World War II casualties of Poland
Around 6 million
The official Polish government report on war damages prepared in 1947 put Poland's war dead at 6,028,000; 3.0 million
Causes
Most Polish citizens who perished in the war were civilian victims of the
- Jewish Holocaust deaths
Approximately three million
- Human Losses of the ethnic Polishpopulation
According to the figures published by the
The main causes of these losses are as follows.
- Acts of War
- 1939 Military Campaign-About 200,000Okęcieairport and aircraft factory, the German pilots also targeted civilian facilities such as water works, hospitals, market places and schools.
- Warsaw Uprising Between 150,000 and 250,000 Polish civilians died in the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, mostly from mass murders such as the Wola massacre.[23]
- Murdered in Prisons or Camps, and in mass executions
During the occupation many
- Forced Labor in Germany
- Malnutrition and Disease
Prior to the war the area which became the General Government was not self sufficient in agricultural production and was a net importer of food from other regions of Poland.[31] Despite this food deficit the German occupiers confiscated 27% of the agricultural output in the General Government, thus reducing the food available for the civilian population.[32] This Nazi policy caused a humanitarian crisis in Poland’s urban areas. By 1940, between 20 and 25% of the population within the Government General depended on outside relief aid.[33] Richard C. Lukas points out “To be sure, the Poles would have starved to death if they had to depend on the food rationed to them."[34] To supplement the meager rations allocated by the Germans, Poles depended on the black market in order to survive. During the war 80% of the population’s needs were met by the black market.[35] During the war there was an increase in infectious diseases caused by the general malnutrition among the Polish population. In 1940 the tuberculosis rate among Poles, not including Jews, was 420 per 100,000 compared to 136 per 100,000 prior to the war.[36] During the occupation the natural death rate in the General Government increased to 1.7% per annum compared to the prewar level of 1.4%[37]
- Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany
Part of the
- Soviet Repression
In the aftermath of the September 1939
The
Andrzej Paczkowski puts the number of Polish deaths due to Soviet repression at 90,000–100,000 of the 1.0 million persons deported and 30,000 executed by the Soviets.[40]
According to Zbigniew S. Siemaszko the total of those deported was 1,646,000 of whom 1,450,000 were residents and refugees (excluding POWs).[41]
According to Franciszek Proch the total of those deported was 1,800,000 of whom 1,050,000 perished.[42]
An estimated 50,000 to 100,000 [43][44][45] ethnic Poles were killed in an ethnic cleansing operation carried out by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) beginning in March 1943 and lasting until the end of 1944 in the Nazi occupied Volhynia and Eastern Galicia.[4] The Institute of National Remembrance maintains that 7,500 ethnic Ukrainians were also killed during this interethnic conflict [27][46]
- Losses of other ethnic minorities
The figure of 5.6 to 5.8 million war dead estimated by the
- Ukrainians, Belarusians and Lithuanians
According to the figures published by the
- Ethnic Germans
In prewar Poland about 800,000 persons were identified as ethnic Germans.
Summary of estimates
In 1947 the communist dominated government in Poland estimated war losses at 6.0 million ethnic Poles and Jews, they did not include the losses of Polish citizens from other minorities - Ukrainians and Belarusians.[52] In 1951 the Polish government made a reassessment of war losses that put actual losses at 5.1 million ethnic Poles and Jews; this study was to remain secret until the communist government collapsed.[52] In a 2009 study by the Polish government affiliated Institute of National Remembrance the total deaths of ethnic Poles and Jews were estimated at 5.6 to 5.8 million persons including 150,000 in Soviet captivity.[27]
The Polish government estimate of war dead in 1947 was based on the results of the 1931 Polish census using the criterion of language spoken to breakout the various ethnic groups.[53] The classification of the ethnic groups in Poland during the Second Polish Republic is a disputed topic, Tadeusz Piotrowski called the 1931 Polish census "unreliable", noting that it had underestimated the number of non-Poles[54] The official figures for nationality from the 1931 Polish census based on the mother tongue put the percentage of ethnic Poles at 68.9%, Jews 8.6% and other minority groups 22.5%., Tadeusz Piotrowski maintains that the adjusted census figures(taking religious affiliation into account) put the percentage of ethnic Poles at 64.7%, Jews 9.8% and other minority groups 25.5% of Poland's population.[55] Based on the analysis by Tadeusz Piotrowski roughly 1.0 million Ukrainians and Belarusians and 400,000 Polish speaking Jews were misclassified as Poles in the official figures for the 1939 population.[56] Polish demographer Piotr Eberhardt maintains that it is commonly agreed that the criterion of declared language to classify ethnic groups led to an overestimation of the number of Poles in pre-war Poland. He notes that in general, the numbers declaring a particular language do not mesh with the numbers declaring the corresponding nationality. Members of ethnic minority groups believe that the language criterion led to an overestimation of Poles.[57]
Reports, studies and assessments
Polish Bureau of War Damages
In April 1947 the Polish government Bureau of War Damages (BOW) published an analysis of Poland's war losses. This study was prepared for a conference on war reparations from Germany. Their figure of 6,028,000 Polish war dead has been cited in historical literature since then.[58][59][60]
