Tiberias
Tiberias
| |
---|---|
City (from 1948) | |
Hebrew transcription(s) | |
• Also spelled | Tveria, Tveriah (unofficial) |
Rakkath) AD 20 (Herodian city) | |
Government | |
• Mayor | Boaz Yosef[1] |
Area | |
• Total | 10,872 dunams (10.872 km2 or 4.198 sq mi) |
Population (2023)[2] | |
• Total | 48,472 |
• Density | 4,500/km2 (12,000/sq mi) |
Name meaning | City of Tiberius |
Website | www.tiberias.muni.il |
Tiberias (
Tiberias was founded around AD 20 by
In early modern times, Tiberias was a mixed city; under British rule it had a majority Jewish population, but with a significant Arab community. During the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, fighting broke out between the Jewish residents of Tiberias and its Palestinian Arab minority. As the Haganah took over, British troops evacuated the entire Palestinian Arab population; they were refused reentry after the war, such that today the city has an almost exclusively Jewish population.[7][8] After the war ended, the new Israeli authorities destroyed the Old City of Tiberias.[9][8] A large number of Jewish immigrants to Israel subsequently settled in Tiberias.
Today, Tiberias is an important tourist center due to its proximity to the Sea of Galilee and religious sanctity to Judaism and
History
Biblical era
Jewish tradition holds that Tiberias was built on the site of the ancient Israelite village of
Roman period
Herodian period
Tiberias was founded sometime around 18–20 CE in the
Under the Roman Empire, the city was known by its Koine Greek name Τιβεριάς (Tiberiás, Greek: Τιβεριάδα, romanized: Tiveriáda).[citation needed]
In the days of Herod Antipas, some of the most religiously orthodox
Tiberias is mentioned in John 6:23 as the location from which boats had sailed to the opposite, eastern side of the Sea of Galilee. The crowd seeking Jesus after the miraculous feeding of the 5000 used these boats to travel back to Capernaum on the north-western part of the lake.
In 61 CE Herod Agrippa II annexed the city to his kingdom whose capital was Caesarea Philippi.[citation needed]
Great Revolt and Bar Kokhba revolt
During the
There is no direct indication that Tiberias, as well as the rest of Galilee, took part in the Bar Kokhba revolt of 132–136 CE, thus allowing it to continue to exist, despite a heavy economic decline due to the war. Following the expulsion of Jews from Judea after 135 CE, Tiberias and its neighbour Sepphoris (Hebrew name: Tzippori) became the major Jewish cultural centres.
Late Roman period
According to the Talmud, in 145 CE,
Byzantine period
In the 6th century Tiberias was still the seat of Jewish religious learning. In light of this, the
In 614, Tiberias was the site where, during the final
Early Muslim period
Tiberias, or Tabariyyah in Arab transcription, was "conquered by (the Arab commander) Shurahbil in the year 634/15 [CE/AH] by capitulation; one half of the houses and churches were to belong to the Muslims, the other half to the Christians."[23] Since 636 CE, Tiberias served as the regional capital, until Beit She'an took its place, following the Rashidun conquest.[clarification needed] The Caliphate allowed 70 Jewish families from Tiberias to form the core of a renewed Jewish presence in Jerusalem and the importance of Tiberias to Jewish life declined.[citation needed] The caliphs of the Umayyad Dynasty built one of its square-plan palaces on the waterfront to the north of Tiberias, at Khirbat al-Minya. Tiberias was revitalised in 749, after Bet Shean was destroyed in an earthquake.[citation needed] An imposing mosque, 90 metres (300 feet) long by 78 metres (256 feet) wide, resembling the Great Mosque of Damascus, was raised at the foot of Mount Berenice next to a Byzantine church, to the south of the city, as the eighth century ushered in Tiberias's golden age, when the multicultural city may have been the most tolerant of the Middle East.[24] Jewish scholarship flourished from the beginning of the 8th century to the end of the 10th, when the oral traditions of ancient Hebrew, still in use today, were codified. One of the leading members of the Tiberian Masoretic community was Aaron ben Moses ben Asher, who refined the oral tradition now known as Tiberian Hebrew. Both the Codex Cairensis and the Aleppo Codex were written in Tiberias as well as the Tiberian vocalization was devised here.
