Marrakesh
Marrakesh
مراكش | |
---|---|
UTC+1 (CET ) | |
| |
Official name | Medina of Marrakesh |
Criteria | Cultural: i, ii, iv, v |
Reference | 331 |
Inscription | 1985 (9th Session) |
Area | 1,107 ha |
Marrakesh or Marrakech (
The city was founded in 1070 by Emir Abu Bakr ibn Umar as the capital of the Almoravid dynasty. The Almoravids established the first major structures in the city and shaped its layout for centuries to come. The red walls of the city, built by Ali ibn Yusuf in 1122–1123, and various buildings constructed in red sandstone afterwards, have given the city the nickname of the "Red City" (المدينة الحمراء Almadinat alhamra') or "Ochre City" (ville ocre). Marrakesh grew rapidly and established itself as a cultural, religious, and trading center for the Maghreb.
After a period of decline, the city was surpassed by
Marrakesh comprises an old fortified city packed with vendors and their stalls. This
Marrakesh is served by
Etymology
The exact meaning of the name is debated.
From medieval times until around the beginning of the 20th century, the entire country of Morocco was known as the "Kingdom of Marrakesh", as the kingdom's
History
The Marrakesh area was inhabited by Berber farmers from Neolithic times, and numerous stone implements have been unearthed in the area.[6] Marrakesh was founded by Abu Bakr ibn Umar, chieftain and second cousin of the Almoravid king Yusuf ibn Tashfin (c. 1061–1106).[15][16] Historical sources cite a variety of dates for this event ranging between 1062 (454 in the Hijri calendar), according to Ibn Abi Zar and Ibn Khaldun, and 1078 (470 AH), according to Muhammad al-Idrisi.[17] The date most commonly used by modern historians is 1070,[18] although 1062 is still cited by some writers.[19]
The Almoravids, a Berber dynasty seeking to reform Islamic society, ruled an
In 1125, the preacher
The death of
In the early 16th century, Marrakesh again became the capital of Morocco, after a period when it was the seat of the
For centuries Marrakesh has been known as the location of the tombs of Morocco's
During the early 20th century, Marrakesh underwent several years of unrest. After the premature death in 1900 of the grand vizier
Since the independence of Morocco, Marrakesh has thrived as a tourist destination. In the 1960s and early 1970s, the city became a trendy "
In the 21st century, property and real estate development in the city has boomed, with a dramatic increase in new hotels and shopping centres, fuelled by the policies of
Geography
By road, Marrakesh is 580 kilometres (360 mi) southwest of
The city is located in the Tensift River valley,[74] with the Tensift River passing along the northern edge of the city. The Ourika River valley is about 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of Marrakesh.[75] The "silvery valley of the Ourika river curving north towards Marrakesh", and the "red heights of Jebel Yagour still capped with snow" to the south are sights in this area.[76] David Prescott Barrows, who describes Marrakesh as Morocco's "strangest city", describes the landscape in the following terms: "The city lies some fifteen or twenty miles [25–30 km] from the foot of the Atlas mountains, which here rise to their grandest proportions. The spectacle of the mountains is superb. Through the clear desert air the eye can follow the rugged contours of the range for great distances to the north and eastward. The winter snows mantle them with white, and the turquoise sky gives a setting for their grey rocks and gleaming caps that is of unrivaled beauty."[56]
With 130,000 hectares of greenery and over 180,000 palm trees in its Palmeraie, Marrakesh is an oasis of rich plant variety. Throughout the seasons, fragrant
plants.Climate
Marrakesh features a
Between 1961 and 1990 the city averaged 281.3 millimetres (11.1 in) of precipitation annually.