Poland Bureau of War Damages (BOW). Statement on war losses and damages of Poland in 1939–1945.[61] Total Population of ethnic Poles and Polish Jews (only) in 1939 A. 27,007,000 Causes of human losses (% of total) % Direct war operations B. 644,000 10.7% Murdered in the extermination camps, executions, liquidation of ghettos 3,577,000 59.3% Prisons, concentration camps, epidemics, extenuation, bad treatment 1,286,000 21.3% Outside the camps : because of extenuation, wounds, injuries, beatings, hard labour 521,000 8.7% Total number of war losses C. 6,028,000 100.0% Notes provided in the report:
A. Population of 27,007,000 includes only
ethnic Poles & Jews; Polish citizens of national minorities (Ukrainians, Belarusians) and Germans are not included.[62]- Population of 27,007,000 includes 5,193,000 Poles and Jews in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union.[62]
B. Figure of 644,000 deaths caused by direct war operations includes 123,000 military casualties.[61]
C. Total deaths of 6,028,000 includes about 3,000,000 Jews.[62]- In addition to the above losses there was a decrease of 1,215,000 births.[61]
Criticism of 1947 Report of Polish Bureau of War Damages
- C. Since the fall of communism the Polish historian Czesław Łuczak maintained that the figure 6.0 million war dead is not correct because in January 1947 the communist dominated government in Poland pressured the Bureau of War Damages to come up with a figure of war losses to present at a conference on war reparations from Germany even though they had incomplete information at that time. A subsequent 1951 study by the Polish Ministry of Finance found actual losses to be about 5.1 million persons.[2][63][64]Timothy Snyder maintains that the figure of six million Polish war dead was generated in 1946 for domestic political purposes by the Stalinist regime. He believes that a figure 4.8 million "is probably closer to the truth", including non Jewish losses of one million due to German and 100,000 to Soviet repression and one million due to "mistreatment and as casualties of war"[65]
- Population of 27,007,000 includes 5,193,000 Poles and Jews in the
Polish Ministry of Finance
The Polish government Ministry of Finance in 1951 prepared a study to investigate and detail Poland's war losses in order to document claims for war reparations from Germany.[66] This study was to remain secret and not published until after the collapse of communism in Poland.[66] The Ministry of Finance estimated actual losses at 5,085,000 persons, 943,000 less than the Polish government Bureau of War Damages(BOW) report of 1947. According to Ministry of Finance figures losses were 5,085,000 persons (1,706,700 Poles and 3,378,000) Jews[67]
According to Assessments and Estimates: an Outline by Mateusz Gniazdowski:[66] "This discrepancy was explained by demographers who maintained that that the (BOW) included the "missing" category in the total population loss figure, based on the statistics of the end of 1945, while many people believed to have been dead either returned to the country, or remained abroad as emigres. It was not until 1950 that the war – or war related – population migrations were over, in demographic terms."[66]
The 1951 Report by Polish Finance Ministry Cause of death (Poles & Jews) Number % Acts of War 550,000 10.7% Murdered intentionally 3,000,700 57.3% Victims of prisons and concentration camps 1,083,000 21.3% Victims of forced labor 274,000 5.4% Exhaustion 168,000 3.3% Total 5,075,700 100.0% Source: Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) Warszawa 2009
ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6Page 15 (There was no explanation given for the difference of 9,300 between this schedule and the total losses of 5,085,000 persons in the description of the Ministry of Finance Report, see above)
Kazimierz Piesowicz
In 1987 the
- Poland's Population Balance (1939–1950)
Description Total Poles Jews Germans Others
(Ukrainians
/Belarusians)Population 1939 (by Nationality) A. 35,000,000 24,300,000 3,200,000 800,000 6,700,000 Natural Increase 1939–1945 B. 1,300,000 1,000,000 300,000 Total Human Losses C. (6,000,000) (3,100,000) (2,800,000) (100,000) War Emigration D. (1,500,000) (500,000) (200,000) (600,000) (200,000) Border Changes USSR E. (6,700,000) (700,000) (6,000,000) Population gain Recovered Territories F. 1,100,000 1,100,000 0 0 0 Re-Immigration 1946–50 G. 200,000 200,000 0 0 0 Deportations to USSR 1944-1947 H. (500,000) 0 0 (500,000) Natural Increase 1946–1950 I. 2,100,000 2,100,000 0 0 0 Population 1950 J. 25,000,000 24,400,000 200,000 200,000 200,000 Note: The number in parentheses indicates a negative amount (a negative balance)
Source of figures: Kazimierz Piesowicz, Demograficzne skutki II wojny swiatowej Studia Demograficzne, No. 1/87, 1987. 103-36 pp. Warsaw[68]Legend:
- A. Population as of 1939. – In this analysis the nationality of the population is by the Greek Catholic adherents who are sometimes classified with the Ukrainian and Belarusian groups [56]
- B. Natural Increase October 1939-December 1945 -After the war Polish demographers calculated the estimated natural population growth that occurred during the war. This figure is the net total of actual births less the total of deaths by natural causes from October 1939-December 1945.[68]
- C. Kazimierz Piesowicz put the total war dead at 6.0 million. He also notes that all the figures are approximated.[68]
- D. War Emigration Polish citizens who remained abroad after the war.[68]
- E. Border Changes USSR The number of Polish citizens who remained in the USSR after the war estimated by Kazimierz Piesowicz.[68]
- F. Population gain Recovered Territories Germans remaining in Poland after the war in the Recovered Territories. This group included 1,100,000 German nationals who declared their allegiance to Poland.[69]
- G. Re-immigration 1946-50 Poles resident in western Europe before the war, primarily in Germany and France, who returned to Poland after the war [70]
- H. Deportations to USSR 1944-1947-Forced resettlement of Ukrainians and Belarusians to the USSR.[70]
- I. Natural Increase 1946-1950 This is the official Polish government data for births and natural deaths from January 1946 until the census of December 1950.[70]
