411 (telephone number)

411 is a telephone number for local directory assistance in Canada and the United States. Until the early 1980s, 411 – and the related 113 number – were free to call in most jurisdictions.

In the United States, the service is commonly known as "information",^[1] although its official name is "directory assistance".^[2]

History

The 411 number has been used since at least 1930^[3] in New York City,^[4] San Francisco,^[5] and other large cities where panel and crossbar switching equipment installed by the Bell System was prevalent. However, in smaller Bell System cities as well as almost all areas served by GTE and other companies where step-by-step equipment was the norm such as Los Angeles,^[6] 113 was used until at least the 1960s, and in some cases (the Pacific Northwest, for example) until the mid-1980s.

In Canada and the United States, directory assistance was historically a local function, and most companies updated listings at their directory assistance centers frequently, sometimes daily. When long-distance numbers were needed, prior to the full introduction of direct-dialed long-distance service, callers would call either 411 or 0 (Operator) and request a free long-distance connection to the directory assistance center in the distant city.

In 1962, direct-dialed long-distance directory assistance became available. The number in cities with panel and crossbar switching equipment was [area code]-555-1212, whereas in cities with step-by-step equipment the number was 1-555-1212 (or 112-555-1212) for numbers not local but in the same area code and 1-[area code]-555-1212 (or 112-[area code]-555-1212) for numbers in other area codes. In some area codes, the directory assistance center was able to serve the entire area code, but in many, the operator in the principal city of the area code dialed would connect the caller onward to a more local directory assistance center for the most up-to-date information.

After the introduction of local exchange competition, most telephone companies outsourced directory assistance service to nationwide call centers. This has blurred the distinction between 411 and 555-1212. For regulatory reasons, where telephone service is provided by traditional local-exchange carriers, the local carrier will determine how to handle 411, the chosen local toll (intra-LATA) carrier will determine how to handle 555-1212 calls for area codes within the LATA, and the chosen long-distance carrier for inter-LATA) calls will determine how to handle [other-area-code-555-1212] calls. For service provided by cellular and VoIP carriers where the customer does not have a choice of local toll or long-distance carriers, all calls may be handled the same way.

In North America, all areas formerly using 113 have been converted to using 411, and 11x is now reserved for vertical service codes. Outside North America, "11x" numbers are still in use, for these and other services. In most European countries, 11x numbers are related to emergency services and 112 is the emergency telephone number in the European Union as well as some other European and non-European countries.

The relationship between 411, 113, and long-distance dialing

Direct-distance dialing (DDD) was first introduced in areas with common-control switching (

area codes

always used either a 0 or a 1 as the second digit, and the second digit of local numbers was never a 0 or a 1 because of the use of two-letter plus 5-digit local numbering, with the letters only on digits 2–9 of the dial.

Areas with step-by-step equipment processed the call one digit at a time as dialed by the caller, and thus needed a common prefix to distinguish long-distance dialing from local calls. The Bell System design choice was 1, but since 113 was in use for directory assistance, along with other 11x codes ("Repair" was 114).,^[7] changes had to be made in the step-by-step areas. Initially, 112 was used temporarily as the prefix in most of these areas. To simplify long-distance calling, it was desirable to change this to a 1. Some areas converted immediately to 411 for directory assistance and 611 for repair. Other areas retained 113 by installing what were known as "double-header" trunks, which actually connected the call to the long-distance equipment and then "snatched it back" if the second digit was also a 1.

The conversion proceeded as follows in Springfield, Massachusetts:

Year	Local D.A.	L.D. Prefix	Long Distance D.A.
1961	113	112	0^[8]
1962	411	1	0^[9]
1963	411	1	1-555-1212 (for information outside Springfield but within 413) 1-[area code]-555-1212 (for information in other area codes)^[10]

Directory assistance data

The services of

data aggregator

distributes the data to the 411 services either on a "live" basis, serving each query on-demand, or by periodically transferring large swaths of listings to the call center's systems for local searching.

The

data aggregator collects the data from the rolls of many telecommunication carriers. Some carriers such as Vonage do not send their customer rolls to the aggregator. Their customers can get their listings in the directory assistance database using a free service such as ListYourself.net

.

Landline telephone directory assistance

411 landline service has been historically provided by local telephone companies, including those of the former

better source needed

]

Since the 1984

RBOCs in the United States have priced 411 use higher to an average of US$1.25 per call, compared to $0.50 CAD in most of Canada,^{[citation needed]} providing opportunities for competing services in the United States, such as ad-sponsored 1-800-FREE-411

.

Wireless telephone directory listings

In addition to the local and long-distance directory services, there is also a "Wireless 411 Service". As specified by the industry, the service will give wireless subscribers the choice of including their wireless phone numbers in directory assistance services.

Consumers can opt in to listing their name and cellphone number with directory assistance services, such as 411. The information is currently not published in print or online directories. Additionally, the information is not added to, or otherwise shared with, marketing lists or telemarketing firms.

The service will allow any

Sprint Nextel

(now absorbed by T-Mobile).