Climate data for Marrakesh, Morocco ( Menara International Airport ) 1991–2020, extremes 1900–present
| |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 30.1 (86.2) |
34.3 (93.7) |
37.0 (98.6) |
39.6 (103.3) |
44.4 (111.9) |
46.9 (116.4) |
49.6 (121.3) |
48.6 (119.5) |
44.8 (112.6) |
39.8 (103.6) |
35.2 (95.4) |
30.9 (87.6) |
49.6 (121.3) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 19.1 (66.4) |
20.7 (69.3) |
23.6 (74.5) |
25.7 (78.3) |
29.4 (84.9) |
33.6 (92.5) |
37.7 (99.9) |
37.4 (99.3) |
32.5 (90.5) |
28.5 (83.3) |
23.1 (73.6) |
20.1 (68.2) |
27.6 (81.7) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 12.5 (54.5) |
14.2 (57.6) |
17.0 (62.6) |
19.0 (66.2) |
22.3 (72.1) |
25.8 (78.4) |
29.2 (84.6) |
29.3 (84.7) |
25.6 (78.1) |
22.1 (71.8) |
16.9 (62.4) |
13.7 (56.7) |
20.6 (69.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 5.9 (42.6) |
7.6 (45.7) |
10.3 (50.5) |
12.4 (54.3) |
15.2 (59.4) |
17.9 (64.2) |
20.6 (69.1) |
21.1 (70.0) |
18.6 (65.5) |
15.7 (60.3) |
10.7 (51.3) |
7.3 (45.1) |
13.6 (56.5) |
Record low °C (°F) | −3.6 (25.5) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
0.4 (32.7) |
2.8 (37.0) |
6.8 (44.2) |
9.0 (48.2) |
10.4 (50.7) |
6.0 (42.8) |
10.0 (50.0) |
1.1 (34.0) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
−3.6 (25.5) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 25.0 (0.98) |
25.7 (1.01) |
35.2 (1.39) |
26.3 (1.04) |
10.5 (0.41) |
3.1 (0.12) |
2.2 (0.09) |
4.7 (0.19) |
15.2 (0.60) |
19.1 (0.75) |
29.8 (1.17) |
24.2 (0.95) |
221.0 (8.70) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 3.0 | 3.7 | 4.7 | 2.9 | 1.5 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 2.4 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 29.1 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
65 | 66 | 61 | 60 | 58 | 55 | 47 | 47 | 52 | 59 | 62 | 65 | 58 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 230.1 | 216.5 | 252.8 | 270.2 | 303.1 | 359.7 | 330.4 | 315.1 | 266.8 | 251.5 | 228.9 | 226.6 | 3,251.7 |
Source 1: NOAA (sun 1981–2010)[80][81] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (record highs for February, April, May, September and November, and humidity),[82] Meteo Climat (record highs and record lows for June, July and August only)[83] |
Climate data for Marrakesh | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily daylight hours | 10.0 | 11.0 | 12.0 | 13.0 | 14.0 | 14.0 | 14.0 | 13.0 | 12.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 10.0 | 12.1 |
Average Ultraviolet index | 3 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 11 | 11 | 10 | 9 | 6 | 4 | 3 | 7.3 |
Source: Weather Atlas[84] |
Climate change
A 2019 paper published in PLOS One estimated that under Representative Concentration Pathway 4.5, a "moderate" scenario of climate change where global warming reaches ~2.5–3 °C (4.5–5.4 °F) by 2100, the climate of Marrakesh in the year 2050 would most closely resemble the current climate of Bir Lehlou in Western Sahara. The annual temperature would increase by 2.9 °C (5.2 °F), and the temperature of the coldest month by 1.6 °C (2.9 °F), while the temperature of the warmest month would increase by 7 °C (13 °F).[85][86] According to Climate Action Tracker, the current warming trajectory appears consistent with 2.7 °C (4.9 °F), which closely matches RCP 4.5.[87]
Water
Marrakesh's water supply relies partly on groundwater resources, which have lowered gradually over the last 40 years, attaining an acute decline in the early 2000s. Since 2002, groundwater levels have dropped by an average of 0.9 m per year in 80% of Marrakesh and its surrounding area. The most affected area experienced a drop of 37 m (more than 2 m per year).[88]
Demographics
According to the 2014 census, the population of Marrakesh was 928,850 against 843,575 in 2004. The number of households in 2014 was 217,245 against 173,603 in 2004.[89][90]
Economy
Marrakesh is a vital component of the economy and culture of Morocco.