The Arab geographer
Tiberias was plagued by incursions by the radical
In 1033 Tiberias was again destroyed by an earthquake.[citation needed] A further earthquake in 1066 toppled the great mosque.[24] Nasir-i Khusrou visited Tiberias in 1047, and describes a city with a "strong wall" which begins at the border of the lake and goes all around the town except on the water-side. Furthermore, he describes
numberless buildings erected in the very water, for the bed of the lake in this part is rock; and they have built pleasure houses that are supported on columns of marble, rising up out of the water. The lake is very full of fish. [] The Friday Mosque is in the midst of the town. At the gate of the mosque is a spring, over which they have built a hot bath. [] On the western side of the town is a mosque known as the Jasmine Mosque (Masjid-i-Yasmin). It is a fine building and in the middle part rises a great platform (dukkan), where they have their mihrabs (or prayer-niches). All round those they have set jasmine-shrubs, from which the mosque derives its name.[26]
Crusader period
During the First Crusade Tiberias was occupied by the Franks soon after the capture of Jerusalem. The city was given in fief to Tancred, who made it his capital of the Principality of Galilee in the Kingdom of Jerusalem; the region was sometimes called the Principality of Tiberias, or the Tiberiad.[27] In 1099 the original site of the city was abandoned, and settlement shifted north to the present location.[citation needed] St. Peter's Church, originally built by the Crusaders, is still standing today, although the building has been altered and reconstructed over the years.
In the late 12th century Tiberias' Jewish community numbered 50 Jewish families, headed by rabbis,[28] and at that time the best manuscripts of the Torah were said to be found there.[22] In the 12th-century, the city was the subject of negative undertones in Islamic tradition. A hadith recorded by Ibn Asakir of Damascus (d. 1176) names Tiberias as one of the "four cities of hell."[29] This could have been reflecting the fact that at the time, the town had a notable non-Muslim population.[30]
In 1187,
Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon, (Maimonides) also known as Rambam, a leading Jewish legal scholar, philosopher and physician of his period, died in 1204 in Egypt and was later buried in Tiberias. His tomb is one of the city's important pilgrimage sites. Yakut, writing in the 1220s, described Tiberias as a small town, long and narrow. He also describes the "hot salt springs, over which they have built Hammams which use no fuel."
Mamluk period
In 1265 the
Ottoman period
During the 16th century, Tiberias was a small village. Italian Rabbi Moses Bassola visited Tiberias during his trip to Palestine in 1522. He said on Tiberias that "it was a big city ... and now it is ruined and desolate". He described the village there, in which he said there were "ten or twelve" Muslim households. The area, according to Bassola, was dangerous "because of the Arabs", and in order to stay there, he had to pay the local governor for his protection.[33]
As the
At the end of the century (1596), the village of Tiberias had 54 households: 50 families and 4 bachelors. All were
In 1624, when the Sultan recognized
In the 1720s, the Arab ruler
Under Zahir's patronage, Jewish families were encouraged to settle in Tiberias.
In 1775,
British Mandate
In the
The landscape of the modern town was shaped by the great flood of November 11, 1934. Deforestation on the slopes above the town combined with the fact that the city had been built as a series of closely packed houses and buildings – usually sharing walls – built in narrow roads paralleling and closely hugging the shore of the lake. Flood waters carrying mud, stones, and boulders rushed down the slopes and filled the streets and buildings with water so rapidly that many people did not have time to escape; the loss of life and property was great. The city rebuilt on the slopes and the British Mandatory government planted the
During April 10–17, the Haganah attacked the city and refused to negotiate a truce, while the British refused to intervene. Newly arrived Arab refugees from
The Jewish population looted the Arab areas and had to be suppressed by force by the
Destruction of the old city
During the months after the occupation of the city, a large part of the buildings of the old city in Tiberias was destroyed, and this for various reasons - problems of hygiene, rickety construction, and the fear that the Arabs would return to the city, when it became known that this was a requirement of Jordan as part of the negotiations conducted in Rhodes. Finally, the authorities acceded to the initiative of the Jewish National Fund, Yosef Nahmani, who argued that the houses of the Old City should be demolished, despite the opposition of Mayor Shimon Dahan.