- J. Population December 1950 Per Census The total population per the December 1950 census was 25 million.[70]
- A. Population as of 1939. – In this analysis the nationality of the population is by the
Franciszek Proch
Franciszek Proch was a Polish lawyer and journalist. During the war he was imprisoned at the Dachau concentration camp. In the post war era he resided in Germany and the United States.[71] Proch published Poland's Way of the Cross in 1987 in which he estimated Poland's war dead.[72] The estimates of Franciszek Proch were cited by Tadeusz Piotrowski in his book Poland's Holocaust [73]
Description Population
(Poles&Jews)Military Losses Civilian Losses
(Non-Jewish)Civilian Losses
(Jewish)Total Losses % Population Poland 28,400,000 Under German Occupation 295,000 2,345,000 2,400,000 5,040,000 17.7% Under Soviet Occupation 65,000 885,000 100,000 1,050,000 3.7% Total Losses 360,000 3,320,000 2,500,000 6,090,000 21.4% Source of figures: Franciszek Proch, Poland's Way of the Cross, New York 1987 Pages 143-144
Details provided by Franciszek Proch:
- Population includes 25.0 million Poles and 3.4 million Jews.[74]
- Jewish Losses- 2.4 million victims of Nazis and 100,000 of Soviet Terror. 32,000 Jews died in Polish military.[74]
- Victims of Soviet Terror- 1,800,000 deported and 750,000 released; 1,050,000 dead (15,000 Katyn; 565,000 in Labor camps; 220,000 Missing; 150,000 Died since 1955; 100,000 unaccounted for)[74]
Czesław Łuczak
Łuczak authored Polska i Polacy w drugiej wojnie światowej (Poland and Poles in the Second World War). In a section on the demographic losses he presented estimated losses with some brief observations. The figures are Łuczak's estimates.[75]
Estimated total losses by Czesław Łuczak Number of casualties During German Occupation of Poland 5,100,000 Direct War Operations (not including Warsaw Uprising) 450,000 Subtotal 5,500,000 Outside Polish Territory 500,000 Other Countries 2,000 Total 6,000,000 Sourced from: Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami.[76]
- Losses during the German occupation of Polish territory were 5.1 million persons.[75]
- Losses due to direct war operations, not including Warsaw Uprising were 450,000 persons.[75]
- Losses outside Polish territory were 500,000 persons. This figure includes forced labor in Germany as well as in the USSR. Losses in the USSR included mass executions and the deaths of those persons deported and resettled in the USSR.[75]
- Total Polish War losses were 6 million persons.[75]
Czesław Łuczak also authored an article in the Polish academic journal Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik, titled Szanse i trudnosci bilansu demograficznego Polski w latach 1939–1945 (Possibilities and Difficulties of the Demographic Balance in Poland 1939-1945), pages 9–14:
Estimated losses by Czesław Łuczak Number of casualties by ethnic group Ethnic Polish Victims During German Occupation 1,500,000 Ethnic Polish victims in Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union500,000 Jewish Victims During German Occupation 2,900,000 Losses of Other Ethnic Groups 1,000,000 Total 5,900,000 to 6,000,000 Source: Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. [76]
- A summary of the main points in Łuczak's article are as follows.
- The 1947 Report of the Polish Bureau of War Damages considered only Poles and Jews in the 1939 population, other minorities were not included with the losses.[2]
- The Polish Bureau of War Damages report of 1947 put Jewish losses at 3.4 million; in a subsequent report to the United Nations this figure was 3.2 million Jewish dead, thus reducing the total to 5.8 million.[2]
- Actual losses of Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union was about 500-800,000 persons. Reports published in the west estimating these losses at 1.5 million Poles in Soviet hands is not based on reliable evidence.[2]
- Losses of Ethnic Poles in the Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia range from a few thousand up to several hundred thousand persons, occasionally 200,000. The figure of 500,000 deaths mentioned by Lech Wałęsa is not based on reliable evidence.[2]
- The estimates for losses of the Jewish population in the Holocaust range from 2.7 million to 3.4 million persons.[2]
- Łuczak estimated total losses at 6.0-5.9 million Polish citizens, not less than the report of the Polish Bureau of War Damages. This figure includes 2.9 million Jews, 2.0 million Ethnic Poles.[2]
- Łuczak estimated total losses of Ethnic Poles under the German occupation.[2]
- Łuczak maintains total overall losses of Ethnic Poles and Jews at about 5.0 million persons, 1.0 million less than the 1947 report of the Polish Bureau of War Damages.[2]
Tadeusz Piotrowski
Thaddeus Piotrowski is a
Comparative Poland's War Dead estimated by Tadeusz Piotrowski in 2005 presented on the Project in Posterum website,[77]
Description Total population War Dead Ethnic Poles 22,700,000 2,000,000 Jews 3,400,000 3,100,000 Other Minorities 9,000,000 500,000 Total 35,100,000 5,600,000
Causes of Poland's War Dead estimated by Tadeusz Piotrowski in 2005 on Project in Posterum website,[77]
Causes of War Dead Estimated number German Occupation 5,100,000 Soviet Occupation 350,000 Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia 100,000 Total 5,600,000
Kazimierz Bajer
An analysis of Poland's war losses by Kazimierz Bajer was published in the journal of the veterans of the
Calculation of Population Capable of Resistance Total Population September 1939 A. 35,339,000 Less population Not Ethnic Polish B. 10,951,000 Ethnic Polish Population C. 24,388,000 Less losses 1939 Campaign D. 849,000 Less population Not Capable of Resistance E. 11,526,000 Population Capable of Resistance-October 1939 12,013,000 Source of figures: Bajer, Kazimierz Zakres udziału Polaków w walce o niepodległość na obszarze państwa polskiego w latach 1939–1945, "Zeszyty Historyczne Stowarzyszenia Żołnierzy Armii Krajowej", (Kraków) 1996 Pages 10–13
A. Population of 35.339 million includes about 240,000 in Polish annexed Trans-Olza area around Český Těšín.[17]