Despite the
Trade and crafts are extremely important to the local tourism-fueled economy. There are 18 souks in Marrakesh, employing over 40,000 people in pottery, copperware, leather and other crafts. The souks contain a massive range of items from plastic sandals to Palestinian-style scarves imported from India or China. Local boutiques are adept at making western-style clothes using Moroccan materials.[93] The Birmingham Post comments: "The souk offers an incredible shopping experience with a myriad of narrow winding streets that lead through a series of smaller markets clustered by trade. Through the squawking chaos of the poultry market, the gory fascination of the open-air butchers' shops and the uncountable number of small and specialist traders, just wandering around the streets can pass an entire day."[91] Marrakesh has several supermarkets including Marjane Acima, Asswak Salam and Carrefour, and three major shopping centres, Al Mazar Mall, Plaza Marrakech and Marjane Square; a branch of Carrefour opened in Al Mazar Mall in 2010.[101][102] Industrial production in the city is centred in the neighbourhood of Sidi Ghanem Al Massar, containing large factories, workshops, storage depots and showrooms. Ciments Morocco, a subsidiary of a major Italian cement firm, has a factory in Marrakech.[103] The AeroExpo Marrakech International Exhibition of aeronautical industries and services is held here, as is the Riad Art Expo.
Marrakesh is one of North Africa's largest centers of wildlife trade, despite the illegality of most of this trade.[104] Much of this trade can be found in the medina and adjacent squares. Tortoises are particularly popular for sale as pets, and Barbary macaques and snakes can also be seen.[105][106] The majority of these animals suffer from poor welfare conditions in these stalls.[107]
Politics
Marrakesh, the regional capital, constitutes a prefecture-level administrative unit of Morocco,
Testament to Marrakesh's development as a modern city, on 12 June 2009,
Since the legislative elections in November 2011, the ruling political party in Marrakesh has, for the first time, been the
Landmarks
Jemaa el-Fnaa
The Jemaa el-Fnaa is one of the best-known squares in Africa and is the centre of city activity and trade. It has been described as a "world-famous square", "a metaphorical urban icon, a bridge between the past and the present, the place where (spectacularized) Moroccan tradition encounters modernity."[115] It has been part of the UNESCO World Heritage site since 1985.[116] The square's name has several possible meanings; the most plausible etymology endorsed by historians is that it meant "ruined mosque" or "mosque of annihilation", referring to the construction of a mosque within the square in the late 16th century that was left unfinished and fell into ruin.[117][118][119] The square was originally an open space for markets located on the east side of the Ksar el-Hajjar, the main fortress and palace of the Almoravid dynasty who founded Marrakesh.[22][52] Following the takeover of the city by the Almohads, a new royal palace complex was founded to the south of the city (the Kasbah) and the old Almoravid palace was abandoned, but the market square remained. Subsequently, with the fluctuating fortunes of the city, Jemaa el-Fnaa saw periods of decline and renewal.[120]
Historically this square was used for public executions by rulers who sought to maintain their power by frightening the public. The square attracted dwellers from the surrounding desert and mountains to trade here, and stalls were raised in the square from early in its history. The square attracted tradesmen, snake charmers ("wild, dark, frenzied men with long disheveled hair falling over their naked shoulders"), dancing boys of the
Souks
Marrakesh has the largest traditional market in Morocco and the image of the city is closely associated with its
One of the largest souks is
City walls and gates
The ramparts of Marrakesh, which stretch for some 19 kilometres (12 mi) around the medina of the city, were built by the Almoravids in the 12th century as protective fortifications. The walls are made of a distinct orange-red clay and chalk, giving the city its nickname as the "red city"; they stand up to 19 feet (5.8 m) high and have 20 gates and 200 towers along them.[130]
Of the city's gates, one of the best-known is
The medina has at least eight main historic gates:
Gardens
The city is home to a number of gardens, both historical and modern. The largest and oldest gardens in the city are the Menara gardens to the west and the Agdal Gardens to the south. The Menara Gardens were established in 1157 by the Almohad ruler Abd al-Mu'min.