The destruction began in the summer of 1948 and continued until the first months of 1949.[65] A visit by David Ben-Gurion to the city brought an end to the destruction, after 477 out of 696 houses were destroyed according to official estimates.[66] After the destruction remained the remains of the wall and the citadel, several houses on the outskirts of the city, as well as the two mosques that operated in the city. The area stood abandoned for decades, until operations began to restore it in the 1970s.[67]
State of Israel
The city of Tiberias has been almost entirely Jewish since 1948. Many
In 1959, during
Over time, the city came to rely on tourism, becoming a major Galilean center for
Tiberias consists of a small port on the shores of Galilee lake for both fishing and tourist activities. Since the 1990s, the importance of the port for fishing was gradually decreasing, with the decline of the Tiberias lake level, due to continuing droughts and increased pumping of fresh water from the lake. It was expected that the lake of Tiberias will regain its original level (almost 6 metres (20 feet) higher than today), with the full operational capacity of Israeli desalination facilities by 2014. In 2020, the lake raised above the level it was in 1990.[70]
In 2012, plans were announced for a new ultra-Orthodox neighborhood, Kiryat Sanz, on a slope on the western side of the Kinneret.[71]
Demographics
According to the
Following Israel's withdrawal from Lebanon in 2000 many ex-South Lebanon Army soldiers and officers who fled from Lebanon settled in Tiberias with their families.[73]
In the Ottoman registers of 1525, 1533, 1548, 1553, and 1572 all the residents were
In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Tiberias had a population of 6,950 inhabitants, consisting of 4,427 Jews, 2,096 Muslims, 422 Christians, and five others.[54] There were 5,381 Jews, 2,645 Muslims, 565 Christians and ten others in the 1931 census.[82] By 1945, the population had increased to 6,000 Jews, 4,540 Muslims, 760 Christians with ten others.[83]
During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Palestinian Arab residents of Tiberias besieged its Jewish quarter. Haganah troops then successfully attacked the Arab section of the city, and British troops evacuated the Arab residents upon their request.[84] Some fled in the wake of news of the Deir Yassin massacre.[85] The entire Arab population of the city was removed in 1948 by the British and partly because of Haganah decision.[86] After the war had ended, a large number of Jewish immigrants to Israel settled in Tiberias.[84] Today almost all of the population is Jewish.
Urban renewal and preservation
Ancient and medieval Tiberias was destroyed by a series of devastating earthquakes, and much of what was built after the major earthquake of 1837 was destroyed or badly damaged in the great flood of 1934. Houses in the newer parts of town, uphill from the waterfront, survived. In 1949, 606 houses, comprising almost all of the built-up area of the old quarter other than religious buildings, were demolished over the objections of local Jews who owned about half the houses.
