Yohanan ben Zakkai

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Rabbinical eras
See also: Johanan (name)

Yohanan ben Zakkai[a] (Hebrew: יוֹחָנָן בֶּן זַכַּאי, romanized: Yoḥānān ben Zakkay; 1st century CE), sometimes abbreviated as ריב״ז‎ ribaz for Rabbi Yohanan ben Zakkai), was a tanna, an important Jewish sage during the late Second Temple period during the transformative post-destruction era. He was a primary contributor to the core text of Rabbinic Judaism, the Mishnah. His name is often preceded by the honorific title Rabban. He is widely regarded as one of the most important Jewish figures of his time, and his escape from the Roman destruction of Jerusalem (which allowed him to continue teaching) may have been instrumental in Rabbinic Judaism's survival post-Temple. His tomb is located in Tiberias within the Maimonides burial compound.

Yohanan was the first Jewish sage attributed the title of rabbi in the Mishnah.[1]

Life

Johanan ben Zakai on the Knesset Menorah

The

Red Heifer ritual.[5]

His home, at this time, was in Arav, a village in the Galilee, where he spent eighteen years.[6][7] However, although living among them, he found the attitude of Galileans to be objectionable, allegedly exclaiming that they hated the Torah and would therefore "fall into the hands of robbers."[6] During the outbreak of hostilities, he settled in Jerusalem.

During the

Rabban Gamliel, who was of the Davidic dynasty, and a physician to treat Rabbi Tzadok, who had fasted for 40 years to stave off the destruction of Jerusalem.[9]

Upon the destruction of Jerusalem, Yochanan converted his school at Yavne into the Jewish religious centre, insisting that certain privileges, given by Jewish law uniquely to Jerusalem, should be transferred to Yavne.[10] His school functioned as a re-establishment of the Sanhedrin, so that Judaism could decide how to deal with the loss of the sacrificial altars of the temple in Jerusalem, and other pertinent questions. Referring to a passage in the Book of Hosea, "I desired mercy, and not sacrifice",[11] he helped persuade the council to replace animal sacrifice with prayer,[12] a practice that continues in today's worship services; eventually Rabbinic Judaism emerged from the council's conclusions.

In his last years he taught at Bror Hayil, a location near Yavne.[13] His habitude was to wear his Tefillin (phylacteries) all throughout the day, both in summer and winter.[14] However, during the hot summer months, he only wore his arm phylactery.[14] His students were present at his deathbed, and were requested by him, in his penultimate words, according to the Talmudic record, to reduce the risk of ritual contamination conveyed by a corpse:

Put the vessels out of the house, that they may not become unclean...[15]

More enigmatic were the Talmud's record of his last words, which seem to relate to

Jewish messianism:[6]

...prepare a throne for Hezekiah, the King of Judah, who is coming[15]

According to the Talmud, Yochanan ben Zakkai lived 120 years.[16] His students returned to Yavneh upon his death, and he was buried in the city of

Gamliel II
.

Yochanan's encounter with Vespasian

The following story is related in the Jewish classic,

Avoth deRabbi Nathan
(version B, chapter 4:5), concerning the war with Rome.

When

Judeans
in 66 CE, marking the beginning of the war with Rome).

When our Master, Yochanan b. Zakkai, heard these words, he called out to the men of Jerusalem and said to them: 'My sons, why would you destroy this city, or seek to burn down the holy house!? After all, what is he (i.e. Vespasian) asking of you? Look, he's not asking from you anything except that you relinquish your bows and arrows, and he'll depart from you.' They replied to him: 'Just as we went out against two [Roman armies] before him and killed them, so, too, we will go out against him and kill him.'

Vespasian had armored men positioned along the walls of Jerusalem, and informants within the city. Everything that they'd hear, they'd write it down upon arrows and shoot the arrows outside the wall, one of which said that Rabban Yochanan b. Zakkai was among those that admired the Caesar, and that he'd make mention of this fact to the people of Jerusalem.

When Rabbi Yochanan b. Zakkai's repeated warnings went unheeded, he sent and called for his disciples, Rabbi

Yavneh (Jamnia). I will go and teach therein my disciples, and I'll establish therein prayer, and I'll perform therein all of the duties prescribed in the divine Law.' He answered him: 'Go, and do all that you want to do.' Rabbi Yochanan b. Zakkai then said to him: 'Would you like me to tell you something?' Vespasian answered him: 'Say it.' He said to him: 'You are destined to rule over the Roman Empire
!' He asked him: 'How do you know that?' He replied: 'Thus has it been passed down unto us, that the holy house will not be given into the hands of a mere commoner, but rather into the hands of a king, as it says (Isaiah 10:34): He shall cut down the forest thickets with an iron [instrument], and Lebanon shall fall by a mighty one.'

They said that no more than two or three days had passed when a certain messenger came from his city, informing him that Caesar had just died, and that they have nominated him to head the Roman Empire. They brought unto him a catapult made of hardened cedar wood, and turned it toward the wall of Jerusalem. They brought unto him planks of cedar wood and put them into the catapult made of hardened cedar wood, and he would hit the wall with them until he made a breach in the wall...

When Rabban Yochanan b. Zakkai heard that he (i.e Caesar's son, Titus, who was left to govern the Roman army) destroyed Jerusalem and burnt down the holy house with fire, he rent his clothes, and his disciples rent their clothes, and they were crying and shouting and pounding their chests as mourners, etc.

