2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes
UTC time | |
---|---|
A: 2019-07-04 17:33:49 | |
B: 2019-07-05 11:07:53 | |
C: 2019-07-06 03:19:52 | |
D: 2020-06-04 01:32:11 | |
ISC event | |
A: 616217956 | |
B: 616043696 | |
C: 616203758 | |
USGS-ANSS | |
A: ComCat | |
B: ComCat | |
C: ComCat | |
D: ComCat | |
Local date | |
A: July 4, 2019 | |
B: July 5, 2019 | |
C: July 5, 2019 | |
D: June 3, 2020 | |
Local time | |
A: 10:33 a.m. PDT | |
B: 4:08 a.m. PDT | |
C: 8:19 p.m. PDT | |
D: 6:32 p.m. PDT | |
Magnitude | |
A: Mw6.4[1] | |
B: Mw5.4[2] | |
C: Mw7.1[3] | |
D: Mw5.5[4] | |
Depth | |
A: 10.7 km (6.6 mi) | |
B: 7.0 km (4.3 mi) | |
C: 8.0 km (5.0 mi) | |
D: 6.8 km (4.2 mi) | |
Epicenter | 35°45′58″N 117°36′18″W / 35.766°N 117.605°W |
Type | Strike-slip |
Areas affected | California, Nevada, Arizona |
Total damage | $5.3 billion[5][6] |
Max. intensity | MMI IX (Violent) |
Peak acceleration | 0.48 g [7] |
Foreshocks | 2 (≥2.5 Mw ) (including before main foreshock) |
Aftershocks | 4,000 ~1,200 (≥2.5 Mw ) (including after main foreshock) |
Casualties | 1 death, 25 injured (20 on July 4, 5 on July 5) |
The 2019 Ridgecrest earthquakes (more commonly referred to in scientific literature as the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence) of July 4 and 5 occurred north and northeast of the town of
Relatively minor damage resulted from the initial foreshock, though some building fires were reported in Ridgecrest near the
Earthquakes
At 10:02 a.m.
At 8:19 p.m. PDT on July 5, a larger 7.1 Mw earthquake occurred in the Ridgecrest area after being preceded by a 5.0 Mw foreshock 3 minutes prior,[23] revealing the previous day's 6.4 Mw earthquake to have been a foreshock. All three earthquakes have been described by the United States Geological Survey as occurring via shallow strike-slip mechanisms. Subsequent seismic activity occurred along two intersecting faults in the Little Lake Fault Zone.[24]
Aftershocks
A significant series of additional earthquakes followed the foreshock, with the majority of magnitudes ranging approximately 2–4 Mw .
Thousands more aftershocks occurred following the 7.1 Mw event, with the total number of aftershocks exceeding 3,000 by the morning of July 7.[29] Geologists at the USGS estimate an additional 34,000 aftershocks in the six months following the earthquakes.[30]
On June 3, 2020, at 6:32 PM PST, a 5.5 Mw aftershock was recorded 11 miles south of Searles Valley. This aftershock is tied for the strongest aftershock following the 7.1 Mw mainshock.
Date | Time (UTC) | Magnitude Mw | MMI | Depth | Location | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
July 4 | 17:33:49 | 6.4 | VIII | 6.4 mi (10.3 km) | 7.5 mi (12 km) SW of Searles Valley | [17] |
July 4 | 18:39:44 | 4.6 | VI | 1.7 mi (2.8 km) | 4.3 mi (7 km) ESE of Ridgecrest | [31] |
July 4 | 18:56:06 | 4.6 | VI | 1.2 mi (1.9 km) | 9.3 mi (15 km) NE of Ridgecrest | [32] |
July 4 | 19:21:32 | 4.5 | VI | 3.2 mi (5.2 km) | 8.1 mi (13 km) SSW of Searles Valley | [33] |
