Affair of the Dancing Lamas
The Affair of the Dancing Lamas was an Anglo–Tibetan diplomatic controversy stemming mainly from the visit to Britain in 1924–25 of a party of Tibetan monks (only one of whom was a
The 13th Dalai Lama and the government of Tibet felt that the film and the pseudo-religious performances required of the monks ridiculed Tibetan culture – as a diplomatic protest they banned future Everest expeditions. The film had been the responsibility of John Noel, the expedition's photographer, but the mountaineering establishment was closely involved and to avoid embarrassment they shifted the blame for the ban on expeditions onto John de Vars Hazard, another member of the team, who had gone exploring off the authorised route. The true cause of the diplomatic fuss was kept secret and Hazard remained the scapegoat for over fifty years.
Historically, Tibet had not been willing to allow foreign explorers into the country but the
Background
Diplomatic
Fearing Russian military intervention into Tibet, in 1904 the
Following the
British aspirations towards Mount Everest
On his 1904 military mission, Younghusband had seen Mount Everest, the highest mountain in the world, and had enthused Curzon with the idea of a grand British imperial expedition to make the first ascent of the mountain. Eventually this led to Britain's magisterial Alpine Club adopting the idea in celebration of its 1907 golden jubilee.[6] Mount Everest lies on the border between Nepal and Tibet but neither country would allow entry to foreign expeditions. The Secretary of State for India refused to request permission from Tibet and then the 1914–18 War intervened.[7]
In 1913
Early in 1921 the
1922 and 1924 Mount Everest expeditions
John Noel was photographer on the 1922 Everest expedition and was made responsible for producing the subsequent official film, Climbing Mount Everest.[14] Shown in cinemas around Britain it had been a reasonable success. When the 1924 expedition was being planned Noel offered to fund £8,000 of the estimated £9,000 total cost of the expedition if he was allowed to make a second film and retain all the rights to it and other photography.[14][15] Noel, who was quite a showman, was determined to make the film a success and he planned filming in such a way that he could produce a mountaineering epic if the summit attempt succeeded or a Tibet travelogue if it failed.[14]
On 8 June 1924 Mallory and Irvine set off for the summit, never to return.[16]
For those on the expedition at the time, the loss of Mallory and Irvine did not seem like the magnificent tragedy it was soon to become.
The Epic of Everest
A production company Explorers' Films, with Younghusband as chairman, had been set up to make the film.[24] Because there was no film footage high on the mountain and it was not known if the summit had been reached, Noel planned a total theatrical experience. The stage setting was a Tibetan courtyard with shimmering Himalayan peaks painted on the backdrop. To provide what Noel called "large doses of local colour", before the film started a group of monks was to come on stage equipped with ethnic accoutrements to perform pseudo-religious music, chanting and dance.[25][note 3] The headline in the Daily Sketch "High Dignitaries of Tibetan Church Reach London; Bishop to dance on Stage; Music from Skulls" was not couched in terms that the Tibetan authorities would wish for. The performers were genuinely monks (despite the publicity proclaiming "seven lamas", there was in reality only
one) but they were from nowhere near Mount Everest and they had been inveigled out of Tibet without permission from their superior.
