Arachnoid mater

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"Arachnoidea" redirects here. For the genus of bryozoans, see
Arachnoidea (bryozoan)
.
Arachnoid mater
subarachnoid space
Image showing parts of the arachnoid mater, including arachnoid granulations.
Details
Part ofMeninges
Identifiers
Latinarachnoidea mater
MeSHD001099
NeuroNames1464
TA98A14.1.01.201
TA25386
FMA9591
Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy]

The arachnoid mater (or simply arachnoid) is one of the three meninges, the protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. It is so named because of its resemblance to a spider web. The arachnoid mater is a derivative of the neural crest mesoectoderm in the embryo.

Structure

The arachnoid mater is interposed between the two other meninges, the more superficial (closer to the surface) and much thicker

venous sinuses
of the brain, which allow CSF to exit the subarachnoid space and enter the blood stream.

Unlike the dura mater, which receives a rich vascular supply from numerous arteries, the arachnoid mater is avascular (lacking blood vessels).

The arachnoid mater and dura mater are very close together throughout the cranium and spinal canal all the way to

sacral vertebra S2, where the two layers fuse into one and end in the filum terminale, which attaches to the coccygeal end of the spinal canal. Sandwiched between the dura and arachnoid maters lie some veins that connect the brain's venous system with the venous system in the dura mater.[1][full citation needed
]

The arachnoid mater covering the brain is referred to as the arachnoidea encephali, and the portion covering the spinal cord as the arachnoidea spinalis. The arachnoid and pia mater are sometimes considered as a single structure, the leptomeninx, or the plural version,

leptomeninges (lepto, from the Greek root meaning "thin" or "slender").[2][3]
Similarly, the dura in this situation is called the pachymeninx.

There are two subdivisions of arachnoid mater surrounding the subarachnoid space, the dorsal layer and the ventral layer. The dorsal layer covers internal cerebral veins and fixes them to the surrounding

pineal region.[4][clarification needed
]

The arachnoid mater in the rat is composed of approximately 10 layers of fibroblast cells.[5]

Function

See also:
Subarachnoid space

CSF circulates in the subarachnoid space (between arachnoid and pia mater). Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the choroid plexus (inside the ventricles of the brain, which are in direct communication with the subarachnoid space so the CSF can flow freely through the nervous system). Cerebrospinal fluid is a transparent, colourless fluid and it is produced at about 500 ml/day. Its electrolyte levels, glucose levels, and pH are very similar to those in plasma, but the presence of blood in cerebrospinal fluid is always abnormal.[6]

Etymology

The arachnoid mater is named after the Greek word arachne ("spider"), the suffix -oid ("in the image of"), and the Latin word mater ("mother"), because of the fine spider-web–like appearance of the delicate fibres of the arachnoid (arachnoid trabeculae) which extend down through the subarachnoid space and attach to the pia mater.

The introduction of the name "arachnoid mater" is attributed to Frederik Ruysch in 1699.[7] Another source states that the "arachnoid membrane" was discovered and named by Gerardus Blaes (Blasius) in 1664, and that Ruysch adopted the term in 1692.[8]

Additional images

  • Meninges
    Meninges
  • Diagrammatic section of scalp.
    Diagrammatic section of scalp.
  • The arachnoid mater lies under the dura mater, and arteries and veins run on top of it.
    The arachnoid mater lies under the dura mater, and arteries and veins run on top of it.
  • Brain with arachnoid mater, and an area where it is removed, showing cerebral gyri covered by the translucent pia mater.
    Brain with arachnoid mater, and an area where it is removed, showing cerebral gyri covered by the translucent pia mater.
  • Spinal dura mater opened, arachnoid mater visible.
    Spinal dura mater opened, arachnoid mater visible.
  • The medulla spinalis and its membranes.
    The
    medulla spinalis
    and its membranes.
  • Spinal cord. Spinal membranes and nerve roots. Deep dissection. Posterior view.
    Spinal cord. Spinal membranes and nerve roots. Deep dissection. Posterior view.
  • Meninges and superficial cerebral veins. Deep dissection. Superior view.
    Meninges and superficial cerebral veins. Deep dissection. Superior view.
  • Meninges and superficial cerebral veins. Deep dissection. Superior view.
    Meninges and superficial cerebral veins. Deep dissection. Superior view.

The arachnoid cells continue inside the brain, covering the so-called

Virchow-Robin spaces or perivascular spaces
. For that reason some meningiomas can appear as completely inside the brain.

References

  1. PMID 15943078
    .
  2. PMID 32310433
    . Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  3. ^ "Definition of LEPT-". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 27 October 2024.
  4. PMID 22782652
    .
  5. PMID 26090230
    .
  6. S2CID 13822999
    .
  7. PMID 29269062
    .
  8. PMID 23869573
    .
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