The
The Koutoubia Mosque is also flanked by another set of gardens, the Koutoubia Gardens. They feature orange and palm trees, and are frequented by storks.[146] The Mamounia Gardens, more than 100 years old and named after Prince Moulay Mamoun, have olive and orange trees as well as a variety of floral displays.[147] In 2016, artist André Heller opened the acclaimed garden ANIMA near Ourika, which combines a large collection of plants, palms, bamboo and cacti as well as works by Keith Haring, Auguste Rodin, Hans Werner Geerdts and other artists.[citation needed]
Palaces and Riads
The historic wealth of the city is manifested in palaces, mansions and other lavish residences. The best-known palaces today are the El Badi Palace and the Bahia Palace, as well as the main Royal Palace which is still in use as one of the official residences of the King of Morocco. Riads (Moroccan mansions, historically designating a type of garden[52]) are common in Marrakesh. Based on the design of the Roman villa, they are characterized by an open central garden courtyard surrounded by high walls. This construction provided the occupants with privacy and lowered the temperature within the building.[148] Numerous riads and historic residences exist through the old city, with the oldest documented examples dating back to the Saadian period (16th-17th centuries), while many others date from the 19th and 20th centuries.[45][52]
Mosques
The
The
Among the other notable mosques of the city is the 14th-century Ben Salah Mosque, located east of the medina centre. It is one of the only major Marinid-era monuments in the city.[160] The Mouassine Mosque (also known as the Al Ashraf Mosque) was built by the Saadian sultan Abdallah al-Ghalib between 1562–63 and 1572–73.[161] It was part of a larger architectural complex which included a library, hammam (public bathhouse), and a madrasa (school). The complex also included a large ornate street fountain known as the Mouassine Fountain, which still exists today.[161][162] The Bab Doukkala Mosque, built around the same time further west, has a similar layout and style as the Mouassine Mosque. Both the Mouassine and Bab Doukkala mosques appear to have been originally designed to anchor the development of new neighbourhoods after the relocation of the Jewish district from this area to the new mellah near the Kasbah.[161][163][164]
Tombs
One of the most famous funerary monuments in the city is the
The city also holds the tombs of many Sufi figures. Of these, there are
Mellah
The
Hotels
As one of the principal tourist cities in Africa, Marrakesh has over 400 hotels.