Diplomatic representations from Tibet
The government of Tibet lodged an official diplomatic protest. They believed that the film, and its accompanying carnival, ridiculed Tibet. They found particularly offensive a scene showing a man delousing a child and then eating the
The Dalai Lama regarded the film and the monks' performances as a direct affront to his religion and called for the arrest of the monks.[34][35] Noel initially said he had received official permission to take them from Tibet but this was found to be false. In Britain an official inquiry reported, "Captain Noel's statement about the monks taken to England is in direct variance with the facts". The Mount Everest Committee was forced into an apology: "The Committee regret very deeply the humiliating position in which they were placed by the discovery that Captain Noel's statements were incorrect".[36] The prime minister of Tibet's note demanding the monks' return ended with "For the future, we cannot give permission to go to Tibet" and no more expeditions were allowed until 1933.[34][37]
In Tibet the matter was extremely sensitive because at the time that country was close to revolution. The modernisation and militarisation being introduced by the Dalai Lama and the head of the army,
The affair may have had long-term effects beyond mountaineering – when
Cover-up and scapegoat
The Mount Everest Committee was unable to distance itself from the film – it had supported its production and benefited financially. It therefore laid the blame elsewhere for the diplomatic catastrophe and for over fifty years the cover-up succeeded in public, the impression being given that Hazard's unauthorised detour was to blame for the ban on expeditions.[38]
In 1969, as the last item under "Accidents, Equipment and Miscellaneous Notes", the Alpine Club in its Alpine Journal reported the death of John Hazard (spelling his name incorrectly) and made it clear that he had never been a Club member. The obituary said he had been "something of a misfit", best remembered for leaving four Sherpas behind at the North Col in 1924, requiring "very risky rescue operations" by other members of the party. After the expedition, he had gone off the main route with "a porter or two to the Tsango Po river on a jaunt of his own". The report concluded that such detours had been acceptable in 1921 and apologised for in 1922, but in 1924 it was the last straw and Lhasa had clamped down on expeditions for nine years.[39][note 5] In the 1990 Alpine Journal's obituary of John Noel the dancing lamas are not mentioned at all.[40]
By 1996, however, the Alpine Journal was willing to publish an article entitled "The Scapegoat" by Audrey Salkeld, the Everest historian. In it she reviews Hazard's life and his role concerning the Sherpas on the North Col and his unauthorised Tsangpo journey. She concludes that the Tibetans' strongest complaint was over the monks' publicity visit and credits Walt Unsworth with uncovering the "dancing lama furore" in 1981.[38] The diplomatic affair had been swept under the carpet for over fifty years because Younghusband (president of the RGS and chairman of the Mount Everest Committee) must have been aware of, or even a party to, the scheme to invite the monks.[20]
"The Affair of the Dancing Lamas"
In 1981 Walt Unsworth revealed in his book Everest that "The Affair of the Dancing Lamas" was the primary reason why Mount Everest expeditions had been again banned by Tibet.[41][42][note 6] The main blame for the diplomatic incident is indeed laid on Noel rather than Hazard but Unsworth views the position of the Tibetan government differently from the more recent accounts of Hansen and Davis, whose analysis has been given above.
When in 1921 Charles Bell retired from being effectively the British diplomatic service for Sikkim and Tibet, Frederick Bailey took over. Whereas Bell had been a classical scholar and Tibetologist,[44][45] Bailey was an adventurer. He had accompanied Younghusband to Lhasa on his 1904 "mission" and later had made a lengthy, arduous and illegal excursion into Tibet to explore the Tsangpo Gorge.[46] As poacher turned gamekeeper he went out of his way to hinder expeditions to Tibet – or at least that was the view of the mountaineering establishment in London. Unsworth says it was for reasons unknown, possibly personal ambition, whereas Salkeld says he was believed to have scores to settle with the Mount Everest Committee.[47][20] He was exceptionally well placed to be awkward as he was the single point of contact between London and Lhasa and so was inevitably involved in passing on and composing diplomatic notes for both sides.[48] Unsworth supports the "Mount Everest Committee view" in seeing Bailey as the creator of much of the antipathy towards expeditions whilst relying on mere acquiescence from Lhasa.[49] Hansen explicitly rejects this view and regards it as a British "orientalist" attitude that people in Tibet were merely primitive and backward.[50] He criticises Unsworth (and the Mount Everest Committee and others) for denying any independent agency to the Tibetans. Hansen claims that Lhasa did indeed drive the diplomatic protests for rational reasons and Bailey tended to go along with them.[51] The authors agree that the India Office in London became enraged by the Mount Everest Committee's indiscretions and it suited everyone concerned in the debacle to keep the whole thing quiet.[52][53][20]
Notes
- ^ The Rongshar Valley is near the Nepalese border close to Nangpa La.
- ^ A trailer can be viewed online and there is a 2013 review.[22][23]
- ^ A newsreel of the monks in Britain is available online.[26]
- ^ Whether they were lice or fleas seems to have had diplomatic significance but the identification was never resolved.
