1936 Atlantic hurricane season
1936 Atlantic hurricane season | |
---|---|
Seasonal boundaries | |
First system formed | June 12, 1936 |
Last system dissipated | December 6, 1936 |
Strongest storm | |
Name | Thirteen |
• Maximum winds | 120 mph (195 km/h) (1-minute sustained) |
• Lowest pressure | 962 mbar (hPa; 28.41 inHg) |
Seasonal statistics | |
Total depressions | 20 |
Total storms | 17 |
Hurricanes | 7 |
Major hurricanes (Cat. 3+) | 1 |
Total fatalities | 5 total |
Total damage | ~ $1.23 million (1936 USD) |
Related articles | |
The 1936 Atlantic hurricane season was a fairly active season, with 20 tropical cyclones recorded, 17 of which became tropical storms. Seven storms became hurricanes, of which one became a major hurricane. In addition, the season was unusual in the fact that no storms moved across large portions of the Caribbean Sea.[1] Seven storms, including three hurricanes, struck the United States.
The season's activity was reflected with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) rating of 100 units,[2] slightly higher than the 1931–1943 average of 91.2.[3] ACE is a metric used to express the energy used by a tropical cyclone during its lifetime. Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have high values of ACE. It is only calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h), which is the threshold for tropical storm intensity. Thus, tropical depressions are not included here.[2]
Timeline
Systems
Tropical Storm One
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | June 12 – June 17 |
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Peak intensity | 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min); 996 mbar (hPa) |
On June 9, a
While crossing Central America, the storm produced heavy rainfall.. In southern Florida, winds from the storm ranged from 30 mph (48 km/h) to a peak of 39 mph (63 km/h) in Miami. The storm produced heavy rainfall in southern Florida, ranging from 8 to 15 in (200 to 380 mm). The rainfall caused flooding of highways and lowlands, drowned several livestock, and some damage. The storm caused three indirect deaths when a Coast Guard airplane crashed in Tampa Bay while in search of small boats.[1]
Tropical Storm Two
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | June 19 – June 22 |
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Peak intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min); 1000 mbar (hPa) |
An area of disturbed weather was first detected near the Yucatán Peninsula on June 18. It tracked west-northwestward, and developed into a tropical storm the following day. The storm continued to the west-northwest until June 21, when the storm turned to the west-southwest. Having remained a minimal tropical storm for all of its lifetime, the 40-mph (65-km/h) storm struck northeast Mexico on June 21, and dissipated the next day. The storm caused higher than normal tides along the Texas coastline, and no damage or deaths were reported.[1]
Hurricane Three
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | June 26 – June 28 |
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Peak intensity | 80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min); 987 mbar (hPa) |
A small tropical storm developed on June 26 while located 125 mi (200 km) east of
Upon making landfall, the storm caused a 3.8-ft (1.2-m)
Tropical Storm Four
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 26 – July 28 |
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Peak intensity | 45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min); 1003 mbar (hPa) |
On July 26, a small tropical storm formed near the western tip of
Hurricane Five
Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | July 27 – August 1 |
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Peak intensity | 105 mph (165 km/h) (1-min); 964 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical storm was first observed over the southern
In south Florida, the storm caused a storm tide of 5.5 ft (1.7 m) when it made landfall, causing flooding of up to 1.5 ft (0.46 m) in coastal areas. Though winds reached 60 mph (95 km/h), damage was minimal there. In Valparaiso in the Florida Panhandle, the hurricane produced wind gusts of up to 100 mph (155 km/h), along with a storm tide of 6 ft (1.8 m).[1] Damage from the storm was relatively minor, totaling to $200,000 (1936 USD).[8] The hurricane indirectly killed four people when a boat capsized in the Gulf of Mexico.
