Tlemcen
Tlemcen
تلمسان | |
---|---|
Tlemcen District | |
Area | |
• Total | 40.11 km2 (15.49 sq mi) |
Elevation | 842 m (2,762 ft) |
Population (2008 census) | |
• Total | 140,158 |
• Density | 3,500/km2 (9,100/sq mi) |
Postal code | 13000 |
Climate | Csa |
Tlemcen (
The former capital of the Central Maghreb, the city is a mix of Berber, Arab, 'Āndalusī, Ottoman, and Western influences. From this mosaic of influences, the city derives the title of capital of Andalusian art in Algeria. Various titles are attributed to the city including "the Pearl of the Maghreb[3]", "the African Granada" and "the Medina of the West".[4]
Etymology
The name Tlemcen (Tilimsān) was given by the Zayyanid King
History
Prehistory
The areas surrounding Tlemcen were inhabited during the Neolithic period,[7] as evidenced by the discovery of polished axes in the caves of Boudghene by Gustave-Marie Bleicher in 1875.
There are three important prehistoric sites in the region: lake Karar, located one kilometer south of Remchi; the rock shelters of Mouilah, 5 km north of Maghnia; and the deposit called "d'Ouzidan", 2 km west of Aïn El Hout. The shelters found at the Mouilah and Boudghene show evidence of long periods of pre-historic human habitation.
Antiquity
In AD 17, Tacfarinas led the Gaetuli to revolt against the Romans.[8]
Tlemcen became a military outpost of
It was a center of a large Christian population for many centuries after the city's Arab conquest in 708 AD.[9]
Early Islamic period
In the later eighth century and the ninth century, the city became a Kingdom of
In 1081 or 1082 the
Control of the region passed from the Almoravids to the
Zayyanid period
After the end of Almohad rule in the 1230s, Tlemcen became the capital of one of the three successor states, the
At the peak of its success in the first half of the fourteenth century, Tlemcen was a city of perhaps 40,000 inhabitants.
Later in the fourteenth century, the city twice fell under the rule of the
The ruler of Tlemcen is reported to have been advised by a Jewish viceroy named Abraham, who, in the time of the Inquisition of Torquemada, opened the gates of Tlemcen to Jewish and Muslim refugees fleeing Spain. Abraham is said to have supported them with his own money and with the tolerance of the king of Tlemcen.[citation needed]
Later years
In 1551, Tlemcen came under Ottoman rule after the Campaign of Tlemcen. Tlemcen and the Algerian provinces regained effective independence in their own affairs in 1671, although Tlemcen was no longer a government seat as before. The Spanish were evicted from Oran in 1792, but thirty years later, they were replaced by the French, who seized Algiers. A French fleet bombarded Algiers in 1830, at which point the dey capitulated to French colonial rule; a broad coalition of natives continued to resist, coordinated loosely at Tlemcen.
Tlemcen was a vacation spot and retreat for French settlers in Algeria, who found it far more temperate than Oran or Algiers. The city adapted and became more cosmopolitan, with a unique outlook on art and culture, and its architecture and urban life evolved to accommodate this new sense. In the independence movements of the mid-twentieth century, it was relatively quiet, reflecting the city's sense of aloofness from the turbulence of Algiers. In 1943 Tlemcen was little more than a railway halt. On January 13 a British and American train patrol engaged in a skirmish with the retreating troops of the Afrika Korps. As the US Army marched eastwards from its Moroccan landing grounds, the British 8th Army drove west, forcing the Germans into an evacuation pocket at Tunis.[33] Between 1942–1943, before embarking for Italy, the US Army Medical Corps established two fixed hospitals at Tlemcen: 9th Evacuation (as station), 12–26 December 1942. Seven hundred and fifty beds and 32d Station, 28 February – 28 November 1943, 500 beds.[34]
The most important place for pilgrimage of all religions into Tlemcen was the Jewish cemetery on the outskirts of town. Up to 10,000 people worldwide made the journey to the site.[timeframe?] Nonetheless, despite religious freedoms, their community had never numbered more than 5,000–6,000 in the 20th century, and discriminatory laws of had been in force since 1881.[citation needed] After Algerian independence in 1962, most of the small Jewish population evacuated to metropolitan France.[35] The Berber tribes historically professed Judaism. During the colonial period they served in the French Army. French Jews of the Alliance Israélite Universelle paid for a local Jewish school, which closed in 1934, perhaps owing to the rise of Fascism.[36] In 2009 Jordanian sources reported that the Algerian government intended to restore the damaged Jewish tombs at the historic cemetery.[37]