Culture
Museums
Marrakech Museum
The Marrakech Museum, housed in the Dar Menebhi Palace in the old city centre, was built at the beginning of the 20th century by Mehdi Menebhi.[181][182] The palace was carefully restored by the Omar Benjelloun Foundation and converted into a museum in 1997.[183] The house itself represents an example of classical Andalusian architecture, with fountains in the central courtyard, traditional seating areas, a hammam and intricate tilework and carvings.[184] It has been cited as having "an orgy of stalactite stucco-work" which "drips from the ceiling and combines with a mind-boggling excess of zellij work."[184] The museum holds exhibits of both modern and traditional Moroccan art together with fine examples of historical books, coins and pottery produced by Moroccan Jewish, Berber and Arab peoples.[185][186]
Dar Si Said Museum
Berber Museum
The former home and villa of Jacques Majorelle, a blue-coloured building within the Majorelle Gardens, was converted into the Berber Museum (Musée Pierre Bergé des Arts Berbères) in 2011, after previously serving as a museum of Islamic art.[189][190][191] It exhibits a variety of objects of Amazigh (Berber) culture from across different regions of Morocco.[189]
Other museums
The
Elsewhere in the medina, the Dar El Bacha hosts the Musée des Confluences, which opened in 2017.[197] The museum holds temporary exhibits highlighting different facets of Moroccan culture[198] as well as various art objects from different cultures across the world.[199] The Tiskiwin Museum is housed in another restored medina mansion and features a collection of artifacts from across the former the trans-Saharan trade routes that were connected to the city.[200][201] Various other small and often privately owned museums also exist in the medina, such as the Musée Boucharouite and the Perfume Museum (Musée du Parfum).[202][203][204] Dar Bellarj, an arts center located in a former mansion next to the Ben Youssef Mosque, also occasionally hosts art exhibits.[205][202]
A number of art galleries and museums are also found outside the medina, in Gueliz and its surrounding districts in the new city.[206][202] The Museum of Art and Culture of Marrakesh (MACMA), opened in 2016, houses a collection of Moroccan art objects and photography from the 1870s to 1970s.[207][208] Since 2019, its collection of Orientalist paintings are now housed at its sister museum, the Orientalist Museum in the medina.[209] The Museum of African Contemporary Art Al Maaden (MACAAL) is a non-profit art gallery that exhibits contemporary Moroccan and African art.[206][210] The Yves Saint Laurent Museum, opened in 2017 in a new building near the Jardin Majorelle, displays a collection of work spanning the career of French fashion designer Yves Saint Laurent.[211] It is a sister museum to the Yves Saint Laurent Museum in Paris.[202]
Music, theatre and dance
Two types of music are traditionally associated with Marrakesh.
The Théâtre Royal de Marrakesh, the Institut Français and Dar Chérifa are major performing arts institutions in the city. The Théâtre Royal, built by Tunisian architect Charles Boccara, puts on theatrical performances of comedy, opera, and dance in French and Arabic.[214] A greater number of theatrical troupes perform outdoors and entertain tourists on the main square and the streets, especially at night.[citation needed]
Crafts
The arts and crafts of Marrakesh have had a wide and enduring impact on Moroccan handicrafts to the present day. Riad décor is widely used in carpets and textiles, ceramics, woodwork, metal work and zelij. Carpets and textiles are weaved, sewn or embroidered, sometimes used for upholstering. Moroccan women who practice craftsmanship are known as Maalems (expert craftspeople) and make such fine products as Berber carpets and shawls made of sabra (another name for rayon, also sometimes called cactus silk).[213][215] Ceramics are in monochrome Berber-style only, a limited tradition depicting bold forms and decorations.[213]
Wood crafts are generally made of
Metalwork made in Marrakesh includes brass lamps, iron lanterns, candle holders made from recycled sardine tins, and engraved brass teapots and tea trays used in the traditional serving of tea. Contemporary art includes sculpture and figurative paintings. Blue veiled Tuareg figurines and calligraphy paintings are also popular.[213]
Festivals
Festivals, both national and Islamic, are celebrated in Marrakesh and throughout the country, and some of them are observed as national holidays.