Tropical Storm Six
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 4 – August 9 |
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Peak intensity | 40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min); 1001 mbar (hPa) |
The sixth tropical storm of the season was first spotted on August 4 while located 155 mi (250 km) east-northeast of Barbuda. It tracked northwestward, and reached a peak intensity of 40 mph (65 km/h) on August 5. It retained that intensity throughout its lifetime (although it is possible it remained a tropical depression but data was conflicting), which was followed by a turn to the northeast on August 8. On August 9, the storm passed 160 mi (255 km) to the west of Bermuda, and early on August 10 the storm became extratropical over the open Atlantic Ocean. The extratropical storm continued northeastward until dissipating late on August 11 while 280 mi (450 km) south of the eastern tip of Nova Scotia.[9]
Tropical Storm Seven
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 7 – August 12 |
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Peak intensity | 40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min); 1008 mbar (hPa) |
A weak
Advisories were issued early on August 12 from the
Hurricane Eight
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 15 – August 20 |
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Peak intensity | 75 mph (120 km/h) (1-min); 999 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical disturbance was detected in the western to northwest
The hurricane brought heavy rains to mainland Mexico, while the highest winds recorded at Tampico were 30 mph (48 km/h) on August 19 as the center passed nearby just to the north.[1] Storm warnings were issued on August 17 and 18 as the system initially approached the upper Gulf Coast of Louisiana and Texas, but the system's west-southwest turn prevented a direct United States landfall.[1]
Tropical Storm Nine
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 20 – August 23 |
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Peak intensity | 60 mph (95 km/h) (1-min); 1002 mbar (hPa) |
A weak tropical storm formed on August 20 near the eastern
Hurricane Ten
Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 25 – September 5 |
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Peak intensity | 110 mph (175 km/h) (1-min); 959 mbar (hPa) |
This
Hurricane Eleven
Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | August 28 – August 30 |
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Peak intensity | 80 mph (130 km/h) (1-min); 1000 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical storm was detected on August 28 in the far western Caribbean Sea. The system moved steadily west-northwest, making landfall shortly afterwards on the Yucatán Peninsula as a 45 mph (75 km/h) tropical storm. The system weakened slightly to a 40-mph (65-km/h) tropical storm as it steadily crossed the Yucatán, entering the
Although advisories were issued for Mexico on August 29 and early on August 30 from the
Tropical Storm Twelve
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 7 – September 8 |
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Peak intensity | 40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min); 1008 mbar (hPa) |
On September 7, a ship reported southwest winds at a location about 405 mi (650 km) northeast of Antigua, indicating the presence of a tropical cyclone. The storm tracked to the west-northwest without strengthening, and the following day no circulation was reported. It is estimated the storm weakened to a tropical depression and dissipated on September 8 while located about 235 mi (380 km) north-northeast of Saint Martin, although it may have remained a tropical depression throughout its short lifespan.[9] The storm never affected land.[1]
Hurricane Thirteen
Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 8 – September 19 |
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Peak intensity | 120 mph (195 km/h) (1-min); 962 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical storm was first observed by a ship on September 8 while located about 750 mi (1,205 km) east of
Early on September 17, Weather Bureau offices began issuing
Tropical Storm Fourteen
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 10 – September 14 |
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Peak intensity | 50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min); 996 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical storm moved northward into Acapulco in the middle of September. Its large area of disturbed weather organized in the Bay of Campeche and developed into a tropical storm on September 10 a short distance off the coast of Tabasco.[16] The storm initially moved westward, then turned to the north. It remained a minimal tropical storm for its entire lifetime, and after turning to the north west it made landfall near Brownsville, Texas, on September 13 with winds of 50 mph (85 km/h). The system weakened over Texas, and dissipated over northern Coahuila on September 14. Winds were generally minor from the storm, and tides were not much above normal. The storm resulted in heavy rainfall totaling 30.00 in (762 mm) at Broome, Texas, between September 15 and 17.[17] Anticipating further intensification, one bulletin from the local weather bureau recommended citizens on offshore islands to evacuate inland.[1]
Hurricane Fifteen
Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 18 – September 25 |
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Peak intensity | 105 mph (165 km/h) (1-min); 977 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical storm was first observed about 140 mi (225 km) north of Anguilla on September 19. The storm moved northwestward and quickly attained hurricane status on September 20. After turning to the northeast, the hurricane reached a peak intensity of 105 mph (165 km/h) on September 21 while located about 500 mi (805 km) southwest of Bermuda. It turned to the north and slowly weakened. A cold front turned the hurricane to the northeast, and the system became extratropical on September 25 a short time before making landfall on southern Nova Scotia. Hours after striking the providence, the extratropical remnant was absorbed by the approaching cold front while located over the Gulf of St. Lawrence.[9]
