AMSAT
Abbreviation | AMSAT |
---|---|
Formation | 1969 |
Type | Nonprofit organization |
Purpose | Designing, building, and operating experimental satellites; promoting space education |
Headquarters | Washington, D.C. |
Location | |
Region served | North America |
President | Robert Bankston KE4AL |
Main organ | Board of Directors |
Website | http://www.amsat.org/ |
AMSAT is a name for various
History
AMSAT was founded in 1969 in Washington, D.C. to continue the efforts begun by
AMSAT's next launch was
In order to launch its satellites, AMSAT has worked with space agencies and commercial launch contractors to develop new ways to take advantage of unused areas of launch vehicles. In return, AMSAT sometimes can negotiate a reduction or waiver of launch costs. One of the most significant is the Ariane Structure for Auxiliary Payloads (ASAP), developed and manufactured in partnership with the
IPS
The IPS (Interpreter for Process Structures) programming language was specifically written for the RCA 1802 AMSAT Phase III satellite.[5][6]
The IPS threaded code language, developed for AMSAT Phase III, is the first known use of a high-level language on board a spacecraft.[7]
Another 16-bit IPS implementation was specifically developed to run on the ARM CPU in the IHU-2 on the AMSAT P3D.[8]
A 32-bit IPS implementation has been developed for the AMSAT P3E satellite and the AMSAT P5A mission to Mars, which also have ARM CPUs. Emulators for both the classic 16-bit and the 32-bit IPS language and development environment are available for many other systems.[9][10][11][12]
AMSAT organizations worldwide
From its first launch, AMSAT projects have had international scope. By 2006, 21 countries had launched an amateur satellite. Many of these countries have their own AMSAT affiliate, some of which are noted below:
- AMSAT AO-40.
- AMSAT JAXA: the Fuji-OSCAR series.
- AMSAT
- AMSAT United Kingdom (AMSAT-UK) built FUNcube AO-73 with AMSAT-NL, an Amateur CubeSat that was launched as part of a Russian Dnepr payload in November 2013.
- AMSAT Italia (AMSAT-I) has built the HAMVIDEO TV transmitter for International Space Station.
- AMSAT-CT is NGO for Education and Development is Portuguese VIP member of AMSAT-DL, funded by Aerospace Observatory in 1998 [1]
- AMSAT-CT develop the prototype of the satellite CAMOESat-1 at Oeiras Aerospace Observatory facilities https://www.facebook.com/ariss.amsat.ct
- AMSAT-NL Netherlands
- AMSAT Brazil (AMSAT-BR)
- AMSAT Philippines (AMSAT-PH), club call sign DX1O, Diwata-2 satellite is designated Philippines-OSCAR 101 (PO-101) and has the amateur call sign DW4TA.[14][15][16]
- AMSAT Spain (AMSAT EA), designed and built the radio-amateur satellites GENESIS-L, GENESIS-N, EASAT-2 and HADES, all of them pocketQubes.
- AMSAT New Zealand (AMSAT-ZL) developed kiwiSAT, intended to be New Zealand's first satellite. It designed and built by New Zealand radio amateurs supported by Massey University (Auckland) and various corporate sponsors.[17] The project began in 2003, but encountered many delays and setbacks, and was eventually dissolved in 2023.[18]
Phase system
The AMSAT Phase system describes an amateur satellite based upon its capabilities or mode of operation and roughly parallel the development of amateur satellites.
- Phase 1: No solar cells (battery-powered only), short-lived, technology test-bed. Must be able to orbitto be classified as a satellite.
- Phase 2: Long life using solar cells, communications capabilities, Low Earth Orbit.
- Phase 3: Long life, more powerful communications, telemetry and command systems. Highly elliptical orbit, usually a Molniya orbit; usually the initial orbit is a geostationary transfer orbit (GTO), onboard propulsion systems boosting it to its final orbit. Because of the highly elliptical orbit, the satellite remains over an area for long periods of time, allowing amateurs longer contacts through the satellite.
- Phase 4: Amateur satellite in geostationary orbit (GEO). Currently, the only amateur radio transponders in orbit are a secondary mission aboard Es'hail 2, designated as QO-100 by AMSAT on 26 February 2019.[19]
- Phase 5: Spacecraft capable of lunar or planetary missions.
Satellite names
Most amateur satellites do not receive their sequential OSCAR designation until after they are successfully in orbit, and then only at the request of the launching organization.[1] Regardless, amateur satellites will have been named by the organization that constructed it, and that name is frequently prepended to its OSCAR designation, resulting a name such as CubeSat-OSCAR 57. In conversation, names are usually abbreviated as CO-57 or similar.