July 5 | 11:07:53 | 5.4 | VII | 4.3 mi (7.0 km) | 9.9 mi (16 km) W of Searles Valley | [34] |
July 6 | 03:16:32 | 5.0 | VII | 0.6 mi (0.9 km) | 8.7 mi (14 km) WSW of Searles Valley | [35] |
July 6 | 03:19:53 | 7.1 | IX | 5.0 mi (8.0 km) | 11 mi (18 km) W of Searles Valley | [36] |
July 6 | 03:22:03 | 4.6 | VII | 5.7 mi (9.1 km) | 9.9 mi (16 km) E of Little Lake | [37] |
July 6 | 03:22:48 | 5.0 | VI | 5.9 mi (9.5 km) | 9.9 mi (16 km) ESE of Little Lake | [38] |
July 6 | 03:23:50 | 5.4 | VII | 7.7 mi (12.4 km) | 11 mi (18 km) WNW of Searles Valley | [39] |
July 6 | 03:25:27 | 5.0 | VI | 7.0 mi (11.2 km) | 14 mi (23 km) ESE of Little Lake | [40] |
July 6 | 03:27:06 | 4.7 | VI | 8.1 mi (13.0 km) | 11 mi (18 km) E of Little Lake | [41] |
July 6 | 03:29:29 | 4.5 | VI | 6.9 mi (11.1 km) | 7.5 mi (12 km) SW of Searles Valley | [42] |
July 6 | 03:47:53 | 5.5 | V | 2.1 mi (3.4 km) | 9.3 mi (15 km) ESE of Little Lake | [43] |
July 6 | 03:50:59 | 4.9 | V | 4.1 mi (6.6 km) | 12 mi (19 km) ESE of Little Lake | [44] |
July 6 | 04:13:07 | 4.8 | VI | 4.9 mi (7.9 km) | 3.7 mi (6 km) SE of Ridgecrest | [45] |
July 6 | 04:18:55 | 5.4 | VII | 4.6 mi (7.4 km) | 12 mi (20 km) E of Little Lake | [46] |
July 6 | 04:36:55 | 4.9 | VII | 1.2 mi (1.9 km) | 9.9 mi (16 km) ESE of Little Lake | [47] |
July 6 | 06:01:51 | 4.6 | VI | 3.2 mi (5.1 km) | 9.3 mi (15 km) E of Little Lake | [48] |
July 6 | 08:32:57 | 4.6 | VI | 1.9 mi (3.1 km) | 9.9 mi (16 km) SSW of Searles Valley | [49] |
July 6 | 09:28:28 | 4.9 | VII | 2.5 mi (4.0 km) | 11 mi (17 km) ESE of Little Lake | [50] |
July 6 | 13:06:55 | 4.5 | VI | 1.5 mi (2.4 km) | 11 mi (18 km) E of Little Lake | [51] |
July 6 | 23:50:41 | 4.5 | VII | 1.9 mi (3.0 km) | 14 mi (22 km) N of Ridgecrest | [52] |
July 7 | 05:38:15 | 4.5 | VI | 6.6 mi (10.6 km) | 9.9 mi (16 km) W of Searles Valley | [53] |
July 11 | 00:14:37 | 4.5 | VI | 0.5 mi (0.8 km) | 9.9 mi (16 km) NNE of Coso Junction | [54] |
July 12 | 13:11:37 | 4.9 | VI | 6.2 mi (9.9 km) | 5.0 mi (8 km) ENE of Ridgecrest | [55] |
July 16 | 20:15:36 | 4.5 | VI | 2.2 mi (3.6 km) | 12 mi (19 km) NNE of Ridgecrest | [56] |
July 18 | 03:59:14 | 4.9 | VI | 1.6 mi (2.5 km) | 5.6 mi (9 km) NE of Coso Junction | [57] |
July 26 | 00:42:47 | 4.7 | VI | 2.4 mi (3.8 km) | 11 mi (18 km) E of Little Lake | [58] |
August 22 | 20:49:50 | 5.0 | VII | 1.5 mi (2.4 km) | 11 mi (18 km) E of Little Lake | [59] |
June 4 | 01:32:11 | 5.5 | VIII | 4.2 mi (6.8 km) | 11 mi (17 km) S of Searles Valley | [60] |
July 15 | 01:19:07 | 4.6 | V | 3.9 mi (6.3 km) | 8.1 mi (13 km) NE of Ridgecrest | [61] |
Impact
July 4 foreshock
Structural damage and two building fires—one of which destroyed half of a home—occurred in Ridgecrest.
One person died in Pahrump, Nevada, when a lifted Jeep he was working under collapsed.[5]
July 5 mainshock
Several fires broke out and five injuries were reported after the mainshock hit, most of them in Ridgecrest and Trona.
