Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy
Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy | |
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Other names | Autoimmune autonomic neuropathy, Acute pandysautonomia |
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Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy is a type of immune-mediated autonomic failure that is associated with antibodies against the ganglionic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor present in sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric ganglia. Typical symptoms include gastrointestinal dysmotility, orthostatic hypotension, and tonic pupils.[1] Many cases have a sudden onset, but others worsen over time, resembling degenerative forms of autonomic dysfunction. For milder cases, supportive treatment is used to manage symptoms.[2] Plasma exchange, intravenous immunoglobulin, corticosteroids, or immunosuppression have been used successfully to treat more severe cases.[1]
Signs and symptoms
Individuals symptoms vary in severity and type. Severe, subacute gastrointestinal dysmotility and orthostatic hypotension are the most common symptoms in two-thirds of patients. Symptoms can be severe in some cases and gradually worsen in others.[1]
Sympathetic failure manifests itself as orthostatic hypotension and anhidrosis. Orthostatic symptoms, which include lightheadedness, dizziness, or syncope upon standing and loss of postural reflex tachycardia, occur in 78% of patients.[1]
Dry eyes and mouth are symptoms of parasympathetic failure caused by secretomotor dysfunction. Additional symptoms of the parasympathetic nervous system include constipation, light sensitivity, impotence, and retention of urine. A minimal change in heart rate during deep breathing, or the Valsalva maneuver, and resting tachycardia may occur when the heart's cardiovagal control fails.[1]
Constipation or diarrhea, emesis, anorexia, early satiety, and abdominal pain are common symptoms of gastrointestinal dysmotility, which affects 70% of patients.[1]
Although about a quarter of patients report neuropathic symptoms such as tingling in the distal extremities, sensory examination and nerve conduction studies are normal.[1]
Complications
In severe cases, intestinal pseudo-obstruction can result in death. Patients frequently lose weight as a result of their decreased ability to maintain nutrition.[1]
Causes
The cause is generally either paraneoplastic syndrome or idiopathic. In idiopathic AAG, the body's own immune system targets a receptor in the autonomic ganglia, which is part of a peripheral nerve fiber. If the AAG is paraneoplastic, they have a form of cancer, and their immune system has produced paraneoplastic antibodies in response to the cancer.[3]
Pathophysiology
Antibodies against the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor found in autonomic ganglia are present in approximately 50% of AAG patients. The ganglionic AChR, which is homologous but genetically and immunologically distinct from the AChR at the neuromuscular junction, mediates fast synaptic transmission in all autonomic ganglia.[2]
Several lines of evidence have shown that 3 gAChR antibodies are pathogenic in AAG. In vitro,
Diagnosis
After ruling out other etiologies, the diagnosis of AAG is made based on clinical indicators. In as many as 50% of individuals with classic AAG symptoms, serum ganglionic neuronal nicotinic
Differential diagnosis
The most common differential diagnosis is paraneoplastic autonomic neuropathy, which can mimic AAG symptoms. Orthostatic hypotension and significant gastrointestinal symptoms are also hallmarks of paraneoplastic dysautonomia. Paraneoplastic dysautonomia has been linked to thymoma, small-cell lung carcinoma, and, less frequently, breast cancer or lymphoma. At the time of the development of autonomic symptoms, the underlying malignancy is usually unknown. Antibody testing, such as anti-Hu or collapsing response mediator protein, can aid in the identification of paraneoplastic patients.[1]
One should rule out
Chronic and progressive onset of autonomic symptoms may indicate diabetes, amyloidosis, or Sjogren's syndrome. AAG can be difficult to distinguish from degenerative autonomic disorders such as pure autonomic failure or multiple system atrophy when autonomic symptoms appear gradually. When the time course is unknown, the presence of prominent gastrointestinal dysmotility and impaired pupillary light reflexes should point to AAG.[1]
Treatment
Where an underlying
Outlook
The ganglionic AChR antibody level in AAG patients corresponds with the degree of severity of autonomic signs and symptoms. Patients with high levels of ganglionic AChR antibodies frequently appear with subacute onset and significant cholinergic dysautonomia.[1]
See also
References
Further reading
- Nakane, Shunya; Mukaino, Akihiro; Higuchi, Osamu; Watari, Mari; Maeda, Yasuhiro; Yamakawa, Makoto; Nakahara, Keiichi; Takamatsu, Koutaro; Matsuo, Hidenori; Ando, Yukio (2018). "Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy: an update on diagnosis and treatment". Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics. 18 (12). Informa UK Limited: 953–965. ISSN 1473-7175.
- Nakane, Shunya; Mukaino, Akihiro; Higuchi, Osamu; Yasuhiro, Maeda; Takamatsu, Koutaro; Yamakawa, Makoto; Watari, Mari; Tawara, Nozomu; Nakahara, Kei-ichi; Kawakami, Atsushi; Matsuo, Hidenori; Ando, Yukio (2020). "A comprehensive analysis of the clinical characteristics and laboratory features in 179 patients with autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy". Journal of Autoimmunity. 108. Elsevier BV: 102403. ISSN 0896-8411.
- Nakane, Shunya; Higuchi, Osamu; Koga, Michiaki; Kanda, Takashi; Murata, Kenya; Suzuki, Takashi; Kurono, Hiroko; Kunimoto, Masanari; Kaida, Ken-ichi; Mukaino, Akihiro; Sakai, Waka; Maeda, Yasuhiro; Matsuo, Hidenori (2015-03-19). "Clinical Features of Autoimmune Autonomic Ganglionopathy and the Detection of Subunit-Specific Autoantibodies to the Ganglionic Acetylcholine Receptor in Japanese Patients". PLOS ONE. 10 (3). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e0118312. PMC 4366081.
- Parize, P.; Gaultier, J.-B.; Badet, F.; André-Obadia, N.; Dupond, J.-L.; Rousset, H.; Durieu, I. (2010). "Autoimmune autonomic ganglionopathy: A case series of six patients and literature review" (in French). 31 (7). Elsevier BV: 476–480. )
- Nakane, Shunya; Higuchi, Osamu; Matsuo, Hidenori (2016). "Autoimmune Autonomic Ganglionopathy". Neuroimmunological Diseases. Tokyo: Springer Japan. ISBN 978-4-431-55593-3.