1st Division (Australia)
1st Division | |
---|---|
Active | 1914–1919 1921–1945 1960–present |
Country | Australia |
Branch | Australian Army |
Type | Division |
Role | Main deployment force |
Garrison/HQ | Brisbane, Queensland |
Engagements | First World War Second World War |
Commanders | |
Current commander | Major General |
The 1st Division, also known as the 1st (Australian) Division, is headquartered in
After the Second World War, the division remained off the Australian Army's order of battle until the 1960s, when it was reformed in New South Wales. In 1965 it adopted a certification role, determining the operational readiness of units deploying to Vietnam. It was re-formed in 1973 as a full division based in Queensland and in the decades that followed it formed the Australian Army's main formation, including both Regular and Reserve personnel. Throughout this period, the division's component units undertook multiple operations, mainly focused on peacekeeping in Africa, Asia and the Middle East.
Following the restructuring of the Australian Army under the "Adaptive Army" initiative, the 1st Division no longer had any combat units assigned to it, although the 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment became a direct command unit in late 2017. The division is tasked with co-ordinating the Army's high-level training activities and maintaining the "Deployable Joint Force Headquarters" (DJFHQ). In the event of the Australian Army undertaking a large-scale land-based operation, the division would have further combat units force assigned to it and would command all deployed assets including those of the Royal Australian Navy and the Royal Australian Air Force.[1]
History
First World War
Gallipoli
The Australian 1st Division was raised during the initial formation of the
While in Egypt, the division was assigned to the
On 15 May 1915, after Bridges was mortally wounded by a sniper,
The 1st Division's role in the
In October, Walker was severely wounded and replaced by the division's
Somme, 1916
After reorganising in Egypt, where it was briefly employed to defend the Suez Canal against an Ottoman attack that never came,
The division's respite was brief as in mid-August, with its battalions restored to about two-thirds strength, it returned to the line on Pozières Ridge, relieving the
German withdrawal to the Hindenburg Line, 1917
Starting on 24 February 1917, the 1st Division took part in the pursuit of the German forces as they retreated to their prepared fortifications in the Hindenburg Line.[29] The division advanced against the German screen towards Bapaume and, on the night of 26 February, the 3rd Brigade captured the villages of Le Barque and Ligny-Thilloy. On the morning of 2 March, they withstood a German attempt to retake the villages. The 1st Division was then withdrawn to rest, joining the 4th Division. I Anzac's pursuit was carried on by the 2nd and 5th Divisions.[30]
By April, the 1st Division (and I Anzac Corps) was once again part of Gough's
Hindenburg Line, 1917
The 1st Division was in support during the First Battle of Bullecourt which was the Fifth Army's main contribution to the Arras offensive.[34] Once the first attempt on Bullecourt had failed, British attention concentrated on Arras and the Fifth Army's front was stretched thin with the 1st Division having to cover more than 12,000 yards (11,000 m).[35]
The Germans, well aware of the vulnerable state of the British defences, launched a counter-stroke on 15 April (the Battle of Lagnicourt). The Germans attacked with 23 battalions against four Australian battalions.[29] The German plan was to drive back the advanced posts, destroy supplies and guns and then retire to the Hindenburg defences. However, despite their numerical superiority, the Germans were unable to penetrate the Australian line. The 1st Division's artillery batteries in front of Lagnicourt were overrun and the village was occupied for two hours but counter-attacks from the Australian 9th and 20th Battalions (the latter from the 2nd Division) drove the Germans out. In this action the Australians suffered 1,010 casualties, mainly in the 1st Division, against 2,313 German casualties.[36] Only five artillery guns were damaged.[37]
On 3 May the Second Battle of Bullecourt commenced. Initially the 1st Division in reserve but it was drawn into the fighting on the second day when the 1st Brigade was detached to support the 2nd Division's attack. The Australians seized a foothold in the Hindenburg Line which over the following days was slowly expanded. By 6 May, they had captured over 1,000 yards (910 m) of the German trenchline, and the 3rd Brigade had also been committed. The German attempts to drive the British from their gains finally ceased on 17 May and the 1st Division was withdrawn for an extended rest, having suffered 2,341 casualties.[38]
Third Battle of Ypres
The 1st Division's artillery was in action from the start of the
The 1st Division was relieved by the Australian 5th Division before the next assault, the
Hazebrouck
The Australians wintered in Flanders, engaging in vigorous patrolling and raiding. The 1st Division was still at
The 1st Division, having reached Amiens and about to join up with the Australian Corps, was ordered to turn around and hurry back north.[28] Hazebrouck was reached on 12 April, just in time to relieve the exhausted British divisions. Holding a line 5 miles (8.0 km) east of the town, the 1st Division helped halt the German advance on 13 April (the Battle of Hazebrouck) and then repulsed a renewed offensive on 17 April after which the Germans abandoned their push, concentrating instead on the high ground west of Messines.[43]
The division remained active in Flanders from May to July, engaging in a process of informal but carefully planned raiding known as peaceful penetration.[44] Their greatest success came on 11 July when they took 1,000 yards (910 m) of front, 120 prisoners and 11 machine guns from the German 13th Reserve Division. This unrelenting pressure had a severe impact on German morale.[45]
Hundred Days, 1918
The 1st Division returned to the Australian Corps on 8 August 1918, the day on which the
On 23 August the 1st Division attacked south of the
After this, the division was withdrawn from the line.