Rough seas offshore Nova Scotia capsized the ship Village Queen near Cape St. Marys, nearly drowning six fishermen. At least 13 boats also sank in Newfoundland. The storm also produced rainfall as far west as Ontario, with crops and subway systems flooded in Ottawa.[18]
Tropical Depression
Tropical depression (SSHWS) | |
Duration | September 25 – October 1 |
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Peak intensity | 35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min); 1006 mbar (hPa) |
A tropical depression formed in the western Atlantic Ocean on September 25. It moved west-northwestward, making landfall on eastern Florida before entering the Gulf of Mexico on September 28. The depression turned to the northwest, and struck land near Apalachicola as a minimal system. It dissipated over land on October 1. The minimum central pressure in the depression was 1,006 mbar (29.7 inHg). The depression produced winds of up to 35 mph (55 km/h) in Tarpon Springs. Effects were minimal.[1]
Tropical Storm Sixteen
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | October 9 – October 11 |
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Peak intensity | 40 mph (65 km/h) (1-min); 1006 mbar (hPa) |
An area of disturbed weather persisted across the northwestern
Tropical Storm Seventeen
Tropical storm (SSHWS) | |
Duration | December 4 – December 7 |
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Peak intensity | 65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min); 996 mbar (hPa) |
Toward the end of November, a cold front was moving eastward across the central Atlantic Ocean. A broad low formed on November 28, but it was not evident by two days later. Another low formed on December 2 to the west-southwest of the Canary Islands, which was an occluded low. It moved to the west-northwest and became more tropical, finally transitioning into a tropical storm by December 4. The transition to a tropical cyclone was determined on ships reporting gale-force winds near the center, although it is possible the system was a subtropical cyclone instead. On December 6, the storm turned to the west-southwest and reached its peak winds of 65 mph (100 km/h). An approaching cold front caused the storm to become extratropical early on December 7. After reaching a position to the northeast of the Lesser Antilles, the extratropical storm turned to the northwest on December 10, later turning to the northeast on December 14. A larger extratropical low absorbed the storm on December 16.[19]
See also
- 1936 Pacific hurricane season
- 1936 Pacific typhoon season
- 1900–1950 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone seasons
- 1930s Australian region cyclone seasons
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v I. R. Tannehill (1936). "Tropical Disturbances of 1936" (PDF). Weather Bureau. Retrieved September 9, 2006.
- ^ a b "Comparison of Original and Revised HURDAT". Hurricane Research Division. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. September 2021. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
- S2CID 1785238. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
- ^ a b c d National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (December 2012). "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT) Meta Data, 1936". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic & Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on May 12, 2014. Retrieved 2012-12-21.
- ^ National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (April 2012). "Chronological List of All Continental United States Hurricanes: 1851–2011". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Office of Oceanic & Atmospheric Research. Archived from the original on February 10, 2014. Retrieved 2012-05-14.
- ^ David Roth (2000). "Texas Hurricane History". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on June 13, 2007. Retrieved September 10, 2006.
- ^ "Storm to Diminish in Intensity". Alexandria Daily Town Talk. Vol. 54, no. 114. Alexandria, Louisiana. Associated Press. July 27, 1936. p. 1. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
- ISBN 978-0-8078-3068-0.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved April 18, 2024. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "Hurricane Warning Issued To Mexico". The Monitor. McAllen, Texas. Associated Press. August 13, 1936. p. 1. Retrieved October 5, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ James E. Hudgins (2000). "Tropical cyclones affecting North Carolina since 1586: An historical perspective". Blacksburg, Virginia National Weather Service Office. Archived from the original on March 11, 2007. Retrieved November 27, 2006.
- ^ Wakefield and Blacksburg, Virginia National Weather Service (2006). "Virginia Hurricane History". Archived from the original on September 4, 2005. Retrieved November 27, 2006.
- ^ David Roth & Hugh Cobb (2001). "Virginia Hurricane History 1900–1949". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on November 16, 2006. Retrieved November 27, 2006.
- . Retrieved October 5, 2021.
- ^ "1935 – 13". Environment Canada. November 18, 2009. Archived from the original on March 13, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
- . Retrieved October 5, 2021.
- ^ R. W. Schoner and S. Molansky (July 1956). National Hurricane Research Project No. 3: Rainfall Associated With Hurricanes (and Other Tropical Disturbances) (PDF). United States Department of Commerce. p. 8. Retrieved June 18, 2012.
- ^ "1935 – 15". Environment Canada. November 18, 2009. Archived from the original on March 13, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
- ^ Christopher W. Landsea; et al. (2012). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 5, 2021.