B. Population not ethnic Polish includes 2,916,000 Jews.[17]
C. Ethnic Polish population includes 435,000 Polish speaking Jews.[17]
D. Population Losses 1939 Campaign- Bajer estimated that 69% of the 1,230,000 human losses in Sept. 1939 were Poles. (Total 849,000: Killed 296,000; Prisoners of War 449,000; emigrated from Poland (Sept./Oct 1939) 104,000).[80] The IPN put the 1939 war dead at 360,000.[39]
E. Population Not Capable of Resistance(100% ages 1–14; 50% ages 15–19; 30% women 20-39; 100% over 70 years and 632,000 disabled) [81]
Losses of Ethnic Polish Population Capable of Resistance Population Capable of Resistance Oct 1939 12,013,000 Less war Dead 1944–1945 C. 170,000 Add return of Wounded soldiers 70,000 Less deported to USSR 663,000 Less conscripted in Soviet Armed Forces 76,000 Less conscripted in German Armed Forces 200,000 Less conscripted for Work USSR 250,000 Less Forced Labor in Germany 1,897,000 Less entered on VolkslisteD.815,000 Less arrested in USSR 150,000 Less prisoners in Concentration Camps 138,000 Less murdered A./B. 506,000 Less deaths In Prisons & Camps A./B. 1,146,000 Less deaths Outside of Prisons & Camps A./B. 473,000 Less murdered in Eastern Regions B. 100,000 Less invalids 530,000 Subtotal of net losses 7,044,000 Total population Capable of Resistance-May 1945 4,969,000
Source of figures: Bajer, Kazimierz Zakres udziału Polaków w walce o niepodległość na obszarze państwa polskiego w latach 1939–1945, "Zeszyty Historyczne Stowarzyszenia Żołnierzy Armii Krajowej", (Kraków) 1996 Page 14
A. Bajer uses the 1947 Bureau of War Damages figures as the base to compute his estimate of ethnic Polish war dead.[82]
B. Figure included by IPN in total ethnic Polish war dead of 2,770,000[83]
C. The IPN put the war dead in 1944/45 at 183,000.[83]
D. According to Bajer's calculations the number of Polish citizens on the
Institute of National Remembrance
The Polish government affiliated Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) in 2009 estimated total war dead at between 5,620,000 and 5,820,000 persons. They did not provide a detailed population balance showing how the figures were derived. They did however breakout the figures of the total war dead.[4][46]
Description Human Losses Ethnic PolesDeaths -German Occupation2,770,000 Polish Jews 2,700,000 to 2,900,000 Victims of Soviet Repression 150,000 Total War Dead 5,620,000 to 5,820,000 Source: Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), Warszawa 2009,
ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6. Page 9
Losses of
Description Losses 1939/40 1940/41 1941/42 1942/43 1943/44 1944/45 Total Direct War Losses 360,000 183,000 543,000 Murdered 75,000 100,000 116,000 133,000 82,000 506,000 Deaths In Prisons & Camps 69,000 210,000 220,000 266,000 381,000 1,146,000 Deaths Outside of Prisons & Camps 42,000 71,000 142,000 218,000 473,000 Murdered in Eastern Regions 100,000 100,000 Deaths other countries 2,000 Total 504,000 352,000 407,000 541,000 681,000 270,000 2,770,000 Source: Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), Warszawa 2009,
ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6. Page 30- The Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) figures are taken from the study by Kazimierz Bajer Zakres udziału Polaków w walce o niepodległość na obszarze państwa polskiego w latach 1939–1945, which is detailed above. The IPN noted that Bajers study was an attempt to calculate the overall losses of ethnic Poles.[85] The authors of the (IPN) report point out that the figure of 2,770,000 deaths during the German occupation should be treated with caution. They maintain that it is difficult to obtain accurate information on the exact number and causes of Poland's losses. They hope that ongoing projects in Poland will be able to provide more accurate information in the future.[86]
- Figure of 2,770,000 Poles does not include 100,000 victims of massacres in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia.[87]
- The ethnic Poles in the Soviet occupied regions.[88]
- By June 2009 the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) was able to confirm the information regarding 1.5 million of the total estimated 5.8 million war dead.[89] In 2012 the Institute of National Remembrance was able to identify 3,474,449 victims and those persons persecuted under the German occupation [90]
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum believes that "The Nazi terror was, in scholar Norman Davies's words, "much fiercer and more protracted in Poland than anywhere in Europe." Reliable statistics for the total number of Poles who died as a result of Nazi German policies do not exist. Many others were victims of the 1939-1941 Soviet occupation of eastern Poland and of deportations to Central Asia and Siberia. Records are incomplete, and the Soviet control of Poland for 50 years after the war impeded independent scholarship. The changing borders and ethnic composition of Poland as well as vast population movements during and after the war also complicated the task of calculating losses In the past, many estimates of losses were based on a Polish report of 1947 requesting reparations from the Germans; this often cited document tallied population losses of 6 million for all Polish "nationals" (Poles, Jews, and other minorities). Subtracting 3 million Polish Jewish victims, the report claimed 3 million non-Jewish victims of the Nazi terror, including civilian and military casualties of war. According to the USHMM, "Documentation remains fragmentary, but today scholars of independent Poland believe that 1.8 to 1.9 million Polish civilians (non-Jews) were victims of German Occupation policies and the war."[91]
Military casualties
Poland lost a total of about 140,000 regular soldiers killed and missing. The Polish resistance movement lost an additional 100,000 fighters during the war.[63]
The official Historical Journal of the Polish military has published statistics on Polish military casualties. The following schedule details these losses.