Climate
Tlemcen has a
Climate data for Tlemcen | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 14.5 (58.1) |
16.0 (60.8) |
18.0 (64.4) |
19.8 (67.6) |
23.6 (74.5) |
28.8 (83.8) |
33.0 (91.4) |
33.6 (92.5) |
29.1 (84.4) |
24.1 (75.4) |
18.7 (65.7) |
16.1 (61.0) |
22.9 (73.2) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 9.9 (49.8) |
11.2 (52.2) |
12.8 (55.0) |
14.3 (57.7) |
17.5 (63.5) |
22.0 (71.6) |
25.6 (78.1) |
26.3 (79.3) |
22.6 (72.7) |
18.5 (65.3) |
13.9 (57.0) |
11.7 (53.1) |
17.2 (63.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 5.3 (41.5) |
6.3 (43.3) |
7.6 (45.7) |
8.7 (47.7) |
11.3 (52.3) |
15.1 (59.2) |
18.1 (64.6) |
18.9 (66.0) |
16.1 (61.0) |
12.9 (55.2) |
9.1 (48.4) |
7.2 (45.0) |
11.4 (52.5) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 61.2 (2.41) |
65.2 (2.57) |
64.3 (2.53) |
42.3 (1.67) |
40.0 (1.57) |
6.9 (0.27) |
3.4 (0.13) |
3.6 (0.14) |
18.1 (0.71) |
37.1 (1.46) |
56.1 (2.21) |
46.6 (1.83) |
444.8 (17.51) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 8.4 | 8.1 | 7.9 | 7.6 | 7.1 | 3.1 | 1.2 | 1.9 | 4.1 | 6.8 | 7.3 | 8.3 | 71.8 |
Source: World Meteorological Organization (average temperatures and precipitation, 1976–2005)[38] |
Demographics
The population of Tlemcen is divided between Hadars (the middle class, descended from the Moors) and Kouloughlis (descendants of Turks and Berber women).[39]
Culture
Its centuries of rich history and culture have made the city a center of a unique blend of music and art. Its textiles and handcrafts, its elegant blend of
Media
Newspapers
- Le Petit Tlemcenien, French language weekly (1882)
Transport
It is served by the international Zenata – Messali El Hadj Airport.
Notable people
- Ibn Abī Ḥajalah (1325–1375), poet and writer
- Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari(1591–1632), historian
- Eugénie Buffet (1866–1934), French singer
- Larbi Bensari (1867–1964), musician
- Henri Dickson (1872–1938), French singer
- Cheikha Tetma (1891–1962), musician
- Messali Hadj (1898–1974), nationalist politician
- Hocine Benachenhou (1898–1979), political revolutionary
- Abdelhalim Hemche (1906–1979), painter
- Abdelhamid Benachenhou (1907–1976), historian
- Paul Bénichou (1908–2001), French writer and historian
- Abdelkrim Dali (1914–1978), musician
- Mohammed Dib (1920–2003), writer
- Benaouda Benzerdjeb (1921–1956), physician and martyr
- Bachir Yellès (1921–2022), painter
- Djilali Sari (born 1928), sociologist and historian
- Abdelmadjid Meziane (1929–2001), scholar and theologian
- Kamel Malti (born 1929), musicologist [41]
- Choukri Mesli (born 1931), painter
- Marie-Claude Gay (born 1942), French novelist
- Mourad Medelci (1943–2019), politician
- Ahmed Benhelli (born 1940), diplomat
- Rachid Baba Ahmed (1946–1995), singer and composer
- Sami Naïr(born 1946), political philosopher
- Emile Malet (born 1947), French journalist and writer
- Latifa Ben Mansour (born 1950), writer
- Patrick Bruel (born 1959), French actor and singer
- Mohamed Zaoui (born 1960), boxer
- Kherris Kheireddine (born 1973), international footballer
- Anwar Boudjakdji (born 1976), international footballer
- Kamel Habri (born 1976), international footballer
- Dahlab Ali (born 1976), international footballer
International relations
Twin towns — sister cities
Tlemcen is
|
See also
References
- ^ "Tlemcen | Definition of Tlemcen in English by Oxford Dictionaries". Oxford Dictionaries | English. Archived from the original on April 16, 2019. Retrieved 2019-04-16.
- ^ "Tlemcen: Administrative Units". GeoHive. Archived from the original on 2012-11-06. Retrieved 2012-12-08.
- ^ Si Kaddour Benghabrit (1954). Richesses de France. Bordeaux: Delmas. pp. Tlemcen, Perle du Maghreb.
- ^ Dominique Mataillet (April 28, 2010). "Tlemcen, la Grenade africaine". Jeune Afrique.
- ^ a b c Hamma, Walid, Abdelkader Djedid, and Mohammed Nabil Ouissi. "Délimitation du patrimoine urbain de la ville historique de Tlemcen en Algérie." Cinq Continents 6, no. 13 (2016): 42-60.
- ^ ISBN 9789004161214.
- ^ Émile Janier, « Regards sur le passé », Richesses de France, no 18, éd. Delmas, Bordeaux, 1954.
- ^ Pierre Bodereau, La Capsa ancienne, la Gafsa moderne, éd. Augustin Challamel, Paris, 1907
- ^ "The Last Christians Of North-West Africa: Some Lessons For Orthodox Today". orthodoxengland.org.uk. Retrieved 2016-03-27.
- ^ Ibn Khaldun, History of Berber
- ^ Cedric Barnes (2006), Kharijis (768 CE), in Josef W Meri (ed.), Medieval Islamic Civilization: an Encyclopedia. Routledge., p. 436.
- ^ ISBN 9780195309911.
