Baháʼí Faith in Japan
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The Baháʼí Faith in Japan begins after a few mentions of the country by ʻAbdu'l-Bahá first in 1875.[1] Japanese contact with the religion came from the West when Kanichi Yamamoto (山本寛一) was living in Honolulu, Hawaii in 1902 converted; the second being Saichiro Fujita (藤田左弌郎).
In 1914 two Baháʼís, George Jacob Augur and
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá wrote a series of letters, or
In 1937 Alexander went on
In 1968 Japanese Baháʼís began to travel outside Japan.
Early period
The first mention of Japan in
…the government of Japan was in the beginning subject to and under the protection of China, and that now for some years, Japan has opened its eyes and adopted the techniques of contemporary progress and civilization, promoting sciences and industries of use to the public, and striving to the utmost of their power and competence until public opinion was focused on reform. This government has currently advanced to such a point that, although its population is only one-sixth, or even one-tenth, that of China, it has recently challenged the latter government, and China has finally been forced to come to terms. Observe carefully how education and the arts of civilization bring honor, prosperity, independence and freedom to a government and its people.[1]
Firsts
Baháʼís moved across Asia from the turn of the century. Baháʼís were in
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá meets
The Japanese Ambassador to Spain was staying in Paris when ʻAbdu'l-Bahá stayed there on his 1911 trip to the west and they met and had a prolonged conversation.[5] In London in 1912, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá came in contact with the President of the Japan Women's University. It was this occasion that ʻAbdu'l-Bahá wrote the only prayer he wrote for the Japanese. It says:
O God! The darkness of contention, strife and warfare between the religious, the nations and the people has beclouded the horizon of Reality and hidden the heaven of Truth! The world is in need of the light of Guidance! Therefore, O God! Confer Thy favor so that the Sun of Reality may illumine the East and the West.[6]
In New York he met several Japanese as well.[2] On September 12, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá reached Chicago. Fujita attempted to connect with ʻAbdu'l-Bahá at Cleveland but caught up with him in Chicago. Fujita would accompany ʻAbdu'l-Bahá across many American cities including Kenosha, Wisconsin, St. Paul and Minneapolis, Minnesota, Denver and Glenwood Springs, Colorado, Salt Lake City, Utah, and San Francisco and Stanford, California[12] - Fujita would serve between the World Wars first in the household of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá and then of Shoghi Effendi. On October 22, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá reached San Francisco where he met Yamamoto who arranged for a presentation among a Japanese audience in Oakland.[7]
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá writes to Japan and Korea
In all ʻAbdu'l-Bahá wrote 18 tablets to Japanese living in Japan, and the last one was to the Koreans dated November 5, 1921. Eighteen of the nineteen Tablets were addressed to young people, and seven of these to girls of Tokyo. It is remarkable that the only Tablets to women in Asia were to three Japanese girls: Yuri Mochizuki who received three Tablets, Haruko Mori and Mikae Komatsu, each received one, and the group of girls who were sent two Tablets. ʻAbdu'l-Bahá made mentioned especially to the blind of Japan. He addressed five Tablets to three blind men.[37]
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá's Tablets of the Divine Plan
ʻAbdu'l-Bahá wrote a series of letters, or
O that I could travel, even though on foot and in the utmost poverty, to these regions, and, raising the call of Yá Baháʼu'l-Abhá in cities, villages, mountains, deserts and oceans, promote the divine teachings! This, alas, I cannot do. How intensely I deplore it! Please God, ye may achieve it.… …if some teachers go to other islands and other parts, such as the continent of
Ceylon and Afghanistan, most great results will be forthcoming.[8]
Growth to WW II