- ^ This paragraph is based on remarks of a similar tone made by Audrey Salkeld in the Alpine Journal of 1996.[38]
- ^ In his preface Unsworth credits Salkeld for "a great deal of the research".[43]
References
Citations
- ^ Hansen (1996), p. 717.
- ^ Davis (2012), pp. 118–120.
- ^ Davis (2012), pp. 120–122.
- ^ a b Davis (2012), p. 123-124.
- ^ a b Davis (2012), pp. 112–113.
- ^ Davis (2012), pp. 63–74.
- ^ Davis (2012), pp. 74–75.
- ^ Davis (2012), pp. 80–83.
- ^ Davis (2012), pp. 86–100.
- ^ Davis (2012), pp. 123–124.
- ^ Hansen (1996), p. 719.
- ^ Davis (2012), pp. 125–126.
- ^ Davis (2012), p. 484.
- ^ a b c d Davis (2012), p. 561.
- ^ Unsworth (1981), p. 147.
- ^ Davis (2012), p. 2.
- ^ Davis (2012), pp. 550–554.
- ^ a b Davis (2012), p. 557.
- ^ Unsworth (1981), p. 145.
- ^ a b c d Salkeld (1996), p. 226.
- ^ Davis (2012), pp. 557, 384.
- ^ BFI Trailers (2013).
- ^ Horell (2013).
- ^ Davis (2012), p. 468.
- ^ a b c Davis (2012), pp. 561–562.
- ^ British Pathé (1924).
- ^ "Winter Garden: The Epic of Everest". Gloucestershire Echo. British Newspaper Archive. 20 June 1925. p. 5. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
- ^ Hansen (1996), p. 732.
- ^ Unsworth (1981), p. 156.
- ^ Hansen (1996), p. 738.
- ^ Davis (2012), p. 562.
- ^ Unsworth (1981), p. 150.
- ^ Hansen (1996), p. 712.
- ^ a b c d Davis (2012), pp. 563–564.
- ^ Hansen (1996), p. 737.
- ^ Hansen (1996), p. 736.
- ^ Perrin (2013), p. 154.
- ^ a b c Salkeld (1996), pp. 224–226.
- ^ Alpine Journal (1969).
- ^ Hattersley-Smith (1990), pp. 315–317.
- ^ Salkeld (1996), p. 226, : referring to Unsworth (1981), pp. 142–157
- ^ Unsworth (1981), pp. 142–157, : chapter 6, "The Affair of the Dancing Lamas".
- ^ Unsworth (1981), p. xi.
- ^ Unsworth (1981), p. 75.
- ^ Davis (2012), pp. 113–114.
- ^ Unsworth (1981), p. 142.
- ^ Unsworth (1981), pp. 143, 157.
- ^ Unsworth (1981), pp. 142–143, 150–151.
- ^ Unsworth (1981), p. 157.
- ^ Hansen (1996), p. 713.
- ^ Hansen (1996), pp. 713, 736.
- ^ Unsworth (1981), pp. 155–156.
- ^ Hansen (1996), pp. 736–737.
Works cited
- "Accidents, Equipment and Miscellaneous Notes" (PDF). Alpine Journal: 350. 1969. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
- BFI Trailers (2013). The Epic of Everest (1924) - Trailer (trailer). British Film Institute. Retrieved 16 May 2015 – via YouTube.
- British Pathé (1924). The Epic of Everest (newsreel). British Pathé. Retrieved 16 May 2015 – via YouTube.
- ISBN 978-0099563839.
- Hansen, Peter H. (June 1996). "The Dancing Lamas of Everest: Cinema, Orientalism, and Anglo-Tibetan Relations in the 1920s". JSTOR 2169420.
- Hattersley-Smith, Geoffrey (1990). "In Memoriam: John Baptist Lucien Noel 1890–1989" (PDF). Alpine Journal. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
- Horell, Mark (30 October 2013). "The Epic of Everest – Captain John Noel's film of the 1924 expedition". Footsteps on the Mountain. Mark Horell. Retrieved 16 May 2015.
- ISBN 9780091795467.
- Salkeld, Audrey (1996). "The Scapegoat" (PDF). Alpine Journal: 224–226. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
- Unsworth, Walt (1981). Everest. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 0713911085.