Archaeology
A 2,000 year-old Roman theatre was discovered 15 metres (49 feet) under layers of debris and refuse at the foot of Mount Bernike south of modern Tiberias. It once seated over 7,000 people.[89]
In 2004, excavations in Tiberias conducted by the Israel Antiquities Authority uncovered a structure dating to the 3rd century CE that may have been the seat of the Sanhedrin. At the time it was called Beit Hava'ad.[90]
In June 2018, an underground Jewish mausoleum was discovered. Archaeologists said that the mausoleum was between 1,900 to 2,000 years old as of 2018. The names of the dead, carved onto the ossuaries in Greek.[91]
In January 2021, the foundations of a mosque dating to the earliest years of Muslim rule was excavated just south of the Sea of Galilee by archaeologists led by Katia Cytryn-Silverman from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Built around 670 CE, it is considered to have been the first purpose-built mosque in the city.[92][93]
Geography and climate
Tiberias is located on the shore of the
Climate data for Tiberias, Israel (1981–2010 normals), | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 18.1 (64.6) |
19.3 (66.7) |
23.1 (73.6) |
27.8 (82.0) |
33.2 (91.8) |
36.5 (97.7) |
38.0 (100.4) |
38.0 (100.4) |
35.9 (96.6) |
31.6 (88.9) |
25.7 (78.3) |
20.0 (68.0) |
28.9 (84.0) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 14.3 (57.7) |
14.7 (58.5) |
17.6 (63.7) |
21.5 (70.7) |
26.2 (79.2) |
29.5 (85.1) |
31.5 (88.7) |
31.6 (88.9) |
29.6 (85.3) |
26.2 (79.2) |
21.0 (69.8) |
16.1 (61.0) |
23.3 (74.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 10.4 (50.7) |
10.1 (50.2) |
12.0 (53.6) |
15.1 (59.2) |
19.1 (66.4) |
22.5 (72.5) |
25.0 (77.0) |
25.2 (77.4) |
23.3 (73.9) |
20.8 (69.4) |
16.3 (61.3) |
12.1 (53.8) |
17.7 (63.9) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 106.9 (4.21) |
90.2 (3.55) |
55.5 (2.19) |
17.6 (0.69) |
3.9 (0.15) |
0.1 (0.00) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.6 (0.02) |
17.4 (0.69) |
51.9 (2.04) |
93.0 (3.66) |
437.1 (17.21) |
Source: WMO[94] |
Tiberias has been severely damaged by earthquakes since antiquity. Earthquakes are known to have occurred in 30, 33, 115, 306,
The city is located above the Dead Sea Transform and is one of the cities in Israel that is most at risk to earthquakes (along with Safed, Beit She'an, Kiryat Shmona, and Eilat).[96]
Health care
In 1885, a Scottish doctor and minister, David Watt Torrance, opened a mission hospital in Tiberias that accepted patients of all races and religions.[97] In 1894, it moved to larger premises at Beit abu Shamnel abu Hannah. David Watt Torrance died in Tiberias in 1923. The same year his son, Dr. Herbert Watt Torrance, was appointed head of the hospital. In 1949, following the establishment of the State of Israel, it became a maternity hospital supervised by the Israeli Department of Health. After its closure in 1959, the building became a guesthouse until 1999, when it was renovated and reopened as the Scots Hotel.[98][99][100]
Poria hospital is located near Upper Tiberias neighborhood, and operates a hospitalization control center in the city itself.
Sports
Its first football club established in 1925 was Maccabi Tiberias, but folded in the 1990s after financial difficulties.
Hapoel Tiberias represented the city in the top division of football for several seasons in the 1960s and 1980s, but eventually dropped into the regional leagues and folded due to financial difficulties.
Following Hapoel's demise, a new club, Ironi Tiberias, was established, which currently plays in Liga Leumit.
The Tiberias Marathon is an annual road race held along the Sea of Galilee in Israel with a field in recent years of approximately 1000 competitors. The course follows an out-and-back format around the southern tip of the sea, and was run concurrently with a 10k race along an abbreviated version of the same route. In 2010 the 10k race was moved to the afternoon before the marathon. At approximately 200 metres (660 feet) below sea level, this is the lowest course in the world.