The Baháʼís in Japan were witness to, and participated in the relief effort of, the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake.[39] Moneys and letters of concern arrived from Baháʼís in New York, Haifa, Kenosha, Wi., Brooklyn, Chicago, Somerville, Mass., Montreal, Canada among other places spreading encouragement and reporting on or actually sending funds Baháʼís and others had marshaled for the relief effort.[40] In 1927 Siegfried Schopflocher visited Japan and reported the religion was firmly established and progressing.[41] In 1932 the first Baháʼí
Starting in the 1920s, Alexander began various trips and coming contact with public figures in Japan and some publications reached a broader audience. In 1923 Alexander first visited Hong Kong and returned on several more over the next thirty years.[43] Alexander also accompanied Root on one of her return trips to the area - this time on a trip to China and Alexander made contacts among the Chinese, especially from Canton and Shanghai,[44] who visited Japan as well.[45] In 1928 seven specially bound volumes of Baháʼí books were presented for the coronation of the emperor Hirohito and were part of his library and at the Enthronement Ceremonies of His Majesty the Emperor of Japan three foreigners were invited to speak, including Alexander as a Baháʼí representative.[46] In 1932 Esperantist Tadashi Watanabe invited Alexander to talk about the Baháʼí Faith and Esperanto first in Tomakomai, and then the then-village of Yamabe, Hokkaido.[47]
Crisis of WW II
In 1937 Alexander went on
Baháʼí Americans associated with the American Occupation Forces reconnected the Japanese Baháʼí community: They were Michael Jamir, Lorraine Wright, and Robert Imagire. Jamir in particular undertook trips to find Torii and Fujita circa 1945–6.[11][49] Imagire arrived in 1947 and was given an address where Alexander had left her printed materials. He found the only building still standing after the bombing held 200 copies of Baháʼu'lláh and the New Era in Japanese. In 1948 Imagire helped re-elect the assembly in Tokyo. While all the Japanese members were new Baháʼís and eventually drifted into inactivity, the assembly was continually re-elected and remains today.[11]
Alexander was able to return to Japan in 1950 after being sponsored by Lt. J.C. Davenport (USAF) and in 1951 four American pioneers were elected to the Tokyo Local Spiritual Assembly. The Japanese membership then was Miss Ichige, Mr. Kadota, Mr. Horioka, Miss Nakanishi, and Mr. Yoshino. The Americans were Alexander, Lane Skelton, Barbara Davenport, and Imagire.[50] The assembly designated goal areas to take the religion — Yokohama, Sendai, Osaka, Hiroshima, and Kofu — and established eight committees with attention ranging from re-translating Baháʼu'lláh and the New Era to coordinating membership record keeping and the arrival of Persian pioneers. The Moghbel and Katirai Persian families arrived in 1953. In 1954 the community was 52 adults — 10 were Americans and 13 were Persians.[51] Barbara Sims, one of the American pioneers, was elected to the Local Spiritual Assembly of Tokyo in 1954 and served for many years on that body and authored several books on the history of the Baháʼí Faith in Japan.
The first center owned by the Baháʼí assemblies in Japan was in Amagasaki in 1953. The Tokyo assembly bought a house; it became the second Baháʼí Center in 1954. The third one was in Osaka.[52] In 1956 there were eight assemblies in Japan and the community had marshaled resources to publish a Japanese language Baháʼí Geppo (monthly newspaper) which was also read in Korea.[53] In 1957 Sims was elected to the first regional National Spiritual Assembly of North East Asia, and Alexander was appointed as one of the Hands of the Cause, a position which she held the rest of her lifetime.
Post-War growth
In 1963 the statistics of Baháʼí communities showed 13 assemblies, 9 groups of Baháʼís, and 31 isolated Baháʼís.
Assemblies: 13[13] | ||||
Akashi | Ashiya | Hiroshima | Kobe | Kyoto |
Nagasaki | Nishinomiya | Osaka | Sapporo | |
Shiraoi
|
Takarazuka | Tokyo | Yokohama | |
Groups: 9 | ||||
Amagasaki | Fukiage (now merged) | Fukuoka
|
Itami | Musashi |
Nagoya | Takamatsu
|
Takasago | Tonosho |
Toshio Suzuki became a Baháʼí near 1963 and would later serve on the National Spiritual Assembly of Japan and his brother, Hideya Suzuki, serve as the first Japanese Continental Counselor.
