Wrasse
Wrasses | |
---|---|
Moon wrasse, Thalassoma lunare, a typical wrasse | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Actinopterygii |
Order: | Labriformes |
Family: | Labridae G. Cuvier, 1816 |
Genera | |
The wrasses are a family, Labridae, of marine fish, many of which are brightly colored. The family is large and diverse, with over 600 species in 81 genera, which are divided into 9 subgroups or tribes.[1][2][3] They are typically small, most of them less than 20 cm (7.9 in) long, although the largest, the
Taxonomy
Etymology
The word "wrasse" comes from the Cornish word wragh, a lenited form of gwragh, meaning an old woman or hag, via Cornish dialect wrath. It is related to the Welsh gwrach and Breton gwrac'h.[7]
Subgroups and tribes
Genera
- Acantholabrus
- Achoerodus
- Ammolabrus
- Anampses
- Anchichoerops
- Austrolabrus
- Bodianus
- Centrolabrus
- Cheilinus
- Cheilio
- Choerodon
- Cirrhilabrus
- Clepticus
- Conniella
- Coris
- Ctenolabrus
- Cymolutes
- Decodon
- Diproctacanthus
- Doratonotus
- Dotalabrus
- Epibulus
- Eupetrichthys
- Frontilabrus
- Gomphosus
- Halichoeres
- Hemigymnus
- Hologymnosus
- Iniistius
- Labrichthys
- Labroides
- Labropsis
- Labrus
- Lachnolaimus
- Lappanella
- Larabicus
- Leptojulis
- Macropharyngodon
- Malapterus
- Minilabrus
- Notolabrus
- Novaculichthys
- Novaculoides
- Novaculops
- Ophthalmolepis
- Oxycheilinus
- Oxyjulis
- Paracheilinus
- Parajulis
- Pictilabrus
- Polylepion
- Pseudocheilinops
- Pseudocheilinus
- Pseudocoris
- Pseudodax
- Pseudojuloides
- Pseudolabrus
- Pteragogus
- Sagittalarva
- Semicossyphus
- Stethojulis
- Suezichthys
- Symphodus
- Tautoga
- Tautogolabrus
- Terelabrus
- Thalassoma
- Wetmorella
- Xenojulis
- Xiphocheilus
- Xyrichtys
Timeline
Description
Wrasses have
The wrasses have become a primary study species in fish-feeding
Distribution and habitat
Most wrasses inhabit the tropical and subtropical waters of the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, though some species live in temperate waters: the Ballan wrasse is found as far north as Norway. Wrasses are usually found in shallow-water habitats such as coral reefs and rocky shores, where they live close to the substrate.
Reproductive behavior
Most labrids are
Sex change in wrasses is generally female-to-male, but experimental conditions have allowed for male-to-female sex change. Placing two male Labroides dimidiatus wrasses in the same tank results in the smaller of the two becoming female again.[14] Additionally, while the individual to change sex is generally the largest female,[15] evidence also exists of the largest female instead "choosing" to remain female in situations in which she can maximize her evolutionary fitness by refraining from changing sex.[16]
Broodcare behavior of the tribe
The subgroup Labrini arose from a basal split within family Labridae during the
Cleaner wrasse
Cleaner wrasses are the best-known of the cleaner fish. They live in a cleaning symbiosis with larger, often predatory, fish, grooming them and benefiting by consuming what they remove. "Client" fish congregate at wrasse "cleaning stations" and wait for the cleaner fish to remove gnathiid parasites, the cleaners even swimming into their open mouths and gill cavities to do so. A single wrasse works for around four hours a day and in that time can inspect more than 2,000 clients.[18]
Cleaner wrasses are best known for feeding on dead tissue, scales, and
When cleaner wrasses were experimentally removed from a reef in Australia, the total number of fish species halved, and their numbers fell by three-quarters. Also, some evidence, from another Australian study, shows that cleaned fish are smarter than those not served by the wrasse.[18]
In a 2019 study, cleaner wrasses passed the mirror test, the first fish to do so.[20] However, the test's inventor, American psychologist Gordon G. Gallup, has said that the fish were most likely trying to scrape off a perceived parasite on another fish and that they did not demonstrate self-recognition. The authors of the study retorted that because the fish checked themselves in the mirror before and after the scraping, this meant that the fish had self-awareness and recognized that their reflections belonged to their own bodies.[21][22][23]
Tool use
Studies show that some wrasse species are capable of
Significance to humans
In the Western Atlantic coastal region of North America, the most common food species for indigenous humans was the
Parasites
As all fish, labrids are the hosts of a number of parasites. A list of 338 parasite taxa from 127 labrid fish species was provided by Muñoz and Diaz in 2015.[27] An example is the nematode Huffmanela ossicola.
Gallery
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Giant Napoleon wrasseCheilinus undulatus in Apo Reef, Philippines
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Humphead wrasse,Cheilinus undulatus, Melbourne Aquarium
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Yellowtail wrasse, Coris gaimard, Hawaii
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A yellowtail coris wrasse, Coris gaimard, is being cleaned byLabroides phthirophagus in Hawaii.