Description Killed Wounded Missing Prisoners of War Total Campaign Poland 1939 95-97,000 130,000 650,000 876,000 Free Polish Forces 33,256 42,666 8,548 29,385 113,855 Warsaw Uprising (Resistance forces) 18,000 25,000 60,443 Total 146,256 to 148,256 197,666 8,548 697,500 1,050,298
Sources:
Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), Warszawa 2009,
T. Panecki, Wysiłek zbrojny Polski w II wojnie światowej, pl:Wojskowy Przegląd Historyczny 1995, nr 1-2, s. 13,18.
- The figure of 95-97,000 killed in the 1939 campaign includes 17-19,000 in Soviet hands as POW.[94]
- The Armia Krajowa resistance movement which had a strength of about 400,000 fighters in 1944 lost 100,000 killed in the struggle against the German occupation and 50,000 imprisoned by the Soviet Union at the end of the war.[95]
Polish casualties in English language sources
Estimated figures for World War II casualties are divergent and contradictory. The authors of the Oxford Companion to World War II maintain that "casualty statistics are notoriously unreliable".[96] The following is a list of published statistics for Polish casualties in World War II.
- Encyclopedia Britannica article "World Wars" (2010) Military-killed, died of wounds or in prison-123,718; wounded-236,606; prisoners or missing 420,760; civilian deaths due to war 5,675,000. Estimated total deaths 5,800,000.[97]
- I. C. B. Dear, Oxford Companion to World War II (2005) Military losses- 123,000 Civilian losses- 4,000,000 Total losses- 4,123,000.[98]
- World War II Desk Reference (2004). Military losses-123,000 estimated. Civilians killed 6,000,000.[99]
- Spencer C. Tucker, Encyclopedia of World War Two (2004) Battle deaths 320,000; wounded 530,000; missing in action 420,760. Civilians dead 3,000,00.[100]
- Clodfelter, Micheal. Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference (2002) Total military dead all causes 597,320 including battle deaths of 123,178; wounded 766,606. Civilian deaths 5,675,000 including 3,000,000 Jews[101]
- John Keegan, Atlas of the Second World War (1997)-Military dead 850,000(169,822 as allies); civilian dead 5,778,000.[102]
- World War Two: Nation by Nation (1995) Military dead approx. 480,000 including (125,000 killed in battle, 30,000 POW in Soviet hands and 200,000 in German hands, 80,000 Polish resistance and 35,000 in German armed forces.) Civilian dead 5,300,000 including 2,900,000 Jews.[103]
- John Ellis, World War II: A Statistical Survey (1993) 1939– 66,300 killed & 133,700 wounded, W. Europe 4,500 killed & 13,000 wounded, with Russians at least 40,000 killed & wounded Civilians 4,800,000 killed in camps plus c. 500,000 other dead[104]
- Alan Bullock (1992) – Military dead 123,000 and 6,000,000 civilian dead(including 2,900,000 Jews).[105]
- by Ukrainian nationalists 60,000.
- Wars and War-Related Deaths 1700-1987 (1987)- Total deaths 6,600,000 -military 600,000; civilians 6,000,000,[107]
- Melvin Small and J. David Singer (1982), Military dead 320,000.[108]
- Quincy Wright (1965), Deaths (military 64,000; civilians 2,064,000).[109]
References
- ^ ISBN 0-7864-0371-3.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Łuczak (1994) Pages 9-14
- ^ a b Materski and Szarota page 16
- ^ a b c d e f Materski and Szarota. Page 9.
- ^ Krystyna Kersten, Szacunek strat osobowych w Polsce Wschodniej. Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI- 1994 p. 47
- ISBN 5-02-013479-1. Pp. 73-79, Soviet losses of 26.6 million are calculated for the USSR population in mid-1941 within the borders of 1946-1991
- ^ Materski and Szarota page 9 Sądzić zatem można, że z rąk Niemców zginęło ok. 5 470 000-5 670 000 Polaków i Żydów - obywateli polskich.