American pioneers continued to play a role in Japan into the 1990s.[59] In 1974 Sims was elected to the first National Spiritual Assembly of Japan, serving until 1993.[60] Sims also had contact with Ainu Baháʼís including notably chief Takeichi Moritake (1902–1976) and son Kazutomo Umegae (1924–1992).[61]
Modern community
Since its inception, the religion has had involvement in
Worldwide in 1979 there were 129 officially recognized Baháʼí socio-economic development projects. By 1987, the number of officially recognized development projects had increased to 1482. The modern Baháʼí community of Japan has grown and developed strength in diverse interests. The Japanese census does not have questions regarding religion however the
In 2000 Japan rose in support of a United Nations human rights resolution about concern over the Baháʼís in Iran as well as taking steps to further document conditions.[67]
Academics
In 1991 the community organized an affiliate of the
Arts
There are a number of Baháʼí artists who have done work who lived in Japan.
- John Kavelin (deceased 2009) has done set design and contributed elements of sets including San Francisco Bahá´í Peace conference, 1986, the main stage of the 1992 Baháʼí World Congress at both the Javits Convention Center as well as several of the satellite hotel venues.[73]
- Janet Sono has acted, directed and been a playwright for a number of plays she's done in Japan.[74]
- Kathleen Hite Babb has written articles and books. The Persian is a historical fiction novel about the intellect vs. the heart in terms of empirical thought vs. faith and spiritual experience.[75][76]
- Barbara Casterline is a Sumi-e painter.[77]
- Yuichi Hirano has done a design of the yet-to-be-built Japanese Baháʼí House of Worship.[78]
Diverse involvements
Ambassador
Representatives of Japanese Baha'i Community visited the Risshō Kōsei Kai headquarters in Tokyo where the President Nichiko Niwano and the representatives spoke of the importance of interreligious cooperation.[83] The Filipino Baháʼís hosted a regional conference in 2008 including over 300 Baháʼís from Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Macau, Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, and Marshall Islands attending.[84]
See also
Notes
- ^ ISBN 978-0-87743-008-7
- ^ a b c d Alexander 1977, pp. 4–5
- ^ a b Sims 1989, pp. 9
- ^ a b Alexander 1977, pp. 12–4, 21
- ^ ISBN 978-0-85398-509-9
- ^ a b Sims 1989, pp. 24(trans. by Mirza Ahmad Sohrab.)
- ^ a b c Sims 1989, pp. 1–2
- ^ ISBN 0-87743-233-3
- ^ a b Sims 1998, pp. 20
- ^ a b Sims 1989, pp. 64
- ^ a b c d e f g Sims 1989, pp. 115–6
- ^ a b c Ioas, Sylvia (1965-11-24). "Interview of Sachiro Fujita". Pilgrim Notes. Baháʼí Academics Online. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
- ^ a b Compiled by Hands of the Cause Residing in the Holy Land. "The Baháʼí Faith: 1844-1963: Information Statistical and Comparative, Including the Achievements of the Ten Year International Baháʼí Teaching & Consolidation Plan 1953-1963". p. 94.
- ^ a b Sims 1989, pp. 214
- ^ a b Sims 1989, pp. 2126
- ^ a b "Annual Conferences". Official Webpage of the Japanese affiliate of the Association of Baháʼí Studies. Japanese affiliate of the Association of Baháʼí Studies. 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2008-01-26.
- ^ a b c Yerrinbool Report on Scholarship 1999 Affiliate Associations for Baháʼí Studies-Japan
- ^ a b "Most Baha'i Nations (2005)". QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions >. The Association of Religion Data Archives. 2005. Archived from the original on 2016-01-23. Retrieved 2009-07-04.
- ^ a b "Japan Profile". About Asia. Overseas Missionary Fellowship International. 2006. Archived from the original on 2008-11-20. Retrieved 2008-02-20.
- ^ a b Hassall, Graham (2003). "China in the Baha'i Writings". Unpublished Articles. Baháʼí Academic Library. Retrieved 2008-08-16.
