August Ludwig von Schlözer
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August Ludwig von Schlözer (5 July 1735, in
Early career
August Ludwig von Schlözer was born at Gaggstatt,
In 1761, he went to
Return to Göttingen
In 1767, he left Russia on leave and did not return. He settled at Göttingen, where in 1764 he had been made professor extraordinarius, and doctor honoris causa in 1766, and in 1769 he was promoted to an ordinary professorship.[1] Schlözer was acknowledged a brilliant professor who drew crowds of students, among whom were Arnold Heeren, Karl Friedrich Eichhorn and Johannes von Müller. Schlözer had broad interests. He translated a pedagogical piece by the Frenchman La Chalotais in 1771, as well as a travel book about Jamaica for children and an introductory work on world history (Vorbereitung zur Weltgeschichte für Kinder, 1779). Schlözer criticised harshly Johann Bernhard Basedow, a then famous pedagogue, for his education approach using games and for his separation of girls and boys education.
Schlözer's activity was enormous, and he exercised great influence by his lectures as well as by his books, bringing historical study into touch with
Between 1776 and 1782, he had his own political periodical: A.L. Schlözer's Briefwechsel meist historischen und politischen Inhalts (10 vols.); continued between 1782 and 1793 with the name A.L. Schlözer's Staats-Anzeigen (18 vols.) by which he produced a strong impression. This periodical criticised the German government harshly, and was widely read with up to 4400 subscribers. It was first in German to publish the declaration of human rights in 1791. In 1793, the government prohibited the publication of the Staats-Anzeigen.
Schlözer was a versatile
World History
The Weltgeschichte (World History) provides guidance for education. Parts of this piece appear unfinished and it sometimes has a halting style. Some of its ideas are outdated. However, other ideas have more substance, one of which is globally applied until today as we will see in the following. The Weltgeschichte offers insight on the state of science at that time. Schlözer tackled three challenges: the scope, the topic and the structure of a global history.
Since Schlözer opposed a strictly European perspective, the scope was the entire mankind. Moreover, he included all classes of society and social and cultural developments. The development of glass by the Phoenicians and the introduction of potatoes in Europe were more important than the names of the Chinese or German emperors.
The central topic was development and the influence of historical events on today. Schlözer identified five fundamental factors for development: "Die Lebensart bestimmt, Klima und Nahrungsart erschafft, der Herrscher zwingt, der Priester lehrt, und das Beispiel reisst fort". (Schlözer, Weltgeschichte I, 66) – "The life-style determines, climate and nutrition creates, the sovereign forces, the priest teaches, and the example inspires."
Schlözer also developed a structure for a universal history, separating it in six epochs:
- Urwelt (primeval world) – from the Flood
- Dunkle Welt (dark world) – from the flood to Moses and the first written sources
- Vorwelt (preworld) – up to the Persian Empire
- Alte Welt (old world) – up to the fall of the Roman Empire in 476 AD
- Mittelalter (Middle Ages) – up to the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus in 1492
- Neue Welt (the new world) – up to the present
This classification was not new, except for setting the Middle Ages between 476 and 1492, which he as well as his colleague and rival in Göttingen Johann Christoph Gatterer suggested roughly at the same time. These time borders for the Middle Ages are still accepted today.
Schlözer's most important innovation, however, was his suggestion to count backwards from the birth of Jesus. An incentive for this was the growing disbelief of the biblical Creation and the then generally acknowledged creation date of 3987 BC. First speculations that the Sun and the Earth were perhaps created tens of thousands of years ago emerged in the 18th century. Schlözer's suggestion offered room for further theories about the creation of the Earth. Schlözer mentioned in a footnote that he adopted this idea from foreign historians, but did not reveal them. Whoever they were, Schlözer was the one to introduce this novel chronology into the European history, an act of tremendous importance for it was the fundamental for all ancient history. According to the philosopher Hannah Arendt, this new method enabled man to look back "into an indefinite past to which one can add at will and into which we can inquire further as it stretches ahead". August Ludwig von Schlözer was instrumental in abandoning Creation beliefs of our collective consciousness, more than anybody else.
In 1804, Schlözer was ennobled by the emperor
Family life
Schlözer, who in 1769 married Caroline Roederer, daughter of
Publications
- August Ludwig von Schlözer: Vorbereitung zur WeltGeschichte für Kinder. Ein Buch für Kinderlehrer. Hrsg. von Marko Demantowsky und Susanne Popp, Göttingen, 2011. ISBN 978-3-525-35844-3.
- August Ludwig von Schlözer: Hecтopъ. Russische Annalen in ihrer Slavonischen Grund–Sprache. (Göttingen, 1802–1809).[2]
On Schlözer
- Han F. Vermeulen: 'From the Field to the Study. A. L. Schlözer and the Invention of Ethnology'. In: Han F. Vermeulen: Before Boas. the genesis of ethnography and ethnology in the German Enlightenment. Lincoln & London, University of Nebraska Press, 2016. ISBN 978-0-8032-5542-5
- Martin Peters: Altes Reich und Europa. Der Historiker, Statistiker und Publizist August Ludwig (v.) Schlözer (1735–1809). Lit, Münster u. a. 2003, ISBN 3-8258-6236-4(zugl. Dissertation der Universität Marburg, 2000).
See also
- Liberalism
- Contributions to liberal theory
- Human history
- Ethnography
Notes
- ^ a b c d e Chisholm 1911.
- ^ Maiorov 2018, p. 322.
References
- public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Schlözer, August Ludwig von". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 342–343. This work in turn cites:
- Zermelo, August Ludwig Schlözer (Berlin, 1875)
- Wesendonck, Die Begründung der neuern deutschen Geschichtsschreibung durch Gatterer und Schlözer (Leipzig, 1876)
- Ferdinand Frensdorff (1890), "Schlözer, August Ludwig", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 31, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 567–600
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the - Maiorov, Alexander V. (November 2018). ""I Would Sacrifice Myself for my Academy and its Glory!" August Ludwig von Schlözer and the Discovery of the Hypatian Chronicle". Russian History. 45 (4). Brill: 319–340. Retrieved 19 May 2023.