15th Brigade (Australia)
15th Brigade (Australia) | |
---|---|
Active | 1912–1919 1921–1945 |
Country | Australia |
Branch | Australian Army |
Type | Infantry |
Size | ~3,500 men |
Part of | 5th Division (1916–19) 3rd Division (1921–45) 7th Division (January–July 1944) |
Engagements | World War I |
Commanders | |
Notable commanders |
The 15th Brigade was an
History
The 15th Brigade traces its origins to 1912, when it was formed as a Militia brigade as part of the introduction of the
World War I
The 15th Brigade was re-raised during
For the next two and a half years the brigade saw service in the trenches along the
Severely depleted and suffering from manpower shortages that was the result of the combined effect of a decrease in the number of volunteers arriving from Australia and the decision to grant home leave to men who had served for over four years,
Inter-war years
In 1921, it was decided to perpetuate the numerical designations and honours of the AIF by re-organising the units of the
In 1929, the situation was made worse by the complete suspension of the compulsory training scheme following the election of the Scullin Labor government. In its place a new system was introduced whereby the Citizens Force would be maintained on a part-time, voluntary basis only.[21] It was also renamed the "Militia" at this time.[22] The decision to suspend compulsory training, coupled with the economic downturn of the Great Depression meant that the manpower of many Militia units dropped considerably and as a result a number of units were amalgamated.[23] By 1931, the 15th Brigade's authorised strength was reduced to 1,109 men, organised into three infantry battalions: the 58th, 59th and the 57th/60th Battalion, which had been merged the year before. Of these, only the 57th/60th could muster over 300 men, with an establishment of 331 personnel. At the same time 59th reported a strength of 281 men, while the 58th had 277.[24]
Throughout the decade numbers remained low and training opportunities were, out of necessity, limited to home parades and an annual camp of just four days continuous training.[25] From 1936 onwards attempts were made to improve the conditions of service and to reinvigorate the training program, while individual units began to undertake their own recruiting campaigns,[26] however it was not until 1938, as tensions grew in Europe, that an attempt was made to expand the establishment of the Militia and a concerted effort to evaluate the readiness of individual units was undertaken at the annual camp that year. The 15th Brigade received considerable criticism following its camp, with the inspecting officer giving a negative review to all three infantry battalions, although the 58th was singled out for the harshest assessment.[27] Throughout 1939 the process of expansion continued, nevertheless just prior to the outbreak of war in September, the brigade only consisted of 1,805 men in its three infantry battalions with the 57th/60th Battalion possessing about a third of the manpower that the 59th Battalion had.[28]
World War II
At the outset of the World War II, due to the provisions of the Defence Act (1903) which prohibited sending the Militia to fight outside of Australian territory, the decision was made to raise an all volunteer force, the Second Australian Imperial Force (2nd AIF), for service overseas.[29] As a result of this, the Militia units that already existed were used to provide a cadre of trained personnel upon which to raise the units of the 2nd AIF, as well as to administer the training of conscripts that were called up following the reinstitution of the compulsory training scheme in January 1940.[30] They were also called up progressively to undertake brief periods of continuous service throughout 1940–1941 to improve overall military preparedness.[30] Throughout 1941 the 15th Brigade, consisting of the 57th/60th, 58th and 59th Infantry Battalions, was stationed around Seymour, where it was mobilised for full time service following Japan's entry into the war.[18] In early 1942, the brigade moved to Casino, New South Wales, to defend the northern New South Wales coast in the event of an invasion. In September 1942, the brigade moved to Caboolture, Queensland.[31] At this time they were joined by the 24th Battalion after it was transferred to the 15th Brigade from the 10th Brigade,[32] which had been disbanded during the partial demobilisation of Australian forces that was undertaken to rectify a manpower shortage that had developed within the Australian economy. As a result of the addition of the 24th Battalion, the 58th and 59th Battalions were amalgamated to form the 58th/59th Battalion, in order to maintain the triangular structure—24th, 57th/60th and 58th/59th—of the brigade.[33] Attached also were the 15th Field Ambulance and the 15th Field Engineers.[34]
In June 1943, command of the 15th Brigade was assumed by Brigadier
In October 1944, after 16 months active service, the brigade returned to Australia for rest and reorganisation on the
In April 1945, the 15th Brigade was sent to
Disbandment
Following the end of hostilities the 15th Brigade was disbanded in late 1945 as the demobilisation process was undertaken.[44] Afterwards, in 1946, the decision was made to discard the existing army organisational structures and establish an 'interim force' until arrangements could be put in place for the post-war army.[45] When the Citizens Military Force was re-raised in 1948, it was done so on a reduced establishment and the 15th Brigade was not reformed.[46]
Notes
- ^ Australian Military Forces 1912, p. 22.