Overall damage is estimated in excess of $5.3 billion.[5][6]
Aftermath
July 4 foreshock
Hours after the Mw 6.4 foreshock,
On July 4, seismologist Dr. Lucy Jones said there was a "1 in 20 chance" that the shock would be followed by larger earthquakes over the next few days. Jones also noted that the magnitude of additional shocks would also likely increase, with some possibly exceeding 5 Mw .[77]
July 5 mainshock
The State Operations Center for the California Governor's Office of Emergency Services (Cal OES) was raised to its highest level by Governor Newsom to coordinate resources.[12] The agency distributed cots, water, and food. Due to temperatures exceeding 100 °F (38 °C), Cal OES established cooling stations in the affected areas.[71] Newsom proclaimed a state of emergency for San Bernardino County on July 6.[79] The California National Guard deployed 200 personnel to assist in relief operations. Power and water service was restored to Ridgecrest and roads were deemed safe by July 7; however, residents were advised to boil water for several days.[71]
Following the shock, (NAWS) Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake evacuated all non essential personnel and declared the base as "not mission capable until further notice" in a statement published on the base's Facebook page on July 6.[80][non-primary source needed]
In addition, Dr. Lucy Jones said that the odds of another 7 Mw or above earthquake was a "1 in 10 chance", with a "50-50" chance of a 6 Mw hitting the Owens Valley. The NW-SE fault is believed to now have increased to between 25 and 30 miles in length.[81]
Earthquake early warning
Many residents of Los Angeles County were not pleased when an
At the time of the Ridgecrest earthquakes the threshold for issuing an alert was an expected shaking intensity in Los Angeles County of 4 (IV) on the
According to the City of Los Angeles's Twitter account, the threshold will be lowered after this event.[88][89]
Tectonic setting
The broad context of the Ridgecrest earthquakes is the
The ECSZ extends north along the east front of the
Along the eastern front of the Sierra Nevada strike-slip faulting happens on the Owens Valley Fault (OVF), part of which ruptured in the
East of Rose Valley, between the nearly parallel ends of the Owens Valley and Little Lake faults, lies the Coso Range and Coso Volcanic Field (a notable geothermal field). These lie in a zone where stress and strike-slip movement from the OVF is transferred to various other faults to the south and east, including the Little Lake and Airport Lake faults.[99] The Little Lake Fault has been considered a splay (branch) of the Sierra Nevada (or Sierran) Frontal Fault (SNFF)[100] (formed by the uplift of the Sierra Nevada), but may actually accommodate a significant amount of the right-slip motion of the ECSZ,[101] and (along with the Airport Lake fault zone) may be a major tectonic boundary.[102] South of Little Lake the SNFF continues south along the west side of Indian Wells Valley (where Ridgecrest is situated), then curves west (roughly along California Highway 14) before connecting with the Garlock Fault.[103]
The easterly striking left-slip Garlock Fault south of Ridgecrest is one of California's longest active faults, and marks the boundary between different styles of tectonic deformation.[104] It has been called "somewhat enigmatic" in that it appears to neither offset, nor be offset by, any of the active, NW trending strike-slip faults that cross the ECSZ.[105] In particular, even though the Little Lake Fault is in general alignment with the Blackwater Fault[106] (and its southern extension, the Calico Fault), and a connection is "strongly suspected",[107] and though the aftershocks triggered along the entire length of these faults by the 1992 Landers earthquake suggests a structural continuity,[108] yet the surficial geology shows that "the Blackwater fault ends a few kilometers short of the Garlock fault."[109] How to explain this apparent lack of fault offsetting, and the larger question of how strain (dislocation) is transferred through or around the Garlock Fault, remains unanswered.[105]
Geodetic measurements show that the slip-rate of Garlock Fault is currently less than half of its estimated long-term geological rate.[110] This may indicate that the Garlock Fault is in the late stages of its earthquake cycle.[111]
The Scodie Lineament is a zone of microseismicity extending southwest (paralleling the Garlock Fault) from near Walker Pass (due west of Ridgecrest) to align with the White Wolf Fault, scene of the 1952 Kern County earthquake south of Bakersfield. The nature of the seismicity suggests an early stage in the formation of a strike-slip fault, before localized faulting in the shear zone has connected to form a continuous structure.[112]
Historical seismicity
A large portion of the slippage between the Pacific and North American plates is accommodated in the Eastern California Shear Zone (ECSZ), resulting in many large earthquakes even within the limited span of the historical era.[113] The most notable of these earthquakes is the 1872 Owens Valley earthquake, with an estimated magnitude of 7.4 Mw (preferred; other estimates range as high as 7.9[114]). The Owens Valley quake is believed to be the greatest earthquake on record and not just for California, but also for the western continental United States.[115]
