Abu Zakariya Yahya

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Abu Zakariyya Yahya
أبو زكريا يحيى بن حفص
Gold dinar of Abu Zakariya Yahya from Tlemcen.
1st Sultan of the Hafsid Sultanate
Reign1229 – 1249
SuccessorMuhammad I al-Mustansir
Born1203
Died5 October 1249
Hafsid Sultanate
DynastyHafsids
FatherAbu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid ibn Abi Hafs
ReligionIslam

Abu Zakariya Yahya (

Almohads after Abd al-Mu'min
.

Life

By 1228 Abu Zakariya was the

Almohad governor of Gabès and then of Tunis, having inherited these positions in Tunisia from his father. Later in 1228 he rebelled against his brother Abd-Allah, who had been head of the Hafsid dynasty in Ifriqiya from 1224 following the death of their father, Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid ibn Abi Hafs. In response, Abd-Allah marched from Tunis to Qayrawan to confront his brother in battle, but his troops deserted him and Abu Zakariya overthrew him, forcing him to be content with the title of Sheikh and to devote himself to religious life.[1]
Abu Zakariya then succeeded as head of the Hafsids.

In 1229 Abu Zakariya rebelled once more against central authority after he heard that the Almohad caliph in Marrakesh al-Ma'mun, had overthrown and killed two of his brothers and that he had cancelled the creed of Ibn Tumart.[2] Additionally, al-Ma'mun instructed the Imams to insult Ibn Tumart in the mosques and cancelled the call to prayer in Berber.[2]

Conquests

Abu Zakariya moved to expand his influence in the vicinity of his young state, and marched his army to Constantine and Béjaïa in 1229.

The Almohads were preoccupied with internal differences and sedition, and the revolutions that were taking place in Andalusia and in the Maghreb. So Abu Zakariya faced little resistance in annexing the territory of the Almohads.

Independence from the Almohads

Abu Zakariya returned to Tunis after his successful campaigns and declared independence in 1229. He subsequently annexed

Berbers
from 1235 to 1238.

In July 1242 he captured

Sultan of Tlemcen to become his vassal
and formed a series of small states between areas under his control and the states of the Western Maghreb.

In December 1242, the Almohad caliph

Muslim princes in Al-Andalus
paid him tribute and acknowledged his nominal authority.

Trade and architecture

Minaret of the Mosque of the Qasba, Tunisia, built by order of Abū Zakariyyā.

Abu Zakariyya established his capital in Tunis where

souks and other buildings were built. Amongst this work was the Madrasa al-Shammā'iyya[3] and the mosque of the Kasbah.[4]

He began diplomatic and commercial relations with Emperor Frederick II of Swabia, the Crown of Aragon, Provence, Languedoc, with Venice, Pisa and Genoa. From 1239 he approached the Kingdom of Sicily, to which he paid an annual tribute in exchange for freedom of trade and the supply of Sicilian wheat. As Tunis's maritime trade increased, it became an important economic and cultural centre. During his reign Tunis offered refuge to those fleeing the Reconquista. Abu Zakariya welcomed to his court many notables and scholars from Andalusia.

Abu Zakariyya allowed Jews who had forcibly converted to Islam in the Almohad era to return to Judaism, returning to live in relatively normal conditions. Synagogues closed or destroyed in the Almohad era were reopened or rebuilt. The Jews played a very important role in the economic policy and foreign trade developed by Abu Zakariyya.[dubious – discuss] [5]

A skilful general, his ability to utilise the military power of the tribesmen enabled him to establish a strong state. His Hafsid dynasty brought peace, prosperity and stability to Tunisia.[citation needed]

Abu Zakariya died in 1249. His successor was Muhammad al-Mustansir, who proclaimed himself Caliph in 1256 and continued the policies of his father.

Sources

  • Julien, Charles-André. Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord, des origines à 1830, Payot, Paris, 1994.
  1. doi:10.37376/1571-000-027-005
    .
  2. ^ a b Ibn Khaldun. History of Ibn Khaldun part VI.
  3. doi:10.1163/37701_atco_pf_10546
    . Retrieved 2021-06-18.
  4. ISSN 0570-5398
    .
  5. ^ "Jews in Tunisia 03: Arab rule 1229-1543". www.hist-chron.com. Retrieved 2021-06-18.
Preceded by
-
 Hafsid dynasty
1229–1249 		Succeeded by
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