Food
Surrounded by lemon, orange, and olive groves, the city's culinary characteristics are rich and heavily spiced but not hot, using various preparations of Ras el hanout (which means "Head of the shop"), a blend of dozens of spices which include ash berries, chilli, cinnamon, grains of paradise, monk's pepper, nutmeg, and turmeric.[221] A specialty of the city and the symbol of its cuisine is tanjia marrakshia, affectionately referred to as bint ar-rimad (بنت الرماد "daughter of the ash"), a local meal prepared with beef meat, spices, and smen and slow-cooked in a ceramic pot in traditional oven in hot ashes.[222] Tajines can be prepared with chicken, lamb, beef or fish, adding fruit, olives and preserved lemon, vegetables and spices, including cumin, peppers, saffron, turmeric, and ras el hanout. The meal is prepared in a tajine pot and slow-cooked with steam. Another version of tajine includes vegetables and chickpeas seasoned with flower petals.[223] Tajines may also be basted with "smen" Moroccan ghee that has a flavour similar to blue cheese.[224]
Shrimp, chicken and lemon-filled
The desserts of Marrakesh include
The
Education
Marrakesh has several universities and schools, including
Ben Youssef Madrasa
The Ben Youssef Madrasa, north of the Medina, was an Islamic college in Marrakesh named after the Almoravid sultan Ali ibn Yusuf (1106–1142) who expanded the city and its influence considerably. It is the largest madrasa in all of Morocco and was one of the largest theological colleges in North Africa, at one time housing as many as 900 students.[236]
This education complex specialized in Quranic law and was linked to similar institutions in
Sports
Football clubs based in Marrakesh include
Golf is a popular sport in Marrakech. The city has three golf courses just outside the city limits and played almost through the year. The three main courses are the Golf de Amelikis on the road to Ourazazate, the Palmeraie Golf Palace near the Palmeraie, and the Royal Golf Club, the oldest of the three courses.[242]
Jnan Amar Polo Club is located in Tameslouht, near Marrakech.
Transport
Bus
BRT Marrakesh, a bus rapid transit system using trolleybuses was opened in 2017.[243]
Rail
The
In 2015, a tramway was proposed.
Road
The main road network within and around Marrakesh is well paved. The major highway connecting Marrakesh with Casablanca to the north is the A7, a toll expressway, 210 km (130 mi) in length. The road from Marrakesh to
Air
The
Healthcare
Marrakesh has long been an important centre for healthcare in
A severe strain has been placed upon the healthcare facilities of the city in the last decade as the city population has grown dramatically.
In 2009, king Mohammed VI inaugurated a regional psychiatric hospital in Marrakesh, built by the Mohammed V Foundation for Solidarity, costing 22 million dirhams (approximately 2.7 million U.S. dollars).[252] The hospital has 194 beds, covering an area of 3 hectares (7.4 acres).[252] Mohammed VI has also announced plans for the construction of a 450 million dirham military hospital in Marrakesh.[253]
International relations
Marrakesh is twinned with:[254]
Notable people
- Amine Amamou, footballer
- Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi, 13th-century mathematician and astronomer
- Ibn Idhari, 13th-century historian
- Abdelwahid al-Marrakushi, 13th-century historian
- Shakespeare's Othellocharacter
- Ahmad ibn Qasim Al-Hajarī, prominent 16th-century Morisco who escaped the Spanish Inquisition and worked as an ambassador for Morocco
- Abdelali Mhamdi, professional goalkeeper.
- Ahmed Bahja - Former footballer
- Hasna Benhassi - Former middle-distance runner
- Tahar El Khalej - Former footballer
- Abdellah Jlaidi - footballer
- Abdelali Mhamdi - footballer
- Adil Ramzi - Former footballer
- Salaheddine Saidi - footballer
- Tahar Tamsamani - Former boxer
See also
- Arab Astronomical Society (2016)
- List of people from Marrakesh
- Marrakesh in popular culture
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Further reading
- Fernea, Elizabeth Warnock (1988). A Street in Marrakech: A Personal View of Urban Women in Morocco. Waveland Press. ISBN 978-0-88133-404-3.
- Mourad, Khireddine (1994). Marrakech Et La Mamounia (in French). www.acr-edition.com. ISBN 978-2-86770-081-1.
- Wilbaux, Quentin (2009). Marrakesh: The Secret of Courtyard Houses. Translated by McElhearn, Kirk. ACR Édition. ISBN 978-2-86770-130-6.
External links
- Moroccan National Tourist Office
- Bulletin du Patrimoine – Patrimoines de Marrakech: local publication (in French) on the city's historic heritage, also available on Academia