Enactments

Jewish tradition records Yohanan ben Zakkai as being extremely dedicated to religious study, claiming that no one ever found him engaged in anything but study.[17] He is considered to be someone who passed on the teachings of his predecessors; on the other hand, numerous homiletic and exegetical sayings are attributed to him[18] and he is known for establishing a number of edicts in the post-destruction era:[19]

  1. After the destruction of Jerusalem, the
    Rosh HaShana falls on Shabbat
    (prior to the destruction, it was only blown in Jerusalem and its environs on Shabbat)
  2. After the destruction of Jerusalem, the
    Four Species shall be taken in the hand for the entire Sukkot
    (prior to the destruction, it was only taken for the entire holiday in Jerusalem and on the first of the holiday elsewhere)
  3. After the destruction of Jerusalem, eating of
    chadash (new grain) shall be prohibited for the entire Day of Waving or yom haneif (the day that the omer sacrifice was offered, the sixteenth of Nisan
    ; prior to the destruction, it was prohibited only up until the time of the waving on that day)
  4. After the destruction of Jerusalem, witnesses for the new moon shall be accepted all day (prior to the destruction, witnesses were only accepted until the afternoon tamid offering)
  5. After the destruction of Jerusalem, witnesses for the new moon shall only go to the place of assembly, and not follow the Nasi or "prince" (prior to the destruction, witnesses were only accepted at the location of the Nasi in Jerusalem)
  6. bless the people
    while wearing footwear
  7. After the destruction of Jerusalem, witnesses for the new moon may not violate the Shabbat except for the months of Nisan and Tishrei (prior to the destruction, witnesses were allowed to violate the Sabbath for all months)
  8. After the destruction of Jerusalem, converts no longer separate monies for their conversion sacrifice (prior to the destruction, part of the conversion process was to bring a sacrifice in the Temple in Jerusalem)
  9. The identity of the ninth edict is disputed:
    1. After the destruction of Jerusalem, the Second Tithe was permitted to be exchanged for money within a day's journey of Jerusalem (prior to the destruction, exchanges were only permitted for those living farther than a day's journey)
    2. After the destruction of Jerusalem, the red string associated with the chatas of Yom Kippur was sent with the ish iti (designee) to Azazel (prior to the destruction, the red string was maintained on the premises of the Temple)

Quotes

If you are holding a sapling in your hand and someone tells you, 'Come quickly, the Messiah is here!', first finish planting the tree and then go to greet the Messiah.[20]

If you have been studious in learning the Torah, do not take credit to yourself, since it is to this end that you were created.[21][22]

Some of Rabbi Yohanan's comments were of an

Job's piety was not based on the love of God, but on the fear of Him.[24]

He was challenged to resolve several biblical curiosities by a Roman commander, who was familiar with the Torah, but whose name has been lost in confusion. Among the issues were the fact that the numbers[25][26][27] in the Book of Numbers didn't add up to their totals,[28][29] and the reasoning behind the ritual of the red heifer;[30] on this latter question the answer he gave didn't satisfy his own students, so he decreed that the ritual was one that shouldn't be questioned.[31]

Preceded by Av Beit Din
40–80 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Nasi
70–80 		Succeeded by
Gamliel II

Burial place

He is buried in HaRambam compound / complex in Tiberias / Tveria.

Other notable rabbis also buried in HaRambam compound / complex:

See also

Yochanan ben Zakai Synagogue Wall Painting

Notes

  1. transliterated
    as Johanan ben Zakkai, Yochanan ben Zakkai, or Yohanan ben Zaccai

References

  1. ISBN 978-3-16-146797-4
    . We suggest that the avoidance of the title "Rabbi" for pre-70 sages may have originated with the editors of the Mishnah. The editors attributed the title to some sages and not to others. The avoidance of the title for pre-70 sages may perhaps be seen as a deliberate program on the part of these editors who wanted to create the impression that the "rabbinic movement" began with R. Yochanan b. Zakkai and that the Yavnean "academy" was something new, a notion that is sometimes already implicitly or explicitly suggested by some of the traditions available to them. This notion is not diminished by the occasional claim to continuity with the past which was limited to individual teachers and institutions and served to legitimize rabbinic authority.
  2. Menahot
     65a
  3. Baba Batra
    115b
  4. ^ Yadayim 4:5
  5. ^ Parah (Tosefta) 3:8
  6. ^
    Jewish Encyclopedia
    , Yochanan ben Zakai
  7. ^ Jerusalem Talmud, Shabbat 16:8 (81b)
  8. ^ Bavli Gittin 56a&b
  9. ^ Bavli Gittin 56b
  10. ^ Rosh Ha Shanah 4:1-3
  11. ^ Hosea 6:6
  12. ^ Rabbi Nathan, Abot 4
  13. ^ Sanhedrin 32b
  14. ^
    OCLC 249274973
    . (reprinted from 1880 edition)
  15. ^
    Berakot
    28b
  16. ^ Sanhedrin 41a
  17. ^ Sukkot 28a
  18. ^ a b Jewish Encyclopedia, "Johanan ben Zakkai"
  19. Rosh HaShana
    31b
  20. ^ Rabbi Nathan, Abot, 31b
  21. ^ Yerushalmi, Shemuel. Avot de-Rabbi Nathan (14:2). Jerusalem: Mesoret.
  22. Pirkei Abot
    2:8
  23. ^ Hagigah 13a
  24. Soṭah
    5:5
  25. ^ Numbers 3:22
  26. ^ Numbers 3:28
  27. ^ Numbers 3:34
  28. ^ Numbers 3:39
  29. Bekorot 5b [1]
  30. Bemidbar Rabbah
    19:8
  31. ^ Bemidbar Rabbah 19:8

External links

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Joḥanan ben Zaccai".
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