In March 1946 an ML 6.3[116] earthquake struck near Walker Pass (crest of the Sierra Nevada, due west from Ridgecest), with aftershocks continuing for nearly a year.[117] The 1952 Kern County earthquake (Ms7.5, Mw 7.3[118]), considered the biggest earthquake to hit California since the 1906 San Francisco earthquake,[119] occurred on the White Wolf fault south of Bakersfield, and likely connected with the Walker Pass earthquake via the Scodie Lineament.[120]
At the southern end of the ECSZ the 1992 Landers earthquake, at magnitude Mw 7.2 (Ms7.8)[121] was also the strongest earthquake in California since 1906. It was followed by a Mw 7.2 (MS7.4)[122] quake on a nearby fault, the 1999 Hector Mine earthquake.[113] Following the Landers earthquake "a well-developed linear pattern of primary and triggered aftershocks" was observed that extended along the Little Lake Fault and into Owens Valley.[108]
Smaller earthquakes are quite common. In the Ridgecrest area these include a ML5.2[123] earthquake in October 1961 near Brown (approximately halfway between Ridgecrest and Little Lake) that was felt in Independence and Los Angeles; it was preceded by eight minutes by an ML 3.4 foreshock felt in China Lake (east of Ridgecrest).[124] Additional earthquakes struck near Walker Pass in 1961 (ML 5.3),[125] 1962 (ML 4.9),[126] and 1979 (ML 4.3).[127] In 1977 two small quakes that hit Ridgecrest in February[128] were followed by another pair of small earthquakes in March.[129]
Seismicity in Indian Wells Valley has been characterized by swarms of thousands of earthquakes, some lasting for more than a year.[130] The Ridgecrest earthquake sequence of 1995 was particularly notable, having eight events M ≥ 4.0. This sequence was similar to the 2019 earthquakes in having two main shocks: an ML 5.4 earthquake on August 17 located 11 miles north of Ridgecrest,[131] and an ML 5.8 earthquake on September 20, located about a mile south-southwest of the first earthquake.[132] Another shock on the 24th was ML 4.9. Another similarity with the 2019 events: the first earthquake, although occurring on a north-northwest trending fault (presumably the Little Lake fault), may have involved a northeast-striking fault.[132]
An earlier study[133] noted that successive earthquake sequences here tend to increase in number and magnitude, and migrate southward.
See also
- List of earthquakes in 2019
- List of earthquakes in California
- List of earthquakes in the United States
- 1872 Owens Valley earthquake
- 1952 Kern County earthquake
- 1992 Landers earthquake
- 1999 Hector Mine earthquake, the last earthquake of similar intensity to strike within the state
References
- ^ ANSS: Ridgecrest 2019a .
- ^ ANSS: Ridgecrest 2019b .
- ^ ANSS: Ridgecrest 2019c .
- ^ ANSS: Ridgecrest 2019d .
- ^ a b c Erika Martin & Eric Spillman (July 10, 2019). "1st Fatality in Ridgecrest Earthquake May Be Man Found Dead Under Jeep 100 Miles From Epicenter: Investigators". KTLA. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ a b Los Angeles Times (August 14, 2019). "Ridgecrest Quake Damage Estimated Above $5 Billion at Massive China Lake Naval Base". KTLA. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
- ^ M 6.4 and M 7.1 Ridgecrest, CA Earthquakes PRELIMINARY VIRTUAL RECONNAISSANCE REPORT (PVRR) (PDF), Structural Extreme Events Reconnaissance (StEER), retrieved October 21, 2021
- ^ ANSS: Ridgecrest 2019a . ANSS: Ridgecrest 2019b . ANSS: Ridgecrest 2019c .
- ^ ANSS: Ridgecrest 2019a, "Regional Information" .
- ^ ANSS: Ridgecrest 2019c . "Tectonic Summary".
- ^ a b "7.1-Magnitude Earthquake Hits Southern California; Experts Say More Strong Aftershocks Possible". The Weather Company. July 6, 2019. Retrieved July 6, 2019.
- ^ a b c d Kaplan, Alejandra Reyes-Velarde, Rosanna Xia, Ruben Vives, Karen (July 6, 2019). "Second, stronger quake in Ridgecrest shakes Southern California, causing more damage". Los Angeles Times.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
- ^ Byrd, Doborah (July 6, 2019). "California shakes from 2nd big quake in 2 days". EarthSky. Retrieved July 7, 2019.
- ^ "M 4.0 - 11km SW of Searles Valley, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
- ^ "Earthquake: 4.2 quake hits near Ridgecrest". Los Angeles Times. July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
- ^ a b c "M 6.4 - 12km SW of Searles Valley, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
- ^ a b c d e f "Strong earthquake sets off fires, damages desert city east of Los Angeles". CNBC. Reuters. July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
- ^ "Magnitude 6.4 Earthquake Rocks Southern California on 4th of July". KTLA5. July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
- ^ a b c Alexa Díaz; Alejandra Reyes-Velarde; Hannah Fry & Rong-Gong Lin II (July 5, 2019). "'Your house is gone.' Ridgecrest residents survey damage after powerful earthquake jolts Southern California". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
- ^ a b Cabanatuan, Michael (July 4, 2019). "Major 6.4 quake hits Mojave Desert, felt in Los Angeles, Las Vegas". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
- ^ "M 6.4 - 12km SW of Searles Valley, CA: Did You Feel It?". United States Geological Survey. July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
- ^ "USGS M 5.0 Ridgecrest (foreshock to 7.1)". earthquake.usgs.gov. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
- ^ ANSS: Ridgecrest 2019c (accessed July 6, 2019).