- ^ Materski and Szarota page 9 Łączne straty śmiertelne ludności polskiej pod okupacją niemiecką oblicza się obecnie na ok. 2 770 000.
- ^ Materski and Szarota page 9 liczba Żydów i Polaków żydowskiego pochodzenia, obywateli II Rzeczypospolitej, zamordowanych przez Niemców sięga 2,7- 2,9 mln osób
- ^ Materski and Szarota page 9 pod okupacją sowiecką zginęło w latach 1939–1941, a następnie 1944-1945 co najmniej 150 tys. obywateli II RP
- ^ Materski and Szarota. Page 32.
- ^ Materski and Szarota.Page 32: Najwięcej Żydów polskich zginęło w obozach śmierci - 1 860 000. Pozostali stracili życie w gettach, w pacyfikacjach itp.
- ISBN 9788376290676.
- ISBN 9780099551799.
- ISBN 9780531056417.
- ^ German Crimes in Poland. Vol. 1. Warsaw: Central Commission for the Investigation of German Crimes in Poland . 1946. pp. 165–166.
- ^ a b c d e Maly Rocznik Statystyczny Polski- London 1941
- ^ Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory - page 297, Norman Davies, 2006
- ^ Trenkner, Joachim (2008-08-29). "Wieluń, czwarta czterdzieści" (in Polish). Tygodnik Powszechny.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - ^ History of Sulejów
- ^ Bruno Coppieters, N. Fotion, eds. (2002) Moral constraints on war: principles and cases, Lexington Books, p 74.
- ISBN 978-0-7818-0758-6 p 14.
- ^ Materski and Szarota Page 16 [Czesław Łuczak podaje całkowite straty w Powstaniu Warszawskim - ponad 180 tys., w tym ok. 15 tys. powstańców. Natomiast Krzysztof Komorowski (Powstanie Warszawskie [w:] Armia Krajowa. Szkice z dziejów Sil Zbrojnych..., s. 317) szacuje straty ludności cywilnej na 100-150 tys. poległych.] przez Łuczaka, który jednak sumuje jedynie straty ludności cywilnej z 1939 r. i Powstania Warszawskiego, pomijając te, które zostały poniesione na skutek działań wojennych na innych frontach, zwłaszcza z okresu 1944-1945. Wysokość strat ludności cywilnej w Powstaniu Warszawskim jest podawana bardzo różnie. W ostatnich latach na najwyższym poziomie, około 250 tys. ludności, określili je Stanisław B. Lenard i Ireneusz Wywiał, Władysław Bartoszewski zaś podaje liczbę około 150 tys. zabitych, z czego około 50 tys. miało zginąć w wyniku nalotów niemieckich, "ponad 40 tys. mężczyzn, kobiet i dzieci wymordowały na Woli, Ochocie, Starym Mieście i Czerniakowie oddziały Reinefartha, Dirlewangera i Schmidta, tysiące - w alei Szucha - formacje policyjne podległe Geiblowi i Hahnowi". Autorzy niemieccy przedstawiają straty ludności cywilnej w czasie Powstania Warszawskiego w wysokości 150-220 tys.
- ^ Materski and Szarota Page 28
- ^ Materski and Szarota Page 28 Dawałoby to liczbę 400 tys. osadzonych w więzieniach, 148 tys. zamordowanych w egzekucjach i 240 tys. zesłanych do obozów koncentracyjnych.
- ^ Materski and Szarota Page 27
- ^ ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6 page 32. Foreword by Janusz Kurtyka. (Digital copy: Internet Archive Wayback Machine)
- ^ Marek Jan Chodakiewicz, "Between Nazis and Soviets: occupation politics in Poland, 1939-1947", Lexington Books, 2004, pgs. 92, 105, 118, and 325
- ^ Materski and Szarota Page 30
- ISBN 0786403713p.300
- ^ Gross Pages 92-93(Gross cites Polish sources that show pre-war the average per capita grain consumption in Poland of 246.4 kg. per capita, the Government General region produced only 202.7 kg. per capita)
- ^ Gross Page 99
- ^ Gross Page 100
- ISBN 0-7818-0901-0Page 31
- ^ Gross Page 109
- ^ Gross Page 102
- ^ Zieliński, Henryk. Population changes in Poland, 1939-1950.[New York] Mid-European Studies Center, National Committee for a Free Europe 1954 Page67
- ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6page 99
- ^ a b Materski and Szarota page 30
- ISBN 0-674-07608-7p. 372
- ISBN 0786403713Page 297
- ^ Franciszek Proch, Poland's Way of the Cross, New York 1987 Pages 99-147
- ^ Paul Robert Magocsi. (1996). A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pg. 621
- ^ Resolve the Ukrainian Question Once and For All: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ukrainians in Poland, 1943–1947, Timothy Snyder, Working Paper, Yale University, 2001
- ^ Grzegorz Motyka, Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji "Wisła". Konflikt polsko-ukraiński 1943- 1947. Kraków 2011, p.447
- ^ a b c Wojciech Materski, Tomasz Szarota (2009), POLSKA 1939-1945 STRATY OSOBOWE I OFIARY REPRESJI POD DWIEMA OKUPACJAMI. Internet Archive. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
- ^ Materski and Szarota. pp 32-34
- ^ a b Maly Rocznik Statystyczny Polski-London 1941
- ISBN 978-83-08-04488-9
- ^ Gerhard Reichning, Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen, Teil 1, Bonn 1995. Page 36
- ISBN 83-89078-80-5
- ^ a b Materski and Szarota Page 14
- ^ Bureau odszkodowan wojennych(BOW), Statement on war losses and damages of Poland in 1939–1945. Warsaw 1947
- ISBN 0786403713p.143
- ISBN 0786403713page 294
- ^ ISBN 0786403713page 305
- ISBN 0-7656-0665-8p. 112
- ^ Keegan, John The Second World War 1989
- ^ Messenger, Charles Chronological Atlas of World War Two 1989
- ^ Richard C Lukas Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation 1939-1944 1986
- ^ a b c Poland. Bureau odszkodowan wojennych(BOW), Statement on war losses and damages of Poland in 1939–1945. Warsaw 1947
- ^ a b c Materski and Szarota Page 45
- ^ a b Gniazdowski
- ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6.