A unique amateur satellite was
Satellites previously launched by AMSAT
The names of the satellites below are sorted in
Name (a.k.a.) | Status | Launched | Country |
---|---|---|---|
AMSAT-OSCAR 6 (OSCAR 6, AO-6, AO-C, P2A) | Non-Operational | 15 October 1972 | United States |
AMSAT-OSCAR 7 (OSCAR 7, AO-7, AO-B, P2B) | Semi-Operational | 15 November 1974 | United States |
AMSAT-OSCAR 8 (OSCAR 8, AO-8, AO-D, P2D)
|
Non-Operational | 5 March 1978 | United States / Canada / Germany / Japan |
AMSAT-OSCAR 10 (Phase 3B, AO-10, P3B) | Non-Operational | 16 June 1983 | United States / Germany |
AMSAT-OSCAR 13 (Phase 3C, AO-13, P3C) | Decayed | 15 June 1988 | Germany |
AMSAT-OSCAR 16 (Pacsat, AO-16, Microsat-1) | Semi-Operational | 22 January 1990 | United States |
AMSAT-OSCAR 40 (AO-40, Phase 3D, P3D) | Non-Operational | 16 November 2000 | United States / Germany |
AMSAT-OSCAR 51 (Echo, AO-51) | Non-Operational | 28 June 2004 | United States |
AMSAT-OSCAR 85 (Fox-1A, AO-85) | Non-Operational | 8 October 2015 | United States |
AMSAT-OSCAR 91 (Fox-1B, RadFxSat, AO-91) | Semi-Operational | 18 November 2017 | United States |
AMSAT-OSCAR 92 (Fox-1D, AO-92) | Semi-Operational | 12 January 2018 | United States |
AMSAT-OSCAR 95 (Fox-1Cliff, AO-95) | Beacon Only | 4 December 2018 | United States |
RadFxSat-2 (Fox-1E) | Semi-Operational | 17 January 2021 | United States |
Current projects
AMSAT built a series of five 1U
RadFxSat-2/Fox-1E, a variation of the Fox-1 series, carrying a mode V/U linear transponder has been accepted for a launch by the NASA CubeSat Launch Initiative.[22] Fox-1E was launched into orbit aboard a Virgin Orbit LauncherOne vehicle on 17 January 2021. Although the beacon has not been heard, the linear transponder is at least partially functioning with a low level downlink signal.[23]
AMSAT is currently developing the GOLF series of CubeSats with the first satellite in the series, GOLF-TEE, expected to launch in 2022. The GOLF series is designed to test technologies for future high Earth orbit (HEO) missions.[24]
AMSAT also offers a communications platform for university CubeSats. The AMSAT Linear Transponder Module (LTM) includes a VHF/UHF telemetry beacon, command receiver, and linear transponder. The first LTM flew on HuskySat-OSCAR 107 in 2020.[25] In July 2020, AMSAT and the University of Maine announced that an LTM would be provided for the University of Maine's MESAT1 CubeSat, Maine's first small satellite.[26]
Additionally, AMSAT supports amateur radio on human spaceflight missions as a supporting partner of Amateur Radio on the International Space Station (ARISS). This partnership includes support for future missions on the Lunar Gateway.
AMSAT also supports STEM education and has developed a CubeSat Simulator as part of these efforts.[27]
Currently operating missions
AMSAT operates the
References
- ^ a b c "Space Satellites from the World's Garage – The Story of AMSAT". AMSAT. Archived from the original on 5 October 2006. Retrieved 19 December 2006.
- ISBN 0-87259-658-3.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link - ISBN 0-87259-658-3.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link - ISBN 0-87259-658-3.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link - ^ Karl Meinzer (January 1979). "IPS, An Unorthodox High Level Language". Byte.
- ^ James Miller, G3RUH; Paul Willmott, VP9MU; Stacey Mills, W4SM (2002). "IPS Programming". AMSAT. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Jan King "The Third Generation" "Orbit" September 1980 p. 15
- ^ Chuck Green; Peter Gülzow; Lyle Johnson; Karl Meinzer; James Miller "The Experimental IHU-2 Aboard P3D" 1999
- ^ "IPS Project Home Page"
- ^ "COSMAC 1802 on AMSATs running IPS"
- ^ "IPS - High Level Programming of Small Systems"
- ^ "IPS - High Level Programming of Small Systems for the AMSAT space projects"
- ^ "About HAMsat". AMSAT-IN. Archived from the original on 8 December 2006. Retrieved 19 December 2006.
- ^ Phillip Keane "The Philippines' Satellite Ham Radio Service Is Now Live"
- ^ Stoetzer, Paul (11 April 2019). "Diwata-2 Designated Philippines-OSCAR 101 (PO-101)". Retrieved 15 January 2023.
- ^ "AMSAT-PH showcases Satellite Equipment"
- ^ Collins, Simon (17 January 2003), "KiwiSat joins space race", NZ Herald, retrieved 4 February 2024
- ^ "A New Zealand Satellite - KiwiSAT", www.kiwisat.org.nz, archived from the original on 21 December 2023, retrieved 4 February 2024
- ^ "Es'hail-2/P4A Designated Qatar-OSCAR 100 (QO-100) – AMSAT".
- ^ "AO-85 (Fox-1A) | AMSAT". amsat.org. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
- ^ "AMSAT Fox Operating Guide" (PDF). AMSAT. 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2015.
- ^ "RadFxSat-2 (Fox-1E) Selected for Participation in NASA's CSLI". AMSAT. Retrieved 24 May 2016.
- ^ "RadFxSat-2 Identified, Testing Continues – AMSAT". Retrieved 5 February 2021.
- ^ "Greater Orbit, Larger Footprint: An Introduction to the AMSAT GOLF Program – AMSAT". Retrieved 5 February 2021.
- ^ "AMSAT – The Radio Amateur Satellite Corporation". Retrieved 5 February 2021.
- ^ "AMSAT Partners with UMaine's WiSe-Net Lab to Develop Maine's First Small Satellite – AMSAT". Retrieved 5 February 2021.
- ^ "The CubeSat Simulator Project Page". cubesatsim.org. Retrieved 5 February 2021.
- ^ Stoetzer, Paul (9 December 2018). "Fox-1Cliff/AO-95 Commissioning Status". AMSAT. Retrieved 15 January 2023.