- ISBN 0-87743-020-9
- ^ Sims, Barbara R. (1994), The Taiwan Baháʼí Chronicle: A Historical Record of the Early Days of the Baháʼí Faith in Taiwan, Tokyo: Baháʼí Publishing Trust of Japan
- ^ Compiled by Sims, Barbara R. (1991), The Macau Baháʼí Community in the Early Years, Japan: Baháʼí Academics Library
- ^ Tweed, Thomas A. (2005), "American Occultism and Japanese Buddhism" (PDF), Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 32 (2): 249–281, archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-03-24, retrieved 2009-02-21
- ISBN 0-85398-234-1
- ^ Life of Agnes Alexander by Duane Troxel
- ^ Francis, N. Richard (1989). "Martha Root - Herald of the Kingdom, Lioness at the Threshold". Biographies. Baháʼí Library Online. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
- ^ Alexander 1977, pp. 16–8
- ^ Sims 1989, pp. 47–8
- ^ Alexander 1977, pp. 12–29
- ^ Alexander 1977, pp. 19–20
- ^ Alexander 1977, pp. 30, 51
- ^ Sims 1992, pp. 58
- ^ Sims 1992, pp. 62–3
- ^ a b Sims 1989, pp. 15, 18
- ^ Sims 1989, pp. 38–9
- ^ Alexander 1977, pp. 43–44
- ^ ʻAbbas, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá (April 1919), Tablets, Instructions and Words of Explanation, Mirza Ahmad Sohrab, trans. and comments
- ^ Sims 1989, pp. 67–72
- ^ Alexander 1977, pp. 48–51
- ^ Alexander 1977, pp. 54
- ^ Sims 1989, pp. 54–5
- ^ Hassall, Graham (2008). "Baha'i Faith in Hong Kong". approved for publication by the Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of Hong Kong. Japanese affiliate of the Association of Baháʼí Studies. Retrieved 2008-01-27.
- ^ Alexander 1977, pp. 55–63
- ^ Sims 1989, pp. 73
- ^ Sims 1989, pp. 81–2
- ^ Sims 1989, pp. 87–8
- ^ "Hiroshima Commemorations", The Scottish Baháʼí, vol. Autumn, 2005, no. 41, 2005, archived from the original on 2008-09-22
- ISBN 81-85091-72-2
- ^ Sims 1989, pp. 117–8
- ^ Sims 1989, pp. 126–8
- ^ Sims 1989, pp. 132, 134
- ^ The First Local Spiritual Assemblies in Korea, 1956
- ^ Sims 1989, pp. 204, 206
- ^ Sims 1989, pp. 208
- ^ Sims 1989, pp. 211
- ISBN 0-85398-404-2
- ^ Baháʼí International Community (1997), "A Way of Life", The Baháʼís, p. 9
- ^ Orso, Joe (2006-05-07), "Baháʼís believe weʼre all part of one big family", La Crosse Tribune, archived from the original on 2013-01-27
- ^ Barbara Sims Passed on to the Abha Kingdom at Noon, April 24, 2002
- ^ Barbara Sims' Contribution to Baha'i Scholarship in Asia Pacific by Sandra Fotos
- ^ a b Momen, Moojan. "History of the Baha'i Faith in Iran". draft "A Short Encyclopedia of the Baha'i Faith". Bahai-library.com. Retrieved 2009-10-16.
- ^ Kingdon, Geeta Gandhi (1997), "Education of women and socio-economic development", Baháʼí Studies Review, 7 (1).
- .
- S2CID 154651092
- ^ Baháʼí International Community (2005-05-18), "Baha'is hold unique democratic elections", Baháʼí World News Service
- ^ United Nations Commission on Human Rights. Question of the violation of human rights and fundamental freedoms in any part of the world. E/CN.4/2000/L.16, 2000.
- ^ Eleventh Conference, Association of Baha'i Studies Japan[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Sandra Sims Fotos '60 - Bibliography". ASIJ Libraries. The American School in Japan. 2008. Archived from the original on 2007-06-07. Retrieved 2008-01-27.