In commemoration of its war dead, the division built a memorial a stone obelisk memorial at Pozières, as the division lost more casualties there than any other battle (7,654 casualties in six weeks). The memorial lists the division's main battles as:
Inter war years
In 1921, after the AIF was disbanded, the part-time Citizens Forces was re-organised to adopt the numerical designations of the AIF.[55] Thus the 1st Division was re-raised as a reserve formation, initially under the command of Colonel Charles Brand, composed primarily of infantry units based in New South Wales and Queensland.[56] During the inter-war years, the assignment of battalions to brigades and divisions varied considerably within the Army and as a result the 1st Division's composition was changed a number of times; its initial order of battle included three infantry brigades – the 1st, 7th and 8th – each of four infantry battalions, and various supporting elements including engineers, field ambulance, artillery, signals, transport, medical, veterinarians and service corps troops.[54] The division was based headquartered at Burwood, New South Wales.[57]
Second World War
Upon the outbreak of Second World War the 1st Division consisted of two infantry brigades – the 1st and
During this time the division's composition changed numerous times as many of its subordinate units were transferred. Shortly after mobilisation the division lost its engineer field companies and in June 1940 the three artillery regiments assigned to the division were also transferred out, to be replaced by a light horse regiment which had been converted to the machine gun role although this too was later removed from the division's order of battle.[58] In mid-1942, the division's headquarters staff were transferred along with their commander, Major General Cyril Clowes, to Milne Force, which later took part in the Battle of Milne Bay.[57] Later the division was transferred to the Second Army.[60] By April 1943, the division consisted of the 1st, 9th and 28th Brigades, and was headquartered in Parramatta.[61] As manpower restrictions in the Australian economy forced the early demobilisation of large numbers of men, the majority of which came from infantry units in Australia that were not involved in fighting overseas. The 1st Division was one of these units and by January 1945, when the 2nd Brigade was disbanded, the division consisted of only one infantry brigade, the 1st.[62] The division was officially disbanded on 6 April 1945.[60]
Post Second World War
After the Second World War, the Australian military was
In 1965, the Pentropic structure was abolished and the divisional headquarters' was tasked with determining the readiness of units deploying to
During this time, the division was not deployed as a complete formation, although its elements undertook numerous operations. These include peacekeeping operations in
Present
Following the establishment of Forces Command, in 2009, and the implementation of the "Adaptive Army" initiative it was decided that no combat units would be directly assigned to the 1st Division on a permanent basis.[67] Instead, it was decided that all combat forces would be assigned to Forces Command and the Headquarters 1st Division would provide a command and control function for "high-level training activities", during which activities combat units would be force assigned to the division.[1] It was also tasked with commanding "large scale ground operations" and, at the behest of Headquarters Joint Operations Command (HQJOC), the divisional headquarters was tasked with forming the "Deployable Joint Force Headquarters (DJFHQ)", responsible for commanding all deployed forces including those of the Royal Australian Navy and Royal Australian Air Force.[1]
As of mid-October 2017, the 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment became a direct command unit of headquarters of the 1st Division, serving as a specialist amphibious warfare unit. The unit remains based at Lavarack Barracks in Townsville.[68]