Twin towns – sister cities
Tiberias is twinned with:[101]
- Great Neck, United States (2002)
- Milwaukee, United States (2000)
- Montecatini Terme, Italy (1979)
- Montpellier, France (1983)
- Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States
- Saint-Raphaël, France (2006)
- Tulsa, United States (1990)
- Worms, Germany (1986)
- Wuxi, China (2006)
Notable people
Prominent people predating the State of Israel, listed by year of birth:
- Rabbi Meir Baal HaNes (Rabbi Meir the miracle maker), 2nd-century CE Jewish sage
- Johanan bar Nappaha (180–279), rabbi
- Sulayman ibn Ahmad at-Tabarani (874–971), Muslim hadith scholar and collector
- Akhiyahu HaKohen (fl. 910 CE), rabbi and Hebrew-language grammarian
- Donna Gracia Mendes Nasi (1510–1569), Portuguese philanthropist and one of the wealthiest Jewish women of the Renaissance
- Zahir al-Umar (c. 1689–1775), virtually autonomous Arab ruler of northern Palestine in the mid-18th century
- Shemariah Catarivas, 18th-century Talmudic writer
- Jacob ha-Cohen Sekili (1846–1918), rabbi
- Hassib Sabbagh(1920–2010), Palestinian billionaire businessman, activist and philanthropist
Prominent people in the State of Israel or born/active there, listed alphabetically:
- Yossi Abulafia(born 1944), writer and graphic artist
- Gadi Eizenkot(born 1960), IDF Chief of General Staff (Feb. 2015 – Jan. 2019)
- Sarai Givaty (born 1982), actress, singer-songwriter, and model
- Menahem Golan (1929–2014), film producer, screenwriter and director
- Jamie Heaslip (born 1983), Irish rugby union player, born in Tiberias
- Elad Levy (born 1972 in Tiberias), neurosurgeon known for his contributions in the management of stroke
- Shlomit Nir (born 1952), Olympic swimmer
- Patrick Denis O'Donnell (1922–2005), Commandant of the Irish Defence Forces, military historian, UN peace-keeper stationed in Tiberias in the 1960s
- Yisroel Ber Odesser (born c. 1888 in Tiberias – 1994), Breslover Hasid and rabbi
- Moshe Peretz (born 1983), Mizrahi pop singer-songwriter and composer
- Eldad Ronen (born 1976), Olympic competitive sailor
- Shem-Tov Sabag (born 1959), Olympic marathoner
- Bechor-Shalom Sheetrit (1895–1967), politician, government minister of Israel
- Shmuel Toledano (1921-2022), former Mossad agent and member of the Knesset
- Ya'akov Moshe Toledano (1880–1960), rabbi, Israeli Minister of Religions (1958–1960)
See also
- 1660 destruction of Tiberias
- Bethmaus, ancient Jewish village next to Tiberias
- List of modern names for biblical place names
- Old synagogues of Tiberias
- Baruch Padeh Medical Center
References
- ^ "לשכת ראש העיר". עיריית טבריה (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
- ^ a b "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 21 March 2024.
- ^ "Definition of Tiberias | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
- ^ "PALESTINE, HOLINESS OF". Jewish Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 14 October 2011. Retrieved 21 September 2009.
- ^ a b c d e Hirschfeld, Y. (2007). Post-Roman Tiberias: between East and West. Post-Roman Towns, Trade and Settlement in Europe and Byzantium: Byzantium, Pliska, and the Balkans, 5, p. 193–204.
- ^ Conder and Kitchener 1881, SWP I, p. 419-420 "The Sanhedrim, after several removes, came to Tiberias about the middle of the second century, under the celebrated Rabbi Judah Hakkodesh, and from this time Tiberias became the central point of Jewish learning for several centuries. It was here that both the Mishna and the Gemara were compiled."
- ISSN 0377-919X.
- ^ S2CID 162633906.
The first mixed town forcibly emptied of its Palestinian residents was Tiberias, the 5,770 Palestinian inhabitants of which were driven out – mostly on buses – on 16 and 17 April 1948, when the town was taken by Jewish Hagana forces. ... In Tiberias, the demise of the Palestinian community was coupled in early 1949 with mass destruction of their old properties. By March the Israeli army had blown up and bulldozed 477 of the 696 buildings in the old city,&S
- ISSN 1474-9475.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-84541-363-7. Archivedfrom the original on 6 May 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
- ^ a b John Everett Heath, The Concise Dictionary of World Place-Names (Oxford 2017) gives the date 18 CE in the entry for Tiberias. Geoffrey Bromiley in the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia Vol 2, 1979 gives the date 20 CE. They both say it was built where the village of Rakkat used to be.
- ^ a b "TIBERIAS – JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com. Archived from the original on 28 March 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2008.
- ^ Joshua 19:35
- ^ Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Megillah 5b
- ^ Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews XVIII.2.3
- ^ Josephus, Flavius, The Jewish Wars, translated by William Whiston, Book 4, chapter 1, paragraph 3
- ^ ISBN 0-86554-373-9p 917
- ISBN 0-567-08668-2, p 232
- ^ Thomson, 1859, vol 2, p. 72
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- ^ a b c Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3, p. 269
- ^ a b c "TIBERIAS". Jewish Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 28 March 2008. Retrieved 10 October 2008.