- ISBN 9780099551799.
- ^ a b c d Gniazdowski, Mateusz. Losses Inflicted on Poland by Germany during World War II. Assessments and Estimates—an Outline The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs, 2007, no. 1.
- ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6Page 15 Powyższe dane zostały skorygowane przez komisję pracującą przy Ministerstwie Finansów w latach 1949–1951, która liczbą ofiar śmiertelnych określiła na 5 085 000 osób, w tym 1 706 700 Polaków i 3 378 000 Żydów
- ^ a b c d e Kazimierz Piesowicz, Demograficzne skutki II wojny swiatowej Studia Demograficzne, No. 1/87, 1987. 103-36 pp. Warsaw, Poland
- ISBN 83-89078-80-5
- ^ a b c d Ludnosc Polski w XX wieku / Andrzej Gawryszewski. Warsaw 2005.
- ^ Franciszek Jozef Proch
- ^ Franciszek Proch, Poland's Way of the Cross, New York 1987
- ISBN 0786403713page 305
- ^ a b c Franciszek Proch, Poland's Way of the Cross, New York 1987 Pages 143-144
- ^ a b c d e Łuczak (1993) Page 683
- ^ ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6Page 16
- ^ a b Tadeusz Piotrowski Poland World War II casualties
- ^ Bajer, Kazimierz Zakres udziału Polaków w walce o niepodległość na obszarze państwa polskiego w latach 1939–1945, "Zeszyty Historyczne Stowarzyszenia Żołnierzy Armii Krajowej", (Kraków) 1996 (This article is available in Polish libraries and at the Stanford Univ. Library in the U.S.)
- ^ Materski and Szarota page 30 -Źródło: K. Bajer, Zakres udziału Polaków w walce o niepodległość na obszarze państwa polskiego w latach 1939–1945, "Zeszyty Historyczne Stowarzyszenia Żołnierzy Armii Krajowej", (Kraków) 1996, nr 1, s. 14 (tablica: Obliczenie liczby Polaków teoretycznie zdolnych do oporu wobec najeźdźców). Dane te zostały uzupełnione o wyliczenia z innych źródeł.[1]
- ^ Bajer, Kazimierz Zakres udziału Polaków w walce o niepodległość na obszarze państwa polskiego w latach 1939–1945, "Zeszyty Historyczne Stowarzyszenia Żołnierzy Armii Krajowej", (Kraków) 1996 Page 9
- ^ Bajer, Kazimierz Zakres udziału Polaków w walce o niepodległość na obszarze państwa polskiego w latach 1939–1945, "Zeszyty Historyczne Stowarzyszenia Żołnierzy Armii Krajowej", (Kraków) 1996 Page 10
- ^ a b Bajer, Kazimierz Zakres udziału Polaków w walce o niepodległość na obszarze państwa polskiego w latach 1939–1945, "Zeszyty Historyczne Stowarzyszenia Żołnierzy Armii Krajowej", (Kraków) 1996 Page 11
- ^ a b Materski and Szarota page 30 Table 10
- ^ Materski and Szarota. Page 30 Header on table 10 reads Straty ludności polskiej (Polaków)
- ^ Materski and Szarota. Page 30 (Próbę obliczenia ogólnych strat biologicznych Polaków)
- ^ Materski and Szarota. Page 9 (Liczbę tę należy traktować orientacyjnie, gdyż dla samej Warszawy historycy mają problem z ustaleniem liczby ofiar bezpowrotnych)
- ^ Materski and Szarota. Page 9 Do tych strat należy doliczyć ponad 100 tys. Polaków pomordowanych w latach 1942-1945 przez nacjonalistów ukraińskich (w tym na samym Wołyniu ok. 60 tys. osób)
- ^ Materski and Szarota Page 9 Badacze, sumując dotychczasowe ustalenia i podając przyczyny porażek i utrudnień badawczych, skłonni są przypuszczać, że pod okupacją sowiecką zginęło w latach 1939–1941, a następnie 1944-1945 co najmniej 150 tys. obywateli II RP (taką liczbę da się ustalić na drodze potwierdzeń pozytywnych, przy czym nadal w obiegu naukowym pozostaje liczba 500 tys.
