Antalas

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Antalas or Anthalas
Moors[5][6]
Byzacena Moors King[7]
King of Byzacena Moorish tribes[8][9][10]
Chief of Byzacena Moors[11]
The Prince of Barbarians (Berbers)[12]
Chief of the Moorish tribes[13][14][15]
Great Chief of Moors[16]
Moorish King[17]
Princeps Maurorum[18]
Commander of the Moors[19]
The Moor[20]
Dux Byzacenae Maurorum[21][22]
Paramount chief of the Moors[23][24]
Hero[25]
Barbarians King[26]
The Prince of Frexes[27]
The Boiling[28]
The Valiant[29]
The Fiery Warrior[30]
King of Dorsale realm

2nd (recorded) Chief of Frexes and Naffur Confederacy

Late Antiquity: before 517-after 548
Dynasty
FrexesFatherGuenfan

Antalas (

Procopius of Caesarea
.

Zeugitana
in red with Thala as capital on a 1017m hill as base.

The Frexes Chiefdom or Frexes Confederation (leading multiples tribes as greater entity under Frexes rulers leadership) domain is often referred to as "Kingdom of the Dorsale" it is also considered as the main Principality of Guenfan also his son Antalas and considered as centering Frexes authority at Thala a city at 1017m high[41][42][43][44] and former Numidian city that was also a former treasury for the King Jugurtha and his last faithful stronghold in Numidia, the entire city was reported to have put a fierce resistance against Quintus Caecilius Roman statesmen and general who had a climatic advantage during the siege that saved his troops for water supplies and he seized by the Western Romans in 108 BC but didn't get anything good to plunder as the entire city had handed to Jugurtha his treasury and burnt themselves and all properties they had inside a great fire during the Jugurthine war and the city was eventually lost during the collapse of the western Roman empire for being under the occupation of Frexes Berbers often referred to as "Massyli army" therefore considered legitimately (as they're included in their confederation with Iaudas and Cusina)[45][1] as the descent of Numidians Massylis alongside several Berbers by Corippus Johannides works where in Latin he is the first mentioned Berber chief and the Frexes are the first mentioned tribe even as braves and fierce warriors by Corippus[46] and Antalas was also mentioned as "Princeps Maurorum"[47][48][49]making him the most important Moorish (Non-Romanized or non-Christanized Berber) leader representative of this non-romanized population in North Africa towards the Empreror of the Eastern Romans Justinian as Antalas was the only Berber ruler to have been recorded directly in contact through at least a letter in 545 with the emperor explaining why the Byzantine–Moorish wars had began due to romans dignitaries fault and he did some attempts to make the emperor accept his request through the flattery of being his former ally serving his empire safety as foederati but he also spoke like if he was the equal of the byzantine emperor as a representative of the angered Moors telling him that if he does not remove Sergius nephew of Solomon the war would not stop and it didn't stop until 548.[50][51]

Later this status would potentially result to the alliance with the Byzantine John Troglita and of the

Capsa who received notably the title of Exarch and Magister Militum for his contribution against Antalas coalition before getting killed in January, 563 by the Roman Prefect John Rogathinus.[52]

Horse of the Fraichich (Frexes) tribe

The Frexes domain limits would be the cities of

1881 under another leader having the name of Hadj Harrat el Ferchichi and be linked like Antalas before with the Tripolitanians during the wars events[53] and in 1906 again around Thala and Kasserine (New Cilium
).

Life

Antalas was born c. 500, and was the son of a certain Guenfan, according to Corippus. He belonged to Frexes tribe of Byzacena (modern central Tunisia).[54][55] Corippus reports that Antalas career began at the age of seventeen, stealing sheep. He soon followers around him and became a brigand, fighting against the Vandals of Thrasamund in 516 where he is successful and gain a reputation that makes him succeeding his father Guenfan as new chief of the Frexes by 517.[56] By 530, he had become leader of the Berbers in Byzacena, and in the same year led them to a decisive victory against the Vandals being responsible of the Vandal General Hildimer's death and the King of the Vandals Hilderic's rule collapse.[57]

Antalas political and military carreer presence records.

Byzantine affairs and Vandals collapse

Following the

foedus agreements and the Empreror Justinian himself would accept to pay an annual tribute to the Berber Prince Antalas called the "Annona" making a strong bond of alliance for 10 years from 533 until the winter of the year 543 when Solomon governor-general sent by the Empreror broke the treaty by his lack of trust towards Antalas who were back then in charge of Byzacena's Moorish population and aswell of the security of citizens even Romans ones.[61]

First armed conflict engagement with Byzantines

In 543, however, a revolt broke out among the Berbers of Byzacena, which resulted in the execution of his brother Guarizila and the cessation of the subsidies by the Byzantine governor,

Battle of Cillium, where the known governor-general Solomon who had vanquished Yabdas in 540 himself was killed in 544 by the forces of Antalas making the Byzantine rule stability in Africa in great danger.[62][63][64]

Zeugitana and Numidia

Second armed conflict engagement with Byzantines

With the death of the capable Solomon, his nephew Sergius, whose arrogant treatment of the Leuathae had prompted their rebellion in the first place, was appointed governor in Africa.

