, no. 194.
  68. ^ Einberg, William Hogarth: A Complete Catalogue of the Paintings, no. 207.
  69. ^ Paulson, Hogarth's Graphic Works, 3rd edition, no. 232.
  70. ^ Einberg, William Hogarth: A Complete Catalogue of the Paintings, nos. 214–217.
  71. doi:10.11588/artdok.00008018
    .
  72. ^ Paulson, Hogarth's Graphic Works, 3rd edition, no. 211.
  73. ^ Paulson, Hogarth's Graphic Works, 3rd edition, nos. 206, 210a, 211, 216.
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  83. ^ Cook, Thomas (1808). Hogarth Restored. The Whole Works of the Celebrated William Hogarth, as Originally Published: with a Supplement, Consisting of Such of His Prints as Were Not Published in a Collected Form. London, England: John Stockdale and G. Robinson. p. 223.
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References

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