- ^ Materski and Szarota. Page 9 (Do końca czerwca 2009 r. lista ta obejmuje zweryfikowane informacje o 1,5 mln osób.)
- ^ (Obecnie, w bazie programu można znaleźć informacje o 3,474,449 ofiarach i osobach represjonowanych pod okupacją niemiecką)"Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod okupacją niemiecką"
- ^ "Polish Resistance and Conclusions United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC". Archived from the original on 2018-01-02.
- ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6.
- ^ T. Panecki, Wsiłek zbrojny Polski w II wojnie światowej pl:Wojskowy Przegląd Historyczny,1995, no. 1–2, pp. 13–18
- ^ Materski and Szarota Page 20
- ^ [2] Archived 2016-08-26 at the Wayback Machine -(Polish) Armia Krajowa. Encyklopedia WIEM.
- ISBN 0-19-280670-Xpage 225
- ^ Encyclopedia Britannica, article World Wars, 2010
- ISBN 0-19-280670-Xpage 290
- ISBN 9780060526511pages 432-435
- ^ Spencer C. Tucker ,Encyclopedia of world war two, Abc-Clio Inc , 2004 9781576079997 pages 300-301
- ISBN 0-7864-1204-6. p. 582-583
- ^ John Keegan Atlas of the Second World War , HarperCollins 1997 Pages 204-205
- ISBN 1854092901p.244
- ISBN 0-8160-2971-7. pp. 253–254
- ISBN 0394586018, pages 986-988
- ^ a b Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900, Lit Verlag, 1999
- Ruth Leger Sivardpage 29
- ^ Melvin Small and J. David Singer Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars, 1816-1980 Sage 1982 page 91
- ^ Quincy Wright A Study of War revised ed University of Chicago Press. 1965 page 1542
Further reading
- Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Institute of National Remembrance (IPN), Warszawa 2009, ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6. Digital copy: Internet Archive Wayback Machine)
- Gniazdowski, Mateusz. Losses Inflicted on Poland by Germany during World War II. Assessments and Estimates—an Outline The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs, 2007, no. 1.This article is available from the Central and Eastern European Online Library at http://www.ceeol.com
- ISBN 0-691-09381-4
- Krystyna Kersten, Szacunek strat osobowych w Polsce Wschodniej. Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI- 1994
- Łuczak, Czesław (1993), Polska i Polacy w drugiej wojnie światowej
- Łuczak, Czesław (1994), Szanse i trudnosci bilansu demograficznego Polski w latach 1939–1945 [Possibilities and Difficulties of the Demographic Balance in Poland 1939-1945]. Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI- 1994
- ISBN 0-7818-0901-0
- Nurowski, Roman War Losses of Poland Warsaw 1960
- T. Panecki, Wsiłek zbrojny Polski w II wojnie światowej pl:Wojskowy Przegląd Historyczny,1995, no. 1–2
- Piesowicz, Kazimierz. Demographic effects of World War II. [Demograficzne skutki II wojny swiatowej.] Studia Demograficzne, No. 1/87, 1987. 103-36 pp. Warsaw, Poland
- Poland. Bureau odszkodowan wojennych(BOW), Statement on war losses and damages of Poland in 1939–1945. Warsaw 1947
- Franciszek Proch, Poland's Way of the Cross, New York 1987
- Tadeusz Piotrowski Poland World War II casualties
- Tadeusz Piotrowski Poland's Holocaust: Ethnic Strife, Collaboration with Occupying Forces and Genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947 McFarland & Company, 1997 ISBN 0786403713
- U.S. Bureau of the Census The Population of Poland Ed. W. Parker Mauldin, Washington- 1954
- United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.Poles Victims of the Nazi Era". Ushmm.org Archived 2014-07-14 at the Wayback Machine
- Zieliński, Henryk. Population changes in Poland, 1939-1950 New York Mid-European Studies Center, National Committee for a Free Europe 1954
- Wojciech Materski, Tomasz Szarota (2009), POLSKA 1939-1945 STRATY OSOBOWE I OFIARY REPRESJI POD DWIEMA OKUPACJAMI. Internet Archive. Retrieved March 13, 2013.
- Victims of the Nazi Regime-Database of Polish citizens repressed under the German Occupation [3]
- pl:Piotr Eberhardt, 'Political Migrations In Poland 1939-1948 Warsaw2006
- ISBN 0-7656-0665-8
- Andrzej Gawryszewski LUDNOŚĆ POLSKI W XX WIEKU POLSKA AKADEMIA NAUK NSTYTUT GEOGRAFII I PRZESTRZENNEGO ZAGOSPODAROWANIA IM. STANISŁAWA LESZCZYCKIEGO
- Bajer, Kazimierz Zakres udziału Polaków w walce o niepodległość na obszarze państwa polskiego w latach 1939-1945, "Zeszyty Historyczne Stowarzyszenia Żołnierzy Armii Krajowej", (Kraków) 1996
Further reading
External links
- Truth about camps, website created by Institute of National Remembrance
- Map of the German death camps on occupied Polish territories.
- Concentration camps' functionaries and biographical notes and witness’ accounts created by Institute of National Remembrance
- Database containing records concerning SS KL Auschwitz personnel
- Polish Victims article in The Holocaust Encyclopedia — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum