1996 Final Peace Agreement
| The Final Agreement on the Implementation of the 1976 Tripoli Agreement between the Government of the Republic of the Philippines and the Moro National Liberation Front with the participation of the Organization of Islamic Conference Ministerial Committee of the Six and the Secretary General of the Organization of Islamic Conference | |
|---|---|
| Context | Part of a series of peace agreements between the |
The 1996 Final Peace Agreement, also called the Jakarta Accord[1] was signed on September 2, 1996 in Manila, Philippines by Manuel Yan, representing the Government of the Philippines and Nur Misuari of the Moro National Liberation Front. The culmination of four years of peace talks, the agreement established mechanisms designed to bring about the full implementation of the 1976 Tripoli Agreement.
Previous treaties
In 1976, the Philippine government and the MNLF had agreed to submit the proposal of regional autonomy for thirteen provinces in the southern Philippines to a
A year after Marcos was ousted from power during the
The agreement
Background
In the early 1990s, the
When an interim
Phases of implementation
The 1996 Final Peace Agreement divided the mechanism for implementation of the 1976 Tripoli agreement into two phases:
- Phase I – Three years were allotted for the establishment of the Special Zone of Peace and Development, the Southern Philippines Council for Peace and Development (SPCPD) and the Consultative Assembly. At this point, the agreement enabled qualified MNLF members to enter the ranks of the Armed Forces of the Philippines and the Philippine National Police. The Southern Philippines Council for Peace and Development was dominated by the MNLF. Misuari then ran unopposed as governor of the ARMM.[6]
- Phase II – This aspect involved the repeal or amendment of Republic Act No. 6734, otherwise known as the Organic Act which established the ARMM, through plebiscite. This was to be done within two years from the establishment of the SPCPD.
The peace agreement earned Ramos and Misuari the 1997 Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize.[7]
Succeeding treaties
The Moro Islamic Liberation Front, a faction of the MNLF which had broken away in 1977, initially supported the MNLF during the peace talks. They however, rejected the 1996 Final Peace Agreement as inadequate, reiterating a demand for a "Bangsamoro Islamic State", and not just simple political autonomy.[5] That same year, the MILF began informal talks with the Ramos-led government. These, however, were not pursued and the MILF began recruiting and establishing camps, becoming the dominant Muslim rebel group. The administration of Joseph Estrada advocated a hardline stance against the MILF; that of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo tried to sign a peace agreement with it, but it was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the Philippines.[6]
Shortly after Benigno Aquino III assumed the Presidency in 2010, he met with MILF chairman Murad Ebrahim in Tokyo, Japan. In 2012, the Philippine government and the MILF signed the Framework Agreement on the Bangsamoro,[6] which calls for the creation of the Bangsamoro, an autonomous political entity which will replace the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, which Aquino describes as a "failed experiment".[8]
See also
External links
References
- ISBN 978-1317041832.
- ^ "The Tripoli Agreement". Retrieved May 17, 2016.
- ISBN 9812302387.
- ^ ISBN 978-1409469438.
- ^ ISBN 978-9811000423.
- ^ a b c Casauay, Angela (May 25, 2015). "The MNLF, MILF and 2 peace agreements". Rappler. Retrieved May 18, 2016.
- ^ Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Prize. "1997 Prizewinners: Mr Fidel V. Ramos, President of the Republic of the Philippines, and Mr Nur Misuari, Chairman of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) Philippines". Retrieved May 18, 2016.
- ^ Calonzo, Andreo (October 7, 2012). "Govt, MILF agree to create 'Bangsamoro' to replace ARMM". GMA News. GMA Network. Retrieved May 18, 2016.