Effective 1 July 2023, the division was renamed the 1st (Australian) Division. The 1st, 3rd and 7th Brigades were also placed under the direct control of the division's headquarters. This reform aimed to improve the connections between the divisional headquarters and the brigades it commands during deployments.[69]
Commanding generals
Date commenced | Date ended | Commander[70] |
---|---|---|
26 October 1914 | 15 May 1915 | CMG
|
15 May 1915 | 22 June 1915 | DSO
|
22 June 1915 | 26 July 1915 | CMG
| Major General
26 July 1915 | 13 October 1915 | DSO
| Brigadier General Harold Walker
13 October 1915 | 6 November 1915 | Talbot Hobbs | Brigadier General
6 November 1915 | 14 March 1916 | CMG
| Major General
14 March 1916 | 31 May 1918 | DSO
| Major General Sir Harold Walker
30 June 1918 | 6 May 1919 | DSO
| Major General
1 May 1921 | 31 December 1925 | DSO
| Major General
1 January 1926 | 31 May 1927 | CMG
| Major General
1 June 1927 | 5 April 1929 | DSO
| Brigadier General
23 July 1929 | 30 November 1931 | MVO
| Brigadier
16 January 1932 | 31 January 1933 | DSO, VD
| Brigadier
1 February 1933 | 10 July 1934 | DSO
| Brigadier General
24 August 1934 | 1 June 1935 | DSO, VD
| Brigadier
1 June 1935 | 5 November 1939 | OBE
| Major General
5 November 1939 | 1 May 1940 | DSO
| Major General
2 May 1940 | 6 January 1941 | DSO
| Major General
7 January 1942 | 31 July 1942 | DSO, MC
| Major General
1 August 1942 | 21 September 1943 | DSO
| Major General
22 September 1943 | 7 May 1945 | DSO
| Major General
12 December 1960 | 30 November 1963 | CBE
| Major General
1 December 1963 | 8 May 1966 | CBE
| Major General
8 May 1966 | 13 January 1967 | OBE
| Major General
24 May 1967 | 16 December 1968 | MBE
| Major General
30 January 1969 | 20 August 1969 | Stuart Weir MC (Acting) | Brigadier
13 October 1969 | 28 February 1970 | OBE, MC
| Major General
20 April 1970 | 6 December 1970 | MBE
| Major General
5 April 1971 | 31 October 1973 | OBE
| Major General
1 November 1973 | February 1974 | OBE, MC
| Major General
13 February 1974 | 1975 | DSO
| Major General
February 1975 | March 1977 | OBE, MC
| Major General
21 March 1977 | 3 June 1979 | DSO
| Major General
June 1979 | March 1981 | DSO
| Major General
March 1981 | March 1984 | MBE
| Major General
March 1984 | March 1985 | MBE
| Major General
March 1985 | March 1988 | AO, MC
| Major General
March 1988 | January 1991 | AO
| Major General
January 1991 | June 1994 | AO
| Major General
June 1994 | February 1996 | AM
| Major General
February 1996 | March 1998 | Tim Ford | Major General
March 1998 | November 1999 | AM, MC
| Major General
November 1999 | July 2002 | AO
| Major General
July 2002 | April 2004 | AM
| Major General
April 2004 | July 2005 | AM
| Major General
2 July 2005 | 6 July 2007 | AM, CSC
| Major General
6 July 2007 | 2009 | AO
| Major General
2009 | 22 February 2011 | AM, CSC
| Major General
22 February 2011 | 31 October 2012 | MVO
| Major General
31 October 2012 | November 2015 | AO, DSC
| Major General
November 2015 | 5 December 2018 | Major General |
6 December 2018 | 30 November 2021 | AM
| Major General
30 November 2021 | 12 December 2023 | AM
| Major General
12 December 2023 | Incumbent | AM, DSM
| Major General
See also
Notes
- ^ a b c 1st Division – Australian Army.
- ^ a b Stevenson 2013, p. 42.
- ^ Stevenson 2007, pp. 185–187.
- ^ Grey 2008, pp. 85–88.
- ^ Stevenson 2007, p. 188.
- ^ a b Stevenson 2007, p. 189.
- ^ Grey 2008, p. 94.
- ^ Haythornthwaite 2004, p. 39.
- ^ Coulthard-Clark 1998, p. 102.
- ^ Broadbent 2005, p. 85.
- ^ Coulthard-Clark 1998, p. 103.
- ^ Grey 2008, p. 96.
- ^ Broadbent 2005, p. 194.
- ^ Broadbent 2005, p. 236.
- ^ Mionnet 2004, p. 33.
- ^ Stevenson 2013, p. 43.
- ^ Mionnet 2004, pp. 31–34.
- ^ Ekins 2009, p. 24.
- ^ Haythornthwaite 2004, p. 72.
- ^ Broadbent 2005, pp. 199 & 203.
- ^ Mionnet 2004, pp. 31–37.
- ^ Stevenson 2007, pp. 189–190.
- ^ Mionnet 2004, p. 31.
- ^ Mionnet 2004, pp. 4 & 19.
- ^ Mionnet 2004, p. 4.
- ^ a b c Stevenson 2007, p. 190.
- ^ a b Mionnet 2004, p. 5.
- ^ a b c Stevenson 2007, p. 191.
- ^ a b Mionnet 2004, p. 6.
- ^ Bean 1946, p. 319.
- ^ Stevenson 2013, p. 5.
- ^ a b c d Stevenson 2013, p. 63.
- ^ Mionnet 2004, p. 19.
- ^ Bean 1946, p. 326.
- ^ Bean 1946, pp. 334–335.
- ^ Stevenson 2013, p. 166.
- ^ Bean 1946, p. 336.
- ^ a b Mionnet 2004, p. 7.