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Bird wrasse, Gomphosus varius, Kona (Hawaii)
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Gomphosus caeruleus swimming with a yellow goatfish
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Bluehead wrasse, Belize Barrier Reef
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Clown wrasse,Coris aygula, Red Sea
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Pearl wrasse, Anampses cuvieri, Hawaii
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Bluestreak wrasse,Labroides dimidiatus
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Six-line wrasse ,Pseudocheilinus hexataenia
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Cuckoo wrasse by Wilhelm von Wright
References
- ^ Parenti, Paolo; Randall, John E. (15 April 2011). "Checklist of the species of the families Labridae and Scaridae: an update". Smithiana Bulletin. 13: 29–44.
- ISSN 0073-4381.
- ^ a b
Cowman, P.F.; Bellwood, D.R.; van Herwerden, L. (2009). "Dating the evolutionary origins of wrasse lineages (Labridae) and the rise of trophic novelty on coral reefs". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 52 (3): 621–631. PMID 19464378.
- ISBN 978-0-12-547665-2.
- .
- S2CID 254466578.
- ^ "Wrasse | Define Wrasse at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. Retrieved 2012-06-28.
- ^ a b c
Wainwright, Peter C.; Alfaro, Michael E.; Bolnick, Daniel I.; Hulsey, C. Darrin (2005). "Many-to-One Mapping of Form to Function: A General Principle in Organismal Design?". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 45 (2): 256–262. PMID 21676769.
- ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 839.
- ^ Robertson, D.R.; Warner, R.R. (1978). "Sexual patterns in the labroid fishes of the Western Caribbean II: the parrotfishes (Scaridae)". Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 255 (255): 1–26. .
- ^ a b
Kazancioglu, E.; Alonzo, S.H. (2010). "A comparative analysis of sex change in Labridae supports the size advantage hypothesis". Evolution. 64 (8): 2254–226. PMID 20394662.
- ^ Colin, P.L.; Bell, L. J. (1992). "Aspects of the spawning of labrid and scarid fishes (Pisces, Labroidei) at Enewetak Atoll, Marshall Islands with notes on other families (corrected reprint.)". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 33 (3): 330–345. .
- ^ a b c
Hanel, R.; Westneat, M. W.; Sturmbauer, C. (December 2002). "Phylogenetic relationships, evolution of broodcare behavior, and geographic speciation in the Wrasse tribe Labrini". Journal of Molecular Evolution. 55 (6): 776–789. S2CID 3002410.
- ^ Kuwamura, T.; Tanaka, N.; Nakashima, Y.; Karino, K.; Sakai, Y (2002). "Reversed sex-change in the protogynous reef fish Labroides dimidiatus". Ethology. 108 (5): 443–450. .
- ^
Munday, P. L.; Ryen, C. A.; McCormick, M. I.; Walker, S. P. W. (2009). "Growth acceleration, behaviour and otolith check marks associated with sex change in the wrasse Halichoeres miniatus". Coral Reefs. 28 (3): 623–634. S2CID 38928952.
- ^
Munoz, R. C.; Warner, R. R. (2003). "A new version of the size-advantage hypothesis for sex change: incorporating sperm competition and size-fecundity skew". American Naturalist. 161 (5): 749–761. S2CID 33000631.
- ^ Taborsky, M.; Hudde, B.; Wirtz, P. (1987). "Reproductive behavior and ecology of Symphodus (Crenilabrus) ocellatus, a European wrasse with four types of male behavior". Behaviour. 102 (1–2): 82–118. .
- ^ a b "The Fish That Makes Other Fish Smarter" by Ed Yong, The Atlantic, March 7, 2018
- ^ Trivers, R. L. 1971
- ^ "A species of fish has passed the mirror test for the first time".
- ^ "This tiny fish can recognize itself in a mirror. Is it self-aware?". Animals. 2019-02-07. Archived from the original on September 17, 2018. Retrieved 2020-05-11.
- ^ Ye, Yvaine. "A species of fish has passed the mirror test for the first time". New Scientist. Retrieved 2020-05-11.
- doi:10.1101/397067.
- ^ Gertz, Emily (June 19, 2014). "Are Fish As Intelligent As Crows, Chimps... Or People?". Popular Science.
- PMID 26693945.
- ^ "Sea Lice". Scottish Salmon Producers' Organisation. Archived from the original on 15 September 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2011.
- ^ Muñoz G., Diaz P.E. 2015: Checklist of parasites of labrid fishes (Pisces: Labridae). Viña del Mar, Chile. PDF.
- Sepkoski, Jack (2002). "A compendium of fossil marine animal genera". Bulletins of American Paleontology. 364: 560. Retrieved 2011-05-18.
External links
- FishBase info for Labridae
- How Fish Hire a Cleaning Service
- Male and Female Images or Rock Wrasse Fish
- Smith, J.L.B. 1957. List of the fishes of the Family Labridae in the Western Indian Ocean. Ichthyological Bulletin; No. 7. Department of Ichthyology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown, South Africa.
- Photos of Wrasses on Sealife Collection