- ^ Jay Croft & Braden Goyette (July 4, 2019). "California earthquake brings scattered damage". CNN. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
- ^ "SoCal earthquake: 5.4-magnitude earthquake hits Searles Valley, 1 day after 6.4 temblor". KABC. July 5, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
- ^ "M 5.4 - 16km W of Searles Valley, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 5, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
- ^ a b Jay Croft & Braden Goyette (July 4, 2019). "California earthquake felt in Los Angeles and Las Vegas". CNN. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
- ^ "More Than 3,000 Aftershocks Follow 1st of 2 Major Quakes To Hit SoCal". CBSLA. July 7, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ Wigglesworth, Alex (July 9, 2019). "Expect 34,000 aftershocks from Ridgecrest earthquakes. But seismic activity is slowing down". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ "M 4.6 - 7km ESE of Ridgecrest, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ "M 4.6 - 15km NE of Ridgecrest, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ "M 4.5 - 13km SSW of Searles Valley, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ "M 5.4 - 16km W of Searles Valley, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 5, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ "M 5.0 - 14km WSW of Searles Valley, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 6, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ "M 7.1 - 18km W of Searles Valley, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 6, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ "M 4.6 - 16km E of Little Lake, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 6, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ "M 5.0 - 16km ESE of Little Lake, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 6, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ "M 5.4 - 18km WNW of Searles Valley, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 6, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ "M 5.0 - 23km ESE of Little Lake, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 6, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ "M 4.7 - 18km E of Little Lake, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 6, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ "M 4.5 - 12km SW of Searles Valley, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 6, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ "M 5.5 - 15km ESE of Little Lake, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 6, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ "M 4.9 - 19km ESE of Little Lake, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 6, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ "M 4.8 - 6km SE of Ridgecrest, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 6, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ "M 5.4 - 20km E of Little Lake, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 6, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ "M 4.9 - 16km ESE of Little Lake, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 6, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ "M 4.6 - 15km E of Little Lake, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 6, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ "M 4.6 - 16km SSW of Searles Valley, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 6, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ "M 4.9 - 17km ESE of Little Lake, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 6, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ "M 4.5 - 18km E of Little Lake, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 6, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ "M 4.5 - 22km N of Ridgecrest, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 6, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ "M 4.5 - 16km W of Searles Valley, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 7, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ "M 4.5 - 16km NNE of Coso Junction, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 11, 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
- ^ "M 4.9 - 9km ENE of Ridgecrest, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 12, 2019. Retrieved July 11, 2019.
- ^ "M 4.5 - 19km NNE of Ridgecrest, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 16, 2019. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
- ^ "M 4.9 - 9km NE of Coso Junction, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 16, 2019. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
- ^ "M 4.7 - 18km E of Little Lake, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 26, 2019. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
- ^ "M 5.0 - 18km E of Little Lake, CA". United States Geological Survey. August 22, 2019. Retrieved August 23, 2019.
- ^ "M 5.5 - 17km S of Searles Valley, CA". United States Geological Survey. June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
- ^ "M 4.6 - 13km NE of Ridgecrest, CA". United States Geological Survey. July 14, 2022. Retrieved July 18, 2022.
- ^ a b c d "No major injuries reported in 6.4 earthquake in California's Mojave Desert". KSBY. July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
- ^ "At least 20 injured in California quake | NHK WORLD-JAPAN News". NHK WORLD. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved July 5, 2019.
- ^ John Antczak & Olga R. Rodriguez (July 4, 2019). "Earthquake rattles Southern California; no injuries reported". WSMH. Associated Press. Archived from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
- ^ John Antczak & Olga R. Rodriguez (July 4, 2019). "Some injuries, 2 house fires after quake". News Channel 9. Associated Press. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
- ^ Alicia Robinson & Jeong Park (July 4, 2019). "6.4 magnitude earthquake near Ridgecrest felt throughout Southern California". The Sun. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
- ^ a b Joseph Hong & Ricardo Lopez (July 4, 2019). "6.4 magnitude earthquake rattles Southern California; felt in Coachella Valley". Palm Springs Desert Sun. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
- ^ "6.4M Quake Strikes Near Ridgecrest In Kern County; No Reports Of Damage In LA". CBSLA. July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
- ^ McBride, Jessica (July 6, 2019). "Trona, California Suffers Earthquake Damage, Rockslides". Heavy.com. Retrieved July 6, 2019.
