Terminologia Anatomica
Terminologia Anatomica (commonly abbreviated TA) is the international standard for
History
The sixth edition of the previous standard,
The second edition was released online by FIPAT in 2019 and approved and adopted by the IFAA General Assembly in 2020. The latest errata is dated August 2021.[3] It contains a total of 7112 numbered terms (1-7113 skipping 2590), with some terms repeated.[4]
Adoption and reception
A 2014 survey of the American Association of Clinical Anatomists found that the TA preferred term had the highest frequency of usage in only 53% of the 25 anatomical terms surveyed, and was highest or second-highest for 92% of terms. 75% of respondents were unfamiliar with FIPAT and TA.[5]
In a panel at the 2022 International Federation of Associations of Anatomists Congress, one author stated "the Terminologia Anatomica generally receives no attention in medical terminology courses", but stressed its importance.[6] The TA is not well established in other languages, such as French.[7] The English equivalent names are often inconsistent if viewed as translations of the accompanying Latin phrases.[8]
The Terminologia Anatomica specifically excludes eponyms, as they were determined to "give absolutely no anatomical information about the named structure, and vary considerably between countries and cultures".[9] In a 2023 study of eight gynecologic eponyms, the TA term was preferred in two cases, and showed a significant trend towards TA adoption in three others, leaving three non-TA terms likely to remain in common use.[10]
Categories of anatomical structures
Terminologia Anatomica is divided into 16 chapters grouped into five parts. The official terms are in Latin. Although equivalent English-language terms are provided, only the official Latin terms are used as the basis for creating lists of equivalent terms in other languages.
Part I
Chapter 1: General anatomy
- General terms
- Reference planes
- Reference lines
- Human body positions
- Movements
- Parts of human body
- Regions of human body
Part II: Musculoskeletal systems
Chapter 2: Bones
- Axial skeleton
- Appendicular skeleton
- Bones
- Cranium
- Extracranial bones of head
- Auditory ossicles
- Teeth
- Nasal cartilages
- Cartilages of ear
- Laryngeal cartilages
- Vertebral column
- Thoracic skeleton
- Bones of upper limb
- Bony pelvis
- Bones of lower limb
- Joints
Chapter 3: Joints
- Joints of skull
- Joints of auditory ossicles
- Laryngeal joints
- Joints of vertebral column
- Thoracic joints
- Joints of upper limb
- Joints of lower limb
Chapter 4: Muscular system
- Cranial part of muscular system
- Cervical part of muscular system
- Dorsal part of muscular system
- Thoracic part of muscular system
- Abdominal part of muscular system
- Pelvic part of muscular system
- Muscular system of upper limb
- Muscular system of lower limb
Part III: Visceral systems
Chapter 5: Digestive system
- Mouth
- Fauces
- Pharynx
- Digestive canal
- Liver
- Gallbladder
- Extrahepatic bile ducts
- Pancreas
Chapter 6: Respiratory system
- Nose
- Paranasal sinuses
- Larynx
- Tracheobronchial tree
- Lungs
Chapter 7: Thoracic cavity
Chapter 8: Urinary system
Chapter 9: Genital systems
- Female genital system
- Male genital system
Chapter 10: Abdominopelvic cavity
Part IV: Integrating systems I
Chapter 11: Endocrine glands
- Hypophysis
- Pineal gland
- Thyroid gland
- Parathyroid glands
- Suprarenal gland
- Paraganglia
Chapter 12: Cardiovascular system
- Blood
- Lymph
- Vessels
- Vascular plexuses
- Heart
- Pulmonary vessels
- Cardiac vessels
- Systemic arteries
- Systemic veins
- Great lymphatic vessels
Chapter 13: Lymphoid organs
- Primary lymphoid organs
- Secondary lymphoid organs
Part V: Integrating systems II
Chapter 14: Nervous system
Chapter 15: Sense organs
- Olfactory organ
- Eye
- Ear
- Gustatory organ
Chapter 16: The integument
- Skin
- Skin appendages
- Subcutaneous tissue
- Breast
- Scalp
- Blood
See also
- Terminologia Embryologica
- Terminologia Histologica
- Foundational Model of Anatomy
- Anatomical terminology
References
- ISBN 0-86577-808-6.
- PMID 26094127.
- ^ FIPAT (2019). Terminologia Anatomica. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology.
- ^ "Terminologia Anatomica 2019 TA2". www.bearboat.net.
- .
- ^ Mcleister, Kyle (August 2022). "Teaching anatomical terminology: a systematic approach". Anatomy: International Journal of Experimental & Clinical Anatomy. Vol. 16. Istanbul, Turkey: EBSCO. pp. S68 – via Wikipedia Library.
- ^ Houle, Mélanie (August 2022). "Giving the province of Quebec a taste of its own medicine: diversity of dialect in the medical field". Anatomy: International Journal of Experimental & Clinical Anatomy. Vol. 16. Istanbul, Turkey: EBSCO. pp. S69.
- ^ Russell, Stephen Clark (August 2022). "Notes from a philologist: when the English equivalents of TA terms are inconsistent with the original Latin terms". Anatomy: International Journal of Experimental & Clinical Anatomy. Vol. 16. Istanbul, Turkey: EBSCO. pp. S68–S69.
- S2CID 235480786.
- S2CID 257448700.
External links
TA1998:
- Terminologia Anatomica 1998 on FIPAT site
- self-contained OPML and OmniOutliner files and Macintosh application - unofficial
- TA2 ID (P7173) (see uses)
TA2:
- Terminologia Anatomica, Second Edition, International Anatomical Terminology - official publication
- TA2Viewer - a searchable, dynamic web application of TA2 (2019), made in an official collaboration
- Terminologia Anatomica by Anatonomina - unofficial site with pictures and videos
- self-contained OPML and OmniOutliner files and Macintosh application - unofficial