- ^ Le Strange, 1890, p. 340, quoting Yakut
- ^ a b c Nir Hasson, 'In excavation of ancient mosque, volunteers dig up Israeli city's Golden Age,' Archived 2012-08-17 at the Wayback Machine at Haaretz, 17 August 2012.
- ^ Muk. p.161 and 185, quoted in Le Strange, 1890, pp. 334- 337
- ^ Le Strange, 1890, pp. 336-7
- ISBN 0-521-62369-3p 71
- ^ "Journey of Benjamin of Tudela in Palestine and Syria, c. 1170" in Yaari, p.44 Archived 2020-03-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ISBN 978-0-88402-277-0. Archivedfrom the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
This hadith is also found in the bibliographical work of the Damascene Ibn 'Asakir (d. 571/1176), although slightly modified: the four cities of paradise are Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem and Damascus; and the four cities of hell are Constantinople, Tabariyya, Antioch and San'a.
- ISBN 978-0-521-59984-9. Archivedfrom the original on 22 June 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2010.
- ISBN 1-85043-440-9p 148
- ISBN 9781414283388. Archivedfrom the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
There are about four thousand inhabitants in Tabaria, one-fourth of whom are Jews… The Jews of Tiberias occupy a quarter on the shore of the lake in the middle of the town, which has lately been considerably enlarged by the purchase of several streets: it is separated from the rest of the town by a high wall, and has only one gate of entrance, which is regularly shut at sunset, after which no person is allowed to pass. There are one hundred and sixty, or two hundred families, of which forty or fifty are of Polish origin, the rest are Jews from Spain, Barbary, and different parts of Syria.
- ^ Yaari, pp.[1] Archived 2020-02-26 at the Wayback Machine–156
- ISBN 978-1-4050-8873-2pp. xv–xix.
- ^ Alfassá, Shelomo (17 August 2007). "Sephardic Contributions to the Development of the State of Israel" (PDF). Alfassa.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
- ^ Schaick, Tzvi. Who is Dona Gracia? Archived 2011-05-10 at the Wayback Machine, The House of Dona Gracia Museum.
- ^ Naomi E. Pasachoff, Robert J. Littman, A Concise History of the Jewish People, Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield, 2005, p.163
- ^ a b c Benjamin Lee Gordon, New Judea: Jewish Life in Modern Palestine and Egypt, Manchester, New Hampshire, Ayer Publishing, 1977, p.209
- ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 188
- ^ "The Druze of the Levant". Archived from the original on 9 March 2012.
- ^ Joel Rappel, History of Eretz Israel from Prehistory up to 1882 (1980), Vol.2, p.531. 'In 1662 Sabbathai Sevi arrived to Jerusalem. It was the time when the Jewish settlements of Galilee were destroyed by the Druze: Tiberias was completely desolate and only a few of former Safed residents had returned..."
- ISBN 978-0-8173-0572-7p. 149
- ^ Sidney Mendelssohn. The Jews of Asia: Especially in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century. (1920) p.241. "Long before the culmination of Sabbathai's mad career, Safed had been destroyed by the Arabs and the Jews had suffered severely, while in the same year (1660) there was a great fire in Constantinople in which they endured heavy losses ..."
- ISBN 978-0-691-01809-6. "In Safed, too, the [Sabbatai] movement gathered strength during the autumn of 1665. The reports about the utter destruction, in 1662 [sic], of the Jewish settlement there seem greatly exaggerated, and the conclusions based on them are false. ... Rosanes' account of the destruction of the Safed community is based on a misunderstanding of his sources; the community declined in numbers but continued to exist."
- ^ Pococke, 1745, pp. 68–70
- ISBN 1-59045-955-5.
- ^ Moammar, Tawfiq (1990), Zahir Al Omar, Al Hakim Printing Press, Nazareth, p. 70.