- ^ "16th Annual Conference ABS-Japan". Official Web page of the Japanese affiliate of the Association of Baháʼí Studies. Japanese affiliate of the Association of Baháʼí Studies. 2008. Retrieved 2008-01-26.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Byrd, Alita (August 2003). "Celebrating Religious Diversity:Baháʼí". FYI Online; UMUC's Faculty Newsletter. University of Maryland University College. Retrieved 2008-02-21.
- ^ "Nicholas Mayer's Web Pages". Nicholas Mayer. Retrieved 2008-02-21.
- ^ "John Kavelin, theatre / stage design, U.S.A. / Japan", Arts Dialogue, vol. 2002, no. November, Bahá´í Association for the Arts, 2002
- ^ Babb, Kathleen Hite (1996), "Janet Sono theatre, Japan", Arts Dialogue, vol. 1996, no. March, June, Bahá´í Association for the Arts
- ^ Babb, Kathleen Hite (1993–2000), "Kathleen Hite Babb creative writing / reviews (music and writing) / editor, Japan / U.S.A.", Arts Dialogue, vol. various 1993 - 2000, no. various 1993 - 2000, Bahá´í Association for the Arts
- ^ Babb, Kathleen Hite (1994–2006). "Storytelling Output Report for Braveheart". Story Analyses. Write Brothers, Inc. Archived from the original on 2008-12-01. Retrieved 2009-02-21.
- ^ "Barbara Casterline, painter, illustrator, Japan", Arts Dialogue, vol. 1997 & 2000, no. December & October, Bahá´í Association for the Arts, 1997–2000
- ^ "Yuichi Hirano architect, Japan", Arts Dialogue, vol. 2002, no. June, Bahá´í Association for the Arts, 2002
- ^ "Eliot Baha'i school celebrates treaty anniversary, peace", Portsmouth Herald, Seacoast Online, 2005-08-24
- ^ Baháʼí International Community (2005-09-13), "Ambassador talks peace at Green Acre", Baháʼí World News Service
- ^ "Green Acre Baháʼí School and the Portsmouth Peace Treaty". Japan-America Society of New Hampshire. 2005-09-04. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2009-02-20.
- ^ Robinson, J. Dennis (2009-02-20), "Going Crazy in Portsmouth", SeacoastNH.com
- ^ "Representatives of Japanese Baha'i Community Visit Tokyo Headquarters", News Archives, Risshō Kōsei Kai, 2002
- ^ Baháʼí International Community (2008-12-07). "Bahá´ís of the Philippines - Regional Conference - Conference Update". National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the Philippines. Archived from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-02-21.
References
- Alexander, Agnes Baldwin (1977), Sims, Barbara (ed.), History of the Baháʼí Faith in Japan 1914-1938, Osaka, Japan: Japan Baháʼí Publishing Trust
- Sims, Barbara R. (1989), Traces That Remain: A Pictorial History of the Early Days of the Baháʼí Faith Among the Japanese, Osaka, Japan: Japan Baháʼí Publishing Trust
- Sims, Barbara R. (1992), Japan Will Turn Ablaze! Tablets of ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, Letters of Shoghi Effendi and the Universal House of Justice, and Historical Notes About Japan (Revised Edition), Osaka, Japan: Japan Baháʼí Publishing Trust
- Sims, Barbara R. (1994), Selected Communications from the Universal House of Justice Concerning the North East Asia Area Including Japan, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo: Japan Baháʼí Publishing Trust
- Sims, Barbara R. (1998), Unfurling the Divine Flag in Tokyo: An Early Baháʼí History, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo: Japan Baháʼí Publishing Trust, ISBN 4-938975-06-8
- Troxel, Duane K. (2009), "Augur, George Jacob (1853-1927)", Baháʼí Encyclopedia Project, Evanston, IL: National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States.
Further reading
- Association of Baháʼí Studies:Japan, Conferences Proceedings & Publications (1991–2011)
External links
- Japan Baháʼí Network Official Webpage of the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of Japan