Sicca Veneria. John's troops were considerably outnumbered by the rebel forces, and in the Battle of Thacia his army was routed and he himself was killed, but not before mortally wounding Stotzas in a duel.[65][67]

Guntharic's plan

After the defeat at

Romanized Berbers. Cutzinas had promised to murder Antalas once battle was joined, but Guntharic revealed this plan to Antalas. In the event, due to Areobindus' timidity, a battle did not take place; in March Guntharic seized Carthage and murdered Areobindus.[65][68]

Attempt of reconciliation with the Roman Empreror and 3rd armed engagement

Now master of Carthage, Guntharic refused to honour his agreement with Antalas, and the latter withdrew his men into Byzacena. There, in an effort to reconcile himself with the emperor, he contacted the dux of Byzacena, Marcentius, who had fled to an offshore island, proposing to make common cause against Guntharic. Guntharic sent an army under Cutzinas and

Capsa.[72][73]

4th armed engagement and end of the war

Laribus also called Lares, city where Jean Troglita retreated after his defeat against the Libyans tribes who wanted to rejoin Antalas in Byzacena.

In the summer, however, Antalas King of the Frexes and supreme leader of the Moorish coaliton joined the Berbers of Tripolitania and subordinate right arm Carcasan King of the Ifuraces chief of Antalas army western wing

Battle of the Fields of Cato, the result was a decisive Byzantine victory only thanks to the Berbers of Numidia notably the chiefs of the Aurasius (Aures) Iaudas, Cutzina, Isfadaïas and others chiefs that had united a huge Numidian Romano-Berber force who were previously for some before allied to Antalas, they were even more numerous than the Byzantines forces themselves as Jean Troglita main forces represented a tiny minority compared to their Berbers allies forces:[45] Carcasan fell after not having listened the advices of Antalas and this broke the Syrtes and Frexes coalition,[45] and the Berber revolt was crushed as Antalas and the surviving leaders submitted to Troglita. Nothing further is known of him after that.[73][77]

However this is what was claimed to be mentionned by Procopius and the 8th book of the Iohannis of Corippus is claimed to be "lost" which makes some questions and hypothesis especially as the 7th book talks about the counter attack of Antalas and Carcasan and the victory of Carcasan in the battle of Marta mentionning that both chiefs were preparing to destroy the last remainings of Romans army who fled at Laribus after their defeat at Marta giving up all

Zeugitana to the Moors.[78][79]

