Arundinaria
Arundinaria | |
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Arundinaria tecta northern Florida in March 2003 | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Monocots |
Clade: | Commelinids |
Order: | Poales |
Family: | Poaceae |
Subfamily: | Bambusoideae |
Tribe: | Arundinarieae |
Subtribe: | Arundinariinae |
Genus: | Arundinaria Michx. |
Synonyms | |
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Arundinaria is a
Within this region Arundinaria canes are found from thePrior to the
Description
Arundinaria species have running
Taxonomy
Species
There are four species of Arundinaria accepted by the World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP) as of January 2024, listed below.[11]
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Taxonomic history
The genus Arundinaria has a complex
The phenotypic diversity of the American Arundinaria bamboos subsequently led to a variety of taxonomic treatments, with some authors arguing that only the North American species should be included, while others included dozens of Asian species otherwise considered members of other genera (Bashania, Oligostachyum, Sarocalamus, Fargesia, Sasa, etc.). Even African bamboos were placed in Arundinaria under broad concepts for the group.[7][12] Some outdated systems during this era assigned Arundinaria more than 400 species.[6][7]
Systematics
Two of the three species currently placed in the genus,
Despite the work done by Walter and Michaux, subsequent researchers had difficulty interpreting their
Uses
Basketry
There are several reasons river cane is favored over all other materials for crafting. It can be split into coarser sections for sturdier baskets, or split very thinly for baskets that are delicate and flexible. The smooth, satiny outer surface of the cane stems forms a natural patina when heat or friction is applied to the outer surface.[14] Cane suitable for basket weaving is straight, with the nodes spaced far apart.[18]
Cane is processed by splitting cut sections from top to bottom into quarters or eighths, and then carefully peeling off the smooth outer layer in a single long piece, scraping off any excess material from the inner surface until the splits are thin and flexible enough to be easily wrapped around the artisan's finger. The splits are soaked in water to keep them flexible and woven wet. Undyed cane baskets change from green, to cream, to finally yellow as they age. After this, the color of the cane does not change and a basket that is 100 years old can look the same as one that is 500 years old. Cane splits are dyed a variety of colors including black, brown, red, orange, yellow, or purple and woven into intricate geometric designs. Claude Medford Jr., a Choctaw craftsman, taught the techniques of boiling bloodroot with salt for orange dye, using black walnut for brown and black dye, soaking cane along with curly dock for yellow, and adding mussel shells to cane soaking in curly dock to change the color to red.[18] Plaiting and twilling are the two basic weaving techniques utilized in river cane baskets, and from there many variations exist, including double-woven baskets. Different tribes of Native Americans, and often specific families, had their own unique designs and techniques, which spread around through trade.[14] The Chitimacha and Catawba split the cane into very narrow splits and weave them with the smooth side inward, whereas the Choctaw weave with wider splits and face the smooth side outward.[18] When Native Americans were forced into lands different than their homelands, many techniques became lost, and new techniques had to be found for dyeing and crafting. Other new techniques were adopted to be marketable to European settlers for trading. One example of knowledge that has been lost is the original Choctaw names for patterns used in basketry, which had to be planned using mathematics because they were so sophisticated. Many traditional patterns themselves, however, still survive.[14]
Food
Food uses include flour, cereal, and even "asparagus" of young shoots; however, caution should be used whenever foraging for cane seeds, as the extremely toxic fungus
Medicinally, the Choctaw use the roots for their painkilling properties.
Conservation
The organization Revitalization of Traditional Cherokee Artisan Resources, using funding from the Cherokee Preservation Foundation, has helped establish restoration sites for Arundinaria gigantea.[17] In 2022, the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians was awarded a $1.9 million grant by the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation to manage and restore river cane ecosystems throughout their historic homelands in Oklahoma.[20][21]
See also
- Canebrakes
References
- ^ Michaux, André (1803). Flora boreali-americana :sistens caracteres plantarum quas in America septentrionali collegit et detexit Andreas Michaux. Vol. 1. Parisiis et Argentorati: apud fratres Levrault.
- ^ "Tropicos". www.tropicos.org. Retrieved 2022-12-24.
- ^ University, Utah State. "Herbarium". www.usu.edu. Retrieved 2022-12-24.
- ^ "2013 BONAP North American Plant Atlas. TaxonMaps". bonap.net. Retrieved 2022-12-24.
- ^ Barret, Richard; Grabowski, Janet; Williams, M.J. "Giant Cane and Other Native Bamboos: Establishment and Use for Conservation of Natural Resources in the Southeast" (PDF). ncrs.usda.gov. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Retrieved 27 November 2022.
- ^ a b c d Clark, Lynn G.; Triplett, J.K. (2006), "Arundinaria", Flora of North America, vol. 25, New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, archived from the original on 2010-06-26, retrieved 2007-07-14
- ^ a b c d e Triplett, J.K.; Weakley, A.S.; Clark, L.G. (2006), "Hill cane (Arundinaria appalachiana), a new species of bamboo (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from the southern Appalachian Mountains" (PDF), Sida, 22 (1): 79–95, archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-30, retrieved 2007-07-14
- ^ Brown, Anthony (22 May 2012). "River cane: Important Cherokee cultural staple". theonefeather.com. The Cherokee One Feather.
- ^ Campbell, Julian. "Growth of Cane (Arundinaria sensu stricto), the Mysterious Native Bamboo of North America" (PDF). bluegrasswoodland.com.
- ^ Cockman, Crystal. "The loss of the great canebrakes". ui.charlotte.edu. UNC Charlotte Urban Institute.
- ^ "Arundinaria". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 21 April 2024.
- ^ Zhu, Zheng-de; De-zhu, Li; Stapleton, Chris (2007), "Arundinaria", in Wu, Z. Y.; Raven, P.H.; Hong, D.Y. (eds.), Flora of China, vol. 22, Beijing: Science Press; St. Louis: Missouri Botanical Garden Press, p. 112, retrieved 2007-07-15
- ^ S2CID 83921759
- ^ a b c d Dixon, Diane; Domjanovich, Steve (1992). "Native North American Cane Basketry". Shuttle Spindle and Dyepot. 21 (83): 24–25.
- S2CID 85780027
- ^ Mason, Otis T. (1890), Basket-Work of the North American Aborigines, Washington: Government Printing Office
- ^ a b "A New Day for Rivercane". conservingcarolina.org. Conserving Carolina. 23 June 2021.
- ^ a b c Norton, Carol (1989–90). "Choctaw Cane Baskets". Shuttle Spindle and Depot. 21: 55–58.
- ISBN 0-395-20445-3.
- ^ "United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians Awarded Funds to Restore Endangered River Cane Ecosystems". Native American Fish & Wildlife Society. 2024-01-25. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
- ^ "America the Beautiful Challenge - 2022 Grant Slate" (PDF). National Fish and Wildlife Foundation. November 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2024-01-25. Retrieved 2024-01-25.
External links
- Description of Arundinaria Archived 2008-05-16 at the Wayback Machine