- ^ Stevenson 2013, p. 171.
- ^ Bean 1946, p. 367.
- ^ Stevenson 2013, pp. 178–179.
- ^ Stevenson 2013, p. 185.
- ^ Bean 1946, pp. 428–429.
- ^ Stevenson 2013, p. 188.
- ^ Bean 1946, p. 455.
- ^ Stevenson 2013, p. 195.
- ^ Bean 1946, pp. 474–475.
- ^ Stevenson 2013, p. 203.
- ^ Bean 1942, p. 935.
- ^ Grey 2008, p. 109.
- ^ Stevenson 2007, pp. 192–193.
- ^ Stevenson 2007, p. 197.
- ^ McLachlan 2007.
- ^ a b Mionnet 2004, p. 20.
- ^ Grey 2008, p. 125.
- ^ Mionnet 2004, p. 8.
- ^ a b c Mionnet 2004, p. 9.
- ^ a b c Orders of Battle.
- ^ Grey 2008, pp. 145–147.
- ^ a b c d e f Mionnet 2004, p. 10.
- ^ Dexter 1961, p. 16.
- ^ Long 1963, p. 25.
- ^ Mionnet 2004, p. 27.
- ^ Grey 2008, pp. 198–200.
- ^ Grey 2008, pp. 200–201.
- ^ Mionnet 2004, p. 11.
- ^ Adaptive Army.
- ISSN 2209-2218. Retrieved 20 July 2023.
- ISSN 2209-2218. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
- ^ Mionnet 2004, p. 12.
- ^ "Commander 1st Division". Australian Army. 18 March 2016. Archived from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
References
- "1st Division". Our people. Australian Army. Archived from the original on 14 September 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
- "Adaptive Army Public Information Paper" (PDF). Australian Army. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 April 2011. Retrieved 4 June 2013.
- "Australian 1st Division". Orders of Battle.com. Retrieved 21 November 2009.[permanent dead link]
- ISBN 0-14-016638-6.
- Bean, Charles (1942). The Australian Imperial Force in France During the Allied Offensive, 1918. Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. Vol. VI (1st ed.). Sydney, New South Wales: Angus and Robertson. OCLC 41008291.
- ISBN 0-670-04085-1.
- Coulthard-Clark, Christopher (1998). The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles (1st ed.). St Leonards, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-1-86448-611-7.
- Dexter, David (1961). The New Guinea Offensives. OCLC 2028994.
- Ekins, Ashley (2009). "Bloody Ridge: The Assault of Lone Pine". Wartime (47): 12–14 & 16–18. ISSN 1328-2727.
- ISBN 978-0-521-69791-0.
- ISBN 0-275-98288-2.
- OCLC 1297619.
- ISBN 978-0-7344-0907-2.
- Mionnet, Yvonne (2004). History of the 1st Division: From Gallipoli to Brisbane, 5 August 1914 to 5 August 2004. OCLC 224412941.
- Stevenson, Robert (2007). "The Forgotten First: The 1st Australian Division in the Great War and its Legacy" (PDF). Australian Army Journal. IV (1): 185–199. OCLC 30798241. Archived from the original(PDF) on 3 December 2013.
- Stevenson, Robert (2013). To Win the Battle: The 1st Australian Division in the Great War, 1914–1918. Port Melbourne, Victoria: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02868-5.
Further reading
- OCLC 40934988.
- Bean, Charles (1941) [1926]. The Story of ANZAC from 4 May 1915, to the Evacuation of the Gallipoli Peninsula. Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. Vol. II (11th ed.). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 220051990.
- Bean, Charles (1941) [1929]. The Australian Imperial Force in France, 1916. Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. Vol. III (12th ed.). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 220623454.
- Bean, Charles (1941) [1933]. The Australian Imperial Force in France: 1917. Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. Vol. IV (11th ed.). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 17648490.
- Bean, Charles (1941) [1937]. The Australian Imperial Force in France during the Main German Offensive, 1918. Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. Vol. V (8th ed.). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Australian War Memorial. OCLC 493141496.
- Connery, David (2014). Which Division? Risk Management and the Australian Army's force structure after the Vietnam War (PDF). Occasional Paper Series. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Army History Unit. ISBN 9780987495990. Archived from the original(PDF) on 19 April 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
- Tyquin, Michael (2017). Training for War: The History of Headquarters 1st Division 1914–2014. Newport, New South Wales: Big Sky. ISBN 9781925520422.
External links
- First AIF Order of Battle 1914–1918: First Division
- Photos of the 1st Division's Memorial
- Photos of the 1st Division's Memorial, including it while being constructed Archived 4 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- Photos of Australian memorials in France (including the 1st Division's Memorial)
- Photos of the all Australian Divisional memorials
- Australian 1st Division Vehicle Marking