References

  1. ^ Camps 1988.
  2. doi:10.3917/strat.093.0129
    .
  3. ISBN 978-0-19-256246-3
    .
  4. doi:10.3917/strat.093.0129
    .
  5. ISBN 978-2-7283-1003-6
    .
  6. doi:10.3917/strat.093.0129
    .
  7. ^ "Journal des savants". 1828.
  8. ^ "Recherches sur l'histoire de la partie de l'Afrique septentrionale connue sous le nom de régence d'Alger et sur l'administration et la colonisation de ce pays à l'époque de la domination romaine: Tome premier". 1835.
  9. ^ "Recherches sur la topographie de Carthage". 1835.
  10. ^ "Alger". 1838.
  11. ^ "L'Univers: Histoire et description de tous les peuples". 1846.
  12. ^ "L'Univers: Histoire et description de tous les peuples". 1846.
  13. ^ "L'Univers: Histoire et description de tous les peuples". 1844.
  14. ^ "Afrique". 1842.
  15. ^ Avezac, Armand d' (1844). "Afrique. Esquisse générale de l'Afrique et Afrique ancienne".
  16. ^ https://books.google.fr/books?id=jtEqEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA141&dq=antalas&hl=fr&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjWy-a6sI2FAxVgVKQEHQxKCvY4KBDoAXoECAwQAg
  17. ^ "Corippe, la Johannide (Chant II)".
  18. ^ Orbis: bulletin international de documentation linguistique (in French). Le Centre. 1960.
  19. ^ An Abridgment of Mr. Gibbon's History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Vol. 2. Par Edward Gibbon. 1807. p. 85.
  20. ^ The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Vol. VIII. Par Edward Gibbon. 2022. p. 300.
  21. ^ Sur la piste des Berbères. p. 169.
  22. ^ https://books.google.fr/books?id=tb0uAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA2-PA3&dq=Antalas+dux&hl=fr&newbks=1&newbks_redir=1&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjFmb3l0bqFAxWWVqQEHV2YA6A4ChDoAXoECAQQAg
  23. ^ La guerre contre les vandales guerres de Justinien, livres III et IV · Livre 3 Par Procopius, Denis Roques. 1990. p. 13.
  24. ^ Diehl, Charles (1896). L'Afrique byzantine – Histoire de la domination byzantine en Afrique (533-709) : Ouvrage couronné par l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres Par Charles Diehl. p. 313.
  25. ^ "CORIPPE LA JOHANNIDE. Préface - Chant quatrième. Traduction française : J. ALIX, professeur au Lycée de Tunis. Oeuvre numérisée par Marc Szwajcer". 1900.
  26. ^ "CORIPPE LA JOHANNIDE. Préface - Chant quatrième. Traduction française : J. ALIX, professeur au Lycée de Tunis. Oeuvre numérisée par Marc Szwajcer". 1900.
  27. ISBN 978-2-9509726-5-1
    .
  28. ^ "Corippe, la Johannide (Chant IV)".
  29. ^ "Corippe, la Johannide (Chant IV)".
  30. ^ "Corippe, la Johannide (Chant IV)".
  31. doi:10.3917/strat.093.0129
    .
  32. ^ Mercier, Ernest (1888). Histoire de l'Afrique septentrionale (Berbérie) dupuis les temps les plus reculés jusqu'à la conquête française (1830) (in French). E. Leroux.
  33. ISBN 978-2-322-25652-5
    .
  34. ISBN 978-0-521-20160-5
    .
  35. ^ Galibert, Léon (1844). L'Algérie: ancienne et moderne depuis les premiers éstablissements des Carthaginois jusqu'à la prise de la Smalah d'Abd-el-Kader (in French). Furne.
  36. ^ d'Avezac, Marie Armand Pascal; Yanoski, Jean (1844). Afrique : esquisse générale de l'Afrique et Afrique ancienne. Carthage. Numidie et Mauritanie. L'Afrique chrétienne et domination des vandales en Afrique (in French). Didot.
  37. ^ Histoire du bas-empire par Lebeau. Tome 1. [- 21.] (in French). 1828.
  38. ^ Bouchama, Kamel (1997). La JFLN: un passe glorieux, un avenir interrompu-- (in French). Edition ANEP.
  39. ^ Julien, Charles André (1951). Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord: Tunisie, Alférie, Maroc (in French).
  40. ISBN 978-2-7351-1556-3
    .
  41. ^ Kadra, Fatima Kadaria (1983). Les Djedars: monuments funéraires Berbères de la Région de Frenda (in French). Office des Publications Universitaires.
  42. ISBN 978-9938-40-577-4
    .
  43. ^ Piquet, Victor (1917). Les civilisations de l'Afrique du Nord: Berbères--Arabes--Turcs (in French). A. Colin.
  44. ISBN 978-2-7355-0201-1
    .
  45. ^
    ISSN 0224-0424
    .
  46. ^ "Corippe, la Johannide (chant II)". remacle.org. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  47. ISBN 978-2-7283-1003-6
    .
  48. ^ Orbis: bulletin international de documentation linguistique (in French). Le Centre. 1960.
  49. ^ Journal des savants (in French). Librairie Klincksieck. 1828.
  50. ISBN 978-2-7283-1003-6
    .
  51. ISBN 978-1-62466-172-3
    .
  52. ^ "Cutzinas", Wikipedia, 2023-08-21, retrieved 2024-04-02
  53. ISSN 1015-7344
    .
  54. ISSN 1015-7344
    .
  55. ^ Camps 1988, p. 706-708.
  56. ISBN 978-2-322-25652-5
    .
  57. ^ a b Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992, p. 86.
  58. ^ https://books.openedition.org/efr/docannexe/image/1421/img-1-small700.jpg
  59. ISBN 978-2-7283-1003-6
    .
  60. ^ Diehl, Charles (1896). L'Afrique byzantine: histoire de la domination byzantine en Afrique (533-709) (in French). E. Leroux.
  61. ^ Diehl, Charles (1896). L'Afrique byzantine: histoire de la domination byzantine en Afrique (533-709) (in French). E. Leroux.
  62. ^ Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992, pp. 86, 1175–1176.
  63. ^ Bury 1958, p. 145.
  64. ISBN 978-1-4738-6910-3
    .
  65. ^ a b c Bury 1958, p. 146.
  66. ^ Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992, pp. 86, 599–600.
  67. ^ Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992, pp. 86, 641.
  68. ^ Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992, pp. 86–87, 108–109.
  69. ^ Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992, pp. 87, 818.
  70. ^ Bury 1958, pp. 146–147.
  71. ^ Beau, Charles Le (1828). Histoire du Bas-Empire (in French). F. Didot.
  72. ^ Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992, pp. 87, 647.
  73. ^ a b c Bury 1958, p. 147.
  74. ^ Pascal), Avezac (M d', Marie Armand (1842). Afrique: esquisse générale de l'Afrique et Afrique ancienne (in French). Éditions Bouslama.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  75. ISBN 978-2-87772-858-4
    .
  76. ^ Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992, pp. 87, 647–648.
  77. ^ Martindale, Jones & Morris 1992, pp. 87, 648–649.
  78. ^ Journal des savants, Page-216 (in French). Geuthner. 1828.
  79. ^ Journal des savants, Page-217 (in French). Geuthner. 1828.

Sources

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antalas&oldid=1220489948"