- ^ Grey 2008, pp. 99–100.
- ISSN 1833-7538. Retrieved 24 October 2010.
- ^ Bean 1941a, p. 353.
- ^ "Australian Military Units: First World War, 1914–1918". Australian War Memorial. Archived from the original on 11 December 2009. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
- ^ Bean 1941b, p. 831.
- ^ Bean 1941a, pp. 351–352.
- ^ Bean 1941a, p. 352.
- ^ Bean 1941a, p. 442.
- ^ "57th Battalion, AIF, World War I". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
- ^ Bean 1942, p. 1014.
- ^ a b Grey 2008, p. 109.
- ^ Grey 2008, p. 108.
- ^ Scott 1941, p. 827.
- ^ "AWM4, 23/15/37: First World War Diary, 15th Infantry Brigade (March 1919)" (PDF). Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
- ^ a b Grey 2008, p. 125.
- ^ Palazzo 2001, p. 91.
- ^ a b McKenzie-Smith 2018, p. 2079.
- ^ a b Palazzo 2002, p. 65.
- ^ Palazzo 2002, pp. 66–67.
- ^ Grey 2008, p. 138.
- ^ Palazzo 2001, p. 110.
- ^ Keogh 1965, p. 44.
- ^ Palazzo 2002, pp. 69–70.
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 76.
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 82.
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 72.
- ^ Palazzo 2002, p. 86.
- ^ Johnston 2007, p. 5.
- ^ a b Grey 2008, p. 146.
- ^ McKenzie-Smith 2018, p. 2080.
- ^ Dexter 1961, p. 60.
- ^ Dexter 1961, p. 61.
- ^ "AWM52, 8/2/15/5: Second World War Diary, 15th Brigade (July – September 1942)". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 8 January 2019.
- ^ a b Dean 2014, p. 287.
- ^ Dexter 1961, p. 151.
- ^ Bradley 2004, p. 184.
- ^ Bradley 2004, p. 241.
- ^ "57th/60th Battalion". Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 26 December 2009.
- ^ a b "To the Bitter End on Bougainville". Digger History. Archived from the original on 20 May 2009. Retrieved 25 December 2009.
- ^ a b Long 1963, p. 177.
- ^ "'U' Australian Heavy Battery Association". Royal Australian Artillery Regiment Association NSW. Retrieved 29 December 2009.
- ^ Long 1963, pp. 177–178.
- ^ "AWM52, 8/2/15/96: Second World War Diary, 15th Brigade (September – October 1945)" (PDF). Australian War Memorial. Retrieved 23 October 2010.
- ^ Palazzo 2001, pp. 196–198.
- ^ McCarthy 2003, pp. 16–17.
References
- Australian Military Forces (1912). The Military Forces List of the Commonwealth of Australia, 1 January 1912. Melbourne, Victoria: Government Printer. OCLC 221429471.
- Bean, Charles (1941a). The Australian Imperial Force in France, 1916. Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. Vol. III (12th ed.). Canberra: Australian War Memorial.
- Bean, Charles (1941b). The Australian Imperial Force in France, 1917. Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. Vol. IV (11th ed.). Canberra: Australian War Memorial.
- Bean, Charles (1942). The Australian Imperial Force in France during the Allied Offensive, 1918. Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. Vol. VI (11th ed.). Canberra: Australian War Memorial.
- ISBN 0-19-555100-1.
- Dean, Peter (2014). "Conclusion: 1943 and Beyond". Australia 1943: The Liberation of New Guinea. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. pp. 285–291. ISBN 978-1-107-03799-1.
- Dexter, David (1961). The New Guinea Offensives. Australia in the War of 1939–1945, Series 1—Army. Volume VI (1st ed.). Canberra: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 186193918.
- ISBN 978-0-521-69791-0.
- ISBN 978-1-84603-123-6.
- OCLC 7185705.
- OCLC 1297619.
- McCarthy, Dayton (2003). The Once and Future Army: A History of the Citizens Military Forces, 1947–1974. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-551569-2.
- McKenzie-Smith, Graham (2018). The Unit Guide: The Australian Army 1939–1945, Volume 2. Warriewood, New South Wales: Big Sky Publishing. ISBN 978-1-925675-146.
- Palazzo, Albert (2001). The Australian Army: A History of its Organisation 1901–2001. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-551506-4.
- Palazzo, Albert (2002). Defenders of Australia: The 3rd Australian Division 1916–1991. Loftus: Australian Military Historical Publications. ISBN 1-876439-03-3.
- OCLC 152414976.