- hdl:10261/122812.
- ^ ISBN 9782701805252.
- ^ see also: Trudy Ring, Robert M. Salkin, Sharon La Boda International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa, Volume 4 (Taylor & Francis, 1994) p702.
- ^ O. Saidi (1997), The unification of the Maghrib under the Almohads, in Joseph Ki-Zerbo & Djibril T Niane (eds.) (1997), General History of Africa, vol. IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century (abridged ed.) UNESCO, James Curry Ltd., and Univ. Calif. Press., pp. 8-23.
- ISBN 979-10-351-0683-6.
- ^ ISBN 9782701805252.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-292-76190-2.
- ^ I. Hrbek (1997), The disintegration of political unity in the Maghrib, in Joseph Ki-Zerbo & Djibril T Niane (eds.) (1997), General History of Africa, vol. IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century (abridged ed.) UNESCO, James Curry Ltd., and Univ. Calif. Press., pp. 34-43.
- ^ S.M. Cissoko (1997), The Songhay from the twelfth to the sixteenth century, in Joseph Ki-Zerbo & Djibril T Niane (eds.) (1997), General History of Africa, vol. IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century (abridged ed.) UNESCO, James Curry Ltd., and Univ. Calif. Press., pp. 77-86.
- ^ "funduk". Oxford Reference.
- ^ Talbi (1997: 29).
- ^ Id.
- ^ Fernand Braudel (1979), Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century: Vol. III: The Perspective of the World. Transl. Sian Reynolds. Univ. Calif. Press & HarperCollins (1992), p. 66.
- ^ Christopher Ehret (2002), The Civilizations of Africa: a History to 1800. Univ. Virginia Press, p. 334.
- ^ Marçais, Georges (1954). L'architecture musulmane d'Occident. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques.
- ^ R. Idris (1997), Society in the Maghrib after the disappearance of the Almohads, in Joseph Ki-Zerbo & Djibril T Niane (eds.) (1997), General History of Africa, vol. IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century (abridged ed.) UNESCO, James Curry Ltd., and Univ. Calif. Press., pp. 44-49.
- ^ D.T Niane (1997), Relationships and exchanges among the different regions, in Joseph Ki-Zerbo & Djibril T Niane (eds.) (1997), General History of Africa, vol. IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century (abridged ed.) UNESCO, James Curry Ltd., and Univ. Calif. Press., pp. 245-253).
- ^ Masatochi Kasaichi (2004), "Three renowned 'ulama' families of Tlemcen: The Maqqari, the Marzuqi and the 'Uqbani". J. Sophia Asian Studies 22: 121-137.
- ^ Hrbek (1997: 39).
- ^ Hrbek (1997: 41).
- ^ the battle was depicted in the film Casablanca Express (1989) Casablanca Express Retrieved 1 December 2016
- ^ US Medical Corps during Second World War Retrieved 1 December 2016
- ^ Algerian archive file Retrieved 1 December 2016
- ^ Tlemcen Jewish heritage Retrieved 1 December 2016
- ^ "International Jewish Cemetery Project". www.albawaba.com (Jordan). 2 July 2009. Archived from the original on 2018-01-10. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
- ^ "World Weather Information Service–Tlemcen". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 21 October 2016.
- ^ "Tlemcen", Encyclopædia Britannica Online, 2012
- ^ M. Talbi (1997), The Spread of Civilization in the Maghrib and its Impact on Western Civilization, in Joseph Ki-Zerbo & Djibril T Niane (eds.) (1997), General History of Africa, vol. IV: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century (abridged ed.) UNESCO, James Curry Ltd., and Univ. Calif. Press., pp. 24-33.
- ^ Hommage à Mahieddine Kamel Malti : L'immensité discrète, El Watan du 14/05/2011
- ^ "CIUDADES CON LAS QUE ESTÁ HERMANADA GRANADA" (official website) (in Spanish). Granada, Spain: Ayuntamiento de Granada. Archived from the original on 2014-11-15. Retrieved 2014-12-01.
- ^ since 11 July 1989
- ^ "Les six villes jumelées". nanterre.fr (in French). Nanterre. Retrieved 2019-11-16.
- ^ "Jumelage entre les villes de Tlemcen et de Lille : Martine Aubry reçue par Bouteflika et plusieurs ministres - Diplomatie - Tout sur l'Algérie - page 1". Tsa-algerie.com. Archived from the original on 2013-02-21. Retrieved 2013-02-20.
- ^ "Jumelages". montpellier.fr. Retrieved 2022-07-08.
- ^ Официальный портал Казани. kzn.ru (in Russian). Archived from the original on 16 April 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2018.
- ^ "Fraternity cities on Sarajevo Official Web Site". ©City of Sarajevo 2001–2008. Retrieved 2008-11-09.
- ^ since 1964
External links
- Tlemcen, non official website
- Abou Bakr Belkaid University of Tlemcen
- Free/Open Source Community of Tlemcen
- Unofficial portrait of this city
- Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). pp. 1034–1035. .
- Pétridès, Sophron (1911). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. .
- Tlemcen in the region Oran, non official website