- ^ a b c d Joseph Schwarz. Descriptive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine Archived 2018-07-20 at the Wayback Machine, 1850
- ^ The Jews in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century: Under the Patronage of the Istanbul Committee of Officials for Palestine, Y. Barnay, translated by Naomi Goldblum, University of Alabama Press, 1992, p. 15, 16
- ^ The Jews: Their History, Culture, and Religion, Louis Finkelstein, Edition: 3 Harper, New York, 1960, p. 659
- ^ Parfitt, Tudor (1987) The Jews in Palestine, 1800–1882. Royal Historical Society studies in history (52). Woodbridge: Published for the Royal Historical Society by Boydell
- ^ Lynch, 1850, p. 154
- ^ Ashkenazi, Eli (27 December 2009). "Crumbling Tiberias Synagogue to Regain Its Former Glory". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
- ^ a b Barron, 1923, p. 6
- ISBN 978-0-8050-6587-9.
- ISBN 978-1-61168-812-2.
- ^ Mandated landscape: British imperial rule in Palestine, 1929–1948, Roza El-Eini, (Routledge, 2006) p. 250
- ^ The Changing Land: Between the Jordan and the Sea: Aerial Photographs from 1917 to the Present, Benjamin Z. Kedar, Wayne State University Press, 2000, p. 198
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- ISBN 978-1-135-77513-1.
- ^ a b c Morris, 2004, pp. 183–185
- ISBN 0-304-33765-X., p.81: 'Extraordinary news from Tiberias. The whole Arab population has fled. Last night the Haganah blew up the Arab bands' headquarters there; this morning the Jews woke up to see a panic flight in progress. By tonight not one of the 6,000 Arabs remained.' (19 April).
- ^ M Gilbert, p. 172
- ^ Gilbert, p. 245
- ^ "The destruction of the old city in Tiberias, 1948-1949" (PDF) (in Hebrew). Ben Gurion University.
- ^ "Preservation of architechtural heritage in the abandoned neighborhoods after the Independence War" (PDF) (in Hebrew). Kathedra. p. 103.
- ^ "Preservation of architechtural heritage in the abandoned neighborhoods after the Independence War" (PDF) (in Hebrew). Kathedra. p. 106.
- ^ Jeremy Allouche. "The Oriental Communities in Israel 1948-2003". p. 35. Archived from the original on 24 December 2017. Retrieved 24 December 2017.
- ^ M.Gilbert, p.566, 578
- ^ "מפלס הכינרת". kineret.org.il (in Hebrew). Archived from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
- ^ New ultra-Orthodox neighborhood to be built in Israel's north Archived 2012-05-18 at the Wayback Machine, Apr. 3, 2012, Haaretz
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- ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 188
- ^ Jolliffe, Thomas Robert 1780-1872 (11 February 2018). "Letters from Palestine, descriptive of a tour through Gallilee and Judaea, with some account of the Dead Sea, and of the present state of Jerusalem". London, J. Black – via Internet Archive.
{{cite web}}
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- ^ M.Gilbert, Israel: A History (1998), p.3
- ^ Smith, William (1863) A Dictionary of the Bible: Comprising Its Antiquities, Biography, and Natural History Little, Brown, p 149
- ^ Schumacher, 1888, p. 185
- ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Tiberias". www.newadvent.org. Archived from the original on 29 October 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2009.
- ^ Mills, 1932, p. ?
- ^ Village Statistics, 1945
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- ISBN 978-1-85168-555-4.
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- ^ Arnon Golan, The Politics of Wartime Demolition and Human Landscape Transformation, War in History, vol 9 (2002), pp 431–445.
- ^ "Old Tiberias synagogue to regain its former glory". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 29 December 2009. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
- ^ "2,000-year-old amphitheater". Archived from the original on 22 September 2009.
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External links
- the official English Facebook page of Tiberias
- City council website (in Hebrew) Municipality Site in English
- Place To Visit in Tiberias (English)
- Tiberias – City of Treasures: The official website of the Tiberias Excavation Project
- Hamat Tiberias National Park: description, photo gallery
- Nefesh B'Nefesh Community Guide for Tiveria-Tiberias, Israel
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 6: IAA, Wikimedia commons
- Old maps and views of Tiberias (1493-1963) - Eran Laor Cartographic Collection, The National Library of Israel
- Ancient Tiberias - a site dedicated to the preservation of Ancient Tiberias (Hebrew).