- ^ Maxouris, Christina; Moon, Sarah; Jones, Sheena (July 6, 2019). "Fires break out after a second and stronger earthquake hits Southern California". CNN.
- ^ a b c Christine Kim & Jonathan Lloyd (July 8, 2019). "Clusters of Jarring Aftershocks Shake Ridgecrest With Thousands More Expected". NBC Los Angeles. Retrieved July 10, 2019.
- ^ Chabria, Anita; Reyes-Velarde, Alejandra; Vives, Ruben (July 6, 2019). "Earthquake batters Trona: Rockslides cut off town; water is scarce". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ "Caltrans District 9" – via Facebook.
- ^ Newsom, Gavin [@CAgovernor] (July 4, 2019). ".@GavinNewsom has approved an emergency proclamation for the 6.4 magnitude earthquake in Kern County & aftershocks. @Cal_OES has been fully activated since this morning & is working closely with state & local emergency managers to respond to impacts to residents & infrastructure" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ Gudel, Jonathan (July 4, 2019). "Cal OES Activates SOC in Support of Ridgecrest Earthquake in Southern California". California Governor's Office of Emergency Services. Archived from the original on July 6, 2019. Retrieved July 6, 2019.
- ^ "Earthquake Rattles Southern California; No Injuries Reported". FOX40. July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
- ^ a b c Harriet Ryan; Rong-Gong Lin II; Julia Wick; Louis Sahagun; Karen Kaplan & Giulia McDonnel Nieto Del Rio (July 4, 2019). "Strongest earthquake in years rattles Southern California; damage reported". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
- ^ "Disneyland Rides Close for Inspection After 6.4 Earthquake Jolts Southern California, Staff Say". KTLA5. July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
- ^ Newsom, Gavin (July 6, 2019). "Proclamation of a State of Emergency" (PDF). Office of Governor Gavin Newsom. Sacramento, California: State of California. Retrieved July 6, 2019.
- ^ "Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake". Retrieved July 7, 2019 – via Facebook.
- ^ KAPLAN, KAREN (July 6, 2019). "Nearly 11% chance of another earthquake of magnitude 7 or greater in Southern California, scientists say". Los Angeles Times.
- ^ Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas (July 8, 2019). "Californians' Alert Apps Didn't Sound for 2 Big Earthquakes. Why Not?". The New York Times.; Dowd, Katie (July 4, 2019). "ShakeAlert fails to send earthquake warning for big SoCal quake". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
- ^ More distant earthquakes provide more warning, but are less damaging, than local earthquakes.
- ^ Given et al. 2018.
- ^ Lin, Rong-Gong II (July 4, 2019). "Why L.A.'s early warning system didn't send an alert before the 6.4 magnitude quake". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
- ^ Los Angeles Times, July 4, 2019.
- ^ New York Times, July 8, 2019.
- ^ "ShakeAlertLA to Lower Alert Threshold After 6.4 Magnitude Quake Hits Mojave Desert, City Says". KTLA. July 4, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
- ^ City of Los Angeles [@LACity] (July 4, 2019). "The #ShakeAlertLA app only sends alerts if shaking is 5.0+ in LA County. Epicenter was 6.4 in Kern County, @USGS confirms LA's shaking was below 4.5. We hear you and will lower the alert threshold with @USGS_ShakeAlert" (Tweet). Retrieved July 4, 2019 – via Twitter.
- ^ Frankel et al. 2008, p. 45, and see Figure 1; Wesnousky 2005, p. 3369.
- ^ The ECSZ was originally limited to the area south of the Garlock Fault, which separates distinctly different modes of deformation, but now is considered to extend into Walker Lane. Miller et al. 2001, pp. 2255, 2245.
- ^ Frankel et al. 2008, p. 1671.
- ^ Frankel et al. 2008, p. 45; Miller et al. 2001, p. 2260.
- ^ Faulds, Henry & Hinz 2005, p. 508.
- ^ See Figure 1 (index map) in Frankel et al. 2008, p. 46.
- ^ Zellmer 1987, pp. 5, 10, and see figure 2 (p. 9) for a map of the area.
- ^ Zellmer 1987, pp. 7, 10, and see Figure 2 (p.6), "Generalizied Geologic Map of the Indian Wells Area".
- ^ Roquemore 1981a, pp. 2, 14.
- ^ Frankel et al. 2008, p. 56; Hauksson & Unruh 2007, para. 61.
- ^ Roquemore 1981a, p. 14, §2.2.
- ^ Hearn & Humphreys 1998, p. 27,034; Zellmer 1987, p. 10.
- ^ Unruh, Humphrey & Barron 2003, p. 328.
- ^ Frankel et al. 2008, Figure 1.
- ^ Zellmer 1987, p. 12; Miller et al. 2001, p. 2254.
- ^ a b Frankel et al. 2008, p. 45.
- ^ Roquemore & Simila 1994, p. 860.
- ^ Dokka & Travis 1990, p. 315.
- ^ a b Roquemore & Simila 1994, p. 854.
- ^ Roquemore & Simila 1994, p. 854. See also figure 4 in Dokka & Travis (1990, p. 314) showing the northern termination of the Blackwater fault.
- ^ McClusky et al. 2001, p. 3371.
- ^ Miller et al. 2001, p. 2259.
- ^ Bawden, Michael & Kellog 1999, pp. 603, 604.
- ^ a b Miller et al. 2001, p. 2245.
- ^ Hough & Hutton 2008, p. 932.
- ^ Roquemore 1981a, p. 75, 5.2.1.
- ^ Stover & Coffman 1993, pp. 83, 138.
- ^ Roquemore 1981a, p. 77, 5.2.3.
- ^ ISC-OB Event 893168 [IRIS].
- ^ Bawden 2001, p. 771.
- ^ Bawden, Michael & Kellog 1999, p. 602.
- ^ ISC-EHB Event 289086 [IRIS].
- ^ ISC-EHB Event 1643776 [IRIS].
- ^ Stover & Coffman 1993, p. 89.
- ^ Roquemore 1981a, p. 84, 5.2.5.
- ^ Stover & Coffman 1993, pp. 89, 151.
- ^ Stover & Coffman 1993, p. 90; Roquemore 1981a, p. 86, 5.2.6.
- ^ Stover & Coffman 1993, p. 94; Roquemore 1981a, p. 93, 5.2.9.
- ^ Roquemore 1981a, p. 90, 5.2.7.
- ^ Roquemore 1981a, p. 92, 5.2.8.
- ^ Hauksson et al. 1995, p. 54, and see Figure 1, p. 55.
- ^ Hauksson et al. 1995, p. 54.
- ^ a b Hauksson et al. 1995, p. 58.
- ^ Roquemore & Zellmer 1983, p. 7.
Scientific sources
- ANSS. "Ridgecrest 2019a: M 6.4 - 12km SW of Searles Valley, CA". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ANSS. "Ridgecrest 2019b: M 5.4 - 16km W of Searles Valley, CA". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ANSS. "Ridgecrest 2019c: M 7.1 - 18km W of Searles Valley, CA". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- ANSS. "Ridgecrest 2019d: M 5.5 - 17km S of Searles Valley, CA". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
- Bawden, Gerald W.; Michael, Andrew J.; Kellog, Lousise M. (July 1999). "Birth of a fault: Connecting the Kern County and Walker Pass, California, earthquakes". Geology. 27 (7): 601–604. S2CID 11374695.
- Bawden, Gerald W. (January 10, 2001). "Source parameters for the 1952 Kern County earthquake, California: A joint inversion of leveling and triangulation observations". Journal of Geophysical Research. 106 (B1): 771–785. S2CID 128677790.
- Dokka, Roy K.; Travis, Christopher J. (February 1990). "Late Cenozoic Strike-slip Faulting in the Mojave Desert, California" (PDF). Tectonics. 9 (2): 311–340. doi:10.1029/TC009i002p00311. Archived from the original(PDF) on July 22, 2021. Retrieved August 11, 2019.
- Faulds, James E.; Henry, Christopher D.; Hinz, Nicholas H. (June 2005). "Kinematics of the northern Walker Lane: An incipient transform fault along the Pacific—North American plate boundary" (PDF). Geology. 33 (6): 505–508. doi:10.1130/G21274.1.
- Frankel, K.L.; Glazner, A.F.; Kirby, E.; et al. (2008). "Active tectonics of the eastern California shear zone". Field Guide to Plutons, Volcanoes, Faults, Reefs, Dinosaurs, and Possible Glaciation in Selected Areas of Arizona, California, and Nevada. Geological Society of America Field Guide 11. Vol. 11. pp. 43–81. S2CID 130576078.
- Given, D.D.; Allen, R.M.; Baltay, A.S.; et al. (2018). "Revised technical implementation plan for the Shake Alert system—An earthquake early warning system for the West Coast of the United States". Revised technical implementation plan for the ShakeAlert system: An earthquake early warning system for the West Coast of the United States (Report). Open-File Report 2018-1155. ) [Supersedes USGS Open-File Report 2014-1097.]
- Hauksson, Egill; Hutton, Kate; Kanamori, Hiroo; Jones, Lucille (November–December 1995). "Preliminary Report on the 1995 Ridgecrest Earthquake Sequence in Eastern California" (PDF). Seismological Research Letters. 66 (6): 54–60. .
- Hauksson, Egill; Unruh, Jeffrey (2007). "Regional tectonics of the Coso geothermal area along the intracontinental plate boundary in central eastern California: Three-dimensional Vp and Vp/Vss models, spatial-temporal seismicity patterns, and seismogenic deformation" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 112 (B6). S2CID 43988688.
- Hearn, Elizabeth Harding; Humphreys, Eugene D. (November 10, 1998). "Kinematics of the southern Walker Lane Belt and motion of the Sierra Nevada block, California". Journal of Geophysical Research. 103 (B11): 27, 033–27, 049. S2CID 140197686.
- Hough, Susan E.; Hutton, Kate (April 2008). "Revisiting the 1872 Owens Valley, California, Earthquake" (PDF). Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 98 (3): 931–948. S2CID 18193135.
- International Seismological Centre. ISC-EHB Bulletin. Thatcham, United Kingdom.
- International Seismological Centre. On-line Bulletin. Thatcham, United Kingdom.
- McClusky, S. C.; Bjornstad, S. C.; Hager, B. H.; King, R. W.; Meade, B. J.; Miller, M. M.; Monastero, F. C.; Souter, B. J. (September 1, 2001). "Present Day Kinematics of the Eastern California Shear Zone from a Geodetically Constrained Block Model". Geophysical Research Letters. 28 (17): 3369–3372. S2CID 129027699.
- Miller, M. M.; Johnson, D. J.; Dixon, T. H.; Dokka, R. K. (February 10, 2001). "Refined kinematics of the Eastern California shear zone from GPS observations, 1993-1998". Journal of Geophysical Research. 106 (B2): 2245–2263. .
- Roquemore, Glenn R. (March 1981a). Active Faults and Associated Tectonic Stress in the Coso Range, California (PDF) (Thesis).
- Roquemore, G. R.; Simila, G. W. (June 1994). "Aftershocks from the 28 June 1992 Landers Earthquake: Northern Mojave Desert to the Coso Volcanic Field, California". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 84 (3): 854–862.
- Roquemore, Gerald W.; Zellmer, John T. (1983). "Tectonics, Seismicity, and Volcanism at The Naval Weapons Center". Naval Research Reviews. 35: 3–9. Archived from the original on September 13, 2020.
- Shelly, David R. (January 22, 2019). "A High-Resolution Seismic Catalog for the Initial 2019 Ridgecrest Earthquake Sequence: Foreshocks, Aftershocks, and Faulting Complexity". Seismological Research Letters. 91 (4): 1971–1978. S2CID 213982383.
- Stover, Carl W.; Coffman, Jerry L. (1993). Seismicity of the United States, 1568-1989 (Revised) (PDF). Professional Paper 1527. U.S. Geological Survey. doi:10.3133/pp1527.
- Unruh, Jeffry; Humphrey, James; Barron, Andrew (April 2003). "Transtensional model for the Sierra Nevada frontal fault system". Geology. 31 (4): 327–330. S2CID 128940084.
- Wesnousky, Steven G. (June 2005). "Active faulting in the Walker Lane". Tectonics. 24 (3): n/a. .
- Zellmer, John T. (November 1987). Engineering and Environmental Geology of the Indian-Wells Valley Area (PDF). NNWC Technical Publication 6834. Naval Weapons Center, China Lake. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 25, 2019.
Further reading
- Ross, Zachary E.; Idini, Benjamín; Jia, Zhe; Stephenson, Oliver L.; Zhong, Minyan; Wang, Xin; Zhan, Zhongwen; Simons, Mark; Fielding, Eric J.; Yun, Sang-Ho; Hauksson, Egill; Moore, Angelyn W.; Liu, Zhen; Jung, Jungkyo (2019), "Hierarchical interlocked orthogonal faulting in the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence" (PDF), Science, 366 (6463): 346–351, S2CID 204772194
External links
- The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event. - M6.4
- The